Isizukulwana esitsha izityalo zamandla enyukliya. Isityalo esitsha senyukliya Russia

Kule kota idlulileyo yenkulungwane oku kuphunyeziwe izizukulwana ezininzi, kungekuphela nje kuluntu lwethu. Namhlanje, isizukulwana esitsha zezityalo zamandla enyukliya nakhelwe. Iiyunithi latest amandla Russian ngoku bayakwazi kuphela isizukulwana zamandla ngamanzi enoxinzelelo 3+. Zamandla yolu hlobo ingabizwa, ngaphandle ubaxo, kakhulu ekhuselekileyo. Zonke VVER umsebenzi (VVER) wayengekho ingozi embi eyodwa. A Uhlobo olutsha izityalo zamandla enyukliya ehlabathini jikelele kunye ube neminyaka engaphezu kwama-1000 yokusebenza ezinzileyo kunye nenkathazo-free.

Uyilo kunye nokusebenza reactor mihla 3+

amafutha uranium kwi reactor livalelwe kwityhubhu zirconium, njalo-ebizwa elements amafutha okanye iintonga yesibaso. Bakha ummandla abasabela ngayo reactor. Xa alulame kulo mmandla iintonga kukufakwa kwi wobhobhozayo reactor neutron kwamasuntswana ukwanda, uze emva koko iqala ngokucandeka chain reaction self-axhasayo. Kule nkalo, i-uranium akhululwayo isixa esikhulu amandla, leyo kumo ezo amafutha. isityalo amandla enyukliya, ifakwe VVER iqhuba scheme ezimbini. Kuqala udlula-reactor amanzi acocekileyo, nto leyo eye beselivulelwe ifayile nyulu ukusuka ukungcola ezahlukeneyo. Okulandelayo, udlula ngqo nge ummandla esebenzayo apho ayaphola kwaye ohlamba iziqalelo amafutha ngokwabo. La manzi itshiswe, iqondo layo lifike 320 degrees Celsius, ukuze lihlale ukwimeko elulwelo, kuyimfuneko ukugcina uxinzelelo umoya 160! Emva koko amanzi ashushu kufuneka ibe umvelisi umphunga, ukunika ukufudumala. A fluid isiphaluka sesibini ngoko wangena kwakhona kwi-reactor.

Ezi ntshukumo zilandelayo ngokungqinelana neenjongo zethu njengesiqhelo. Amanzi equlethwe isiphaluka sesibini, umvelisi yomphunga iba ngokwendalo ngababini amanzi sukube karhulumente yokubolekisana samanzi. Le ndlela yenza i ihamba yombane okuvelisa umbane. I-reactor ngokwayo yaye umvelisi umphunga okungaphakathi iqokobhe hermetic of eziphathekayo. Lo mphunga wamanzi Umvelisi yesiphaluka yokuqala, nokuphuma kuloo reactor angavumelaniyo nangayiphi na indlela ulwelo yomtya yesibini ukuya samanzi. Esi sikimu nokubekwa ye-reactor kunye umvelisi umphunga ngaphandle inkunkuma umthondo radiation ngaphaya kwisikhululo eholweni reactor.

Malunga ukonga imali

Isityalo esitsha senyukliya eRashiya ifuna kwiinkqubo zokhuseleko kuxabisa-40% yeendleko zizonke esityalo ngokwayo. Isabelo iphambili mali lufakwa kwisakhiwo oluzenzekelayo namandla, kwakunye nezixhobo zokhuseleko.

Isiseko lokhuseleko kwisizukulwana esitsha izityalo amandla enyukliya zisekelwe kumgaqo lokuziphendulela nzulu, ngokusekelwe ekusetyenzisweni kwale nkqubo nemiqobo ezine ebonakalayo ukuba ukukhutshwa kwezinto radioactive.

Ukungakwazi lokuqala

Oku thaca ngokohlobo amacwecwe amandla ngokwabo kunye amafutha uranium. Emva kokuba ekuthiwa inkqubo sintering kwi-oveni kubushushu ka-1200 degrees iipilisi bafumane iipropati eliphezulu-linamandla. Oko ibhujiswe yi amaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Bona abekwe kwityhubhu zirconium oyinxalenye esingxotyeni eziqalelo amafutha. Kwimeko enjalo element zamafutha ifakiwe automaton amacwecwe 200. Xa uzalise ngokupheleleyo ityhubhu zirconium, irobhothi ungena oluzenzekelayo entwasahlobo-ngokucofa ukuba ukusilela. Emva koko ke matshini ke kokuphuma, uze nitywine ngokupheleleyo oko.

Ukungakwazi yesibini

Iluphawu inwebu uphawu kwizinti amafutha zirconium. Le khazi zamafutha yenziwe yenyukliya zirconium kwibakala. It has a nokumelana omkhulu, okwaziyo ukugcina imilo kubushushu ngentla 1000 degrees. Lawula izinga lemveliso amafutha enyukliya yenziwa kuzo zonke izigaba imveliso yawo. Ngenxa yoko, multi-isigaba ukuhlolwa umgangatho ithuba depressurization eziqalelo fuel iphantsi kakhulu.

Ukungakwazi lesithathu

Yenziwe ngokohlobo isitya reactor oluqinile ogama ubukhulu ilingana no-20 cm. kubhaliwe eyenzelwe koxinzelelo yokusebenza umoya 160. Izindlu inika reactor ukunqanda ukukhutshwa iimveliso ngokucandeka phantsi iqweqwe olukhuselayo.

Ukungakwazi wesine

A ukuqulatha etywiniweyo eholweni reactor, nto leyo eye elinye igama - lokunwena. It iqulathe iinxalenye ezimbini kuphela: iqokobhe ngaphakathi langaphandle. Le lwangaphandle azikhusele zonke iimpembelelo zangaphandle, ezemvelo ezenziwe ngabantu. Ububanzi lwangaphandle - 80 cm namandla eliphezulu eziphathekayo.

Iqokobhe engaphakathi kunye udonga ububanzi eziphathekayo yi-1 m 20 cm. Zayo eqinileyo camera sheet steel 8mm. Ukongeza, iqhina layo unokubethelela indlela intambo ekhethekileyo kwenziwa ngaphakathi iqokobhe. Ngamanye amazwi, le Cocoon ngentsimbi, leyo kuqinisa eziphathekayo, ukwanda ngamandla alo kathathu.

Ngomahluko coating yokhuselo

Zangaphakathi yokhuselo isizukulwana esitsha Imvulophu zenyukliya ukumelana xi buziikhilogram 7 sentimitha square nganye kunye nobushushu kwakhona eliphezulu degrees 200 Celsius.

Phakathi kweqokobhe yangaphakathi langaphandle, apho mezhobolochnoe isithuba. Unenkqubo nocococ negesi, apho iwe ngaphandle gumbi reactor. Strong kwaqinisa iqokobhe eziphathekayo ogcina yengxinano kolo lunyikimo lamanqaku 8. Imenyu ukumelana-moya, nto leyo ebalwa ubunzima ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-200 ukuya, kwakunye ukumelana neempembelelo ezinkulu zangaphandle, ezifana nkanyamba kunye kwenkanyamba, kunye isantya somoya obuyi-56 eemitha yesibini nganye, amathuba apho kunokwenzeka kanye kwiminyaka-10 000. Kwaye lo inwebu isikhusela amaza emoyeni kukothuka kunye noxinzelelo ngaphambili ukuya 30 kPa.

Uphawu-generation 3+ nuclear

Inkqubo izithintelo ezine ebonakalayo lokuziphendulela ubunzulu ishenxisa ezikhutshwayo radioactive ngaphandle amandla ixesha likaxakeka. Kuzo zonke VVER kukho iinkqubo zokhuseleko eyimpumelelo esebenzayo, ukuhlanganiswa oqinisekisa iinjongo ezintathu eziphambili ezivelayo imeko kaxakeka;

• sime kunye nokupheliswa abasabela zenyukliya;
• ekuqinisekiseni nokususwa ubushushu rhoqo amafutha yenyukliya amandla;
• ukunqanda ukukhululwa iradionuclide ngaphandle ukuqulatha ixesha likaxakeka.

VVER-1200 eRashiya ehlabathini

Ukhuseleko sele isizukulwana esitsha zezityalo zamandla enyukliya eJapan emva kwengozi kwi kwisityalo "Fukushima-1". I-Japanese wagqiba ukuvelisa amandla ngoncedo i-atom ngoxolo. Noko ke, urhulumente omtsha iye yabuyela kushishino amandla enyukliya, njengoko uqoqosho lwelizwe ubunzima ilahleko enkulu. iinjineli Russian kunye zesayensi zenyukliya sele uqalisile ukuhlakulela isizukulwana esitsha kokhuseleko mveliso wenyukliya. Ngo-2006, ihlabathi lwafunda heavy-umsebenzi omtsha kunye nophuhliso ekhuselekileyo zezazinzulu zasekhaya.

NgoMeyi 2016 yaphelela kwisakhiwo grand kummandla Black Earth, kwaye ukuvavanywa ngempumelelo ekupheleni unit 6 Novovoronezh NPP. Inkqubo entsha isebenza stably nangokufanelekileyo! Kuba okokuqala ekwakhiweni kwezi iinjineli zesikhululo benze enye kuphela nenqaba aphezulu ehlabathini ukuze amanzi okupholisa. Nangona ngaphambili wakha iinqaba ezimbini Ukupholisa ngenxa iyuniti enye. Ngenxa ntuthuko kungakongela imali kwaye ugcine nobuchwepheshe. Enye nyaka iza kuqhutywa imisebenzi yendalo eyahlukileyo kwisikhululo. Oku kuyimfuneko ukuze ukubeka ngokuthe ukusebenza izixhobo eseleyo, ngoko ukuze ukubaleka ngayo yonke into, kwaye ngoko nangoko. Ngaphambi Novovoronezh amandla enyukliya - ukwakhiwa Unit 7, kuya kuhlala eminye iminyaka emibini. Emva koko uya kuba ummandla kuphela Voronezh, nto wathengisa iprojekthi enkulu kangaka. Voronezh minyaka watyelelwa abathunywa ezahlukeneyo, ukufunda umsebenzi isityalo samandla enyukliya. Olu phuhliso lwasekhaya eyashiya West kunye East kummandla amandla. Namhlanje, uthi ezahlukeneyo ofuna ukuphumeza, abanye sele usebenzisa isityalo eso.

Isizukulwana esitsha kubenzi isebenzela inzuzo China e Tianwan. Namhlanje ezinjalo izityalo isakhiwa India, Belarus, eUnited lweBaltic. Kwi-Russian Federation ziyayiphumeza VVER-1200 e Voronezh, kummandla iLeningrad. Izicwangciso - ukuba ukwakha iziko efanayo kwicandelo lwamandla kwiRiphabliki of Bangladesh kunye norhulumente Turkish. Ngo March 2017 oko kwazeka ukuba Czech Republic ngokubonakalayo ancedisane "Rosatom" ukwakha isityalo elizweni labo. Russia iceba ukwakha mveliso wenyukliya (isizukulwana esitsha) e Seversk (Tomsk Region), Nizhny Novgorod kunye Kursk.