Iinjini enyukliya nangeziphekepheke

IRussia kwaye nangoku yinkokeli entsimini amandla isithuba enyukliya. Amava kuyilo, ulwakhiwo, ukujongwa nokusebenza iziphekepheke baxhotyiswa imithombo zamandla enyukliya kumaqela anjenge RSC "Energy" yaye "Roskosmos". injini Nuclear kuvumela ukusebenza lo moya iminyaka emininzi, ngokuzenza ukufaneleka okukhulu ngokuphindaphindiweyo.

umlando

Ukusetyenziswa amandla enyukliya kwisithuba asiyo eyinyani kwi-imi- 70 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. I-injini yokuqala zenyukliya 1970-1988 zaziswa kwi isithuba kwaye zisetyenziswa ngempumelelo esithubeni izithuthi (SV) kokuma "US-A". Bona isicelo kwindlela thermoelectric yesityalo samandla enyukliye (NPP) "Buck 'amandla ombane-3 kW.

Ngowe-1987-1988 amabini izixhobo "Plasma-A" kunye thermionic NPP "Topaz" 5 kW iye isithuba moya-uvavanyo, ngexesha apho amandla basafunda yombane (Engekafiki) ukusuka kumthombo wamandla enyukliya iye yaphunyezwa kuqala.

A complex bephile uvavanyo samandla enyukliya thermionic ufakelo zenyukliya "Yenisei" amandla 5 kW. Ngokusekelwe kwezi lobuchwepheshe projekthi yaphuhliswa thermionic umthamo amandla enyukliya 25-100 kW.

MB "uMofokeng"

RSC "Energy" kwi-70 baqalisa ephanda yenzululwazi kunye esebenzayo, injongo leyo ukwenza injini isithuba yenyukliya onamandla interorbital Ukruthakruthwano (MB) "uMofokeng". Umsebenzi kwakhokelela isiseko iminyaka emininzi i-injini yombane nuclear (YAERDU) kunye umthamo ngamandla thermionic enyukliya zabambalwa - amakhulu kilowatts kunye neyunithi amandla yombane injini kwamashumi amakhulu kilowatts.

parameters Design MB "uMofokeng":

• ngamandla luncedo lombane samandla enyukliya - 550 kW;
• ethile imiyalezo nezingenayo electric - 30 km / s;
• Electric nezingenayo wakwakhe - 26 H;
• resource NPP kunye nezingenayo sombane - Iiyure ezi-16,000;
• umzimba basafunda electric ukusebenza - xenon;
• ubunzima (eyomileyo) Ukruthakruthwano - 14,5-15,7 t, kuquka Nei - iitoni 6.9.

Contemporary

Kwinkulungwane xxi lixesha ukwenza i injini entsha enyukliya isithuba. Ngo-Oktobha 2009, kwintlanganiso ye Russian project "Creation ezothutho kunye imodyuli amandla kunye ufakelo megawathi-iklasi ye amandla enyukliya" omtsha iKhomishini iye yavunywa ngokusesikweni yi-kaMongameli liBhunga Ukuphuculwa noPhuhliso xhaka of Economy Russia kaThixo. zezi ababhekisi phambili:

• sisityalo reactor - JSC "NIKIET".
• isityalo amandla enyukliya kunye yegesi Amandla wesiphaluka, ngokusekelwe iinjini basafunda sombane kunye ionic electrorocket YAERDU ngokubanzi - SSC "Center Research. M. V. Keldysha ", nto leyo nayo uxanduva lokuququzelela inkqubo yophuhliso kwezithuthi kunye imodyuli eneji (nkqubo) xa iyonke.
• RSC "Energy" njenge nkqubo umyili jikelele kufuneka sivelise umatshini oluzenzekelayo le mnqongo.

Iimpawu ukufakwa entsha

injini entsha enyukliya indawo Russia uceba ukuqala umsebenzi yorhwebo kwiminyaka embalwa elandelayo. iimpawu eqikelelwayo ye yegesi YAERDU elilandelayo. -Reactor wasebenzisa gas-zipholile fast wayengumfuyi reactor, iqondo lobushushu kulwelo yokusebenza (umxube Yena / tang nhat) phambi kokuba injini - 1500 K, ukusebenza yokuguqulwa amandla thermal zibe ombane amandla - 35%, radiator-udidi liphole - ithontsi. Unit Ubunzima (reactor, ukhuseleko kwimitha, kunye nenkqubo ukuguqulwa, kodwa ngaphandle efrijini emitter) - 6800 kg.

Space iinjini nuclear (amandla enyukliya, amandla enyukliya, kunye EPS) nesicwangciso ukusebenzisa:

• Njengenxenye izithuthi isithuba elizayo.
• Njengoko imithombo lombane kwiinkqubo-amandla olunzulu kunye baxhomekeka.
• Ukusombulula iingxaki zokuqala ezimbini ezothutho nezamandla imodyuli ukuqinisekisa ukuziswa nangeziphekepheke electrorocket enzima kunye nezithuthi komzila ukusebenza kunye nokuhanjiswa kwamandla ombane ixesha elide izixhobo.

Umgaqo ekusebenzeni injini yenyukliya

Ezisekelwe Yindibanisela eziba okanye ukusetyenziswa ngokucandeka amandla kwamafutha enyukliya ukwenza saliphosa jet. Ukwahlula iintlobo ufakelo ukubetha-neziqhushumbisi kananjalo fluid. Udubulo isityalo likhipha emajukujukwini iziqhushumbisi ezincinane atomic ukuba ukucupha nje iimitha ezimbalwa kude, Ngokufutha watyhala umkhombe phambili. Ukuziqhelisa, izixhobo ezifana azisetyenziswa.

iinjini nezingenayo alulwelo, kwelinye icala, kudala ze avavanywe. Buyela kwi 60s, iingcali Soviet benze i imodeli esisebenzisekayo RD-0410. Ezi nkqubo zaye zaphuhliswa eUnited States. Umgaqo kwabo kusekelwe phezu ubushushu lolwelo zenyukliya mini-reactor, oko iguqulelwa kwi ngomphunga kwaye yenza umlambo jet, leyo utyhala kwisiphekepheke. Nangona isixhobo ibizwa ulwelo njengoko ulwelo ukusebenza, isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo hydrogen. Enye injongo iinkqubo nuclear isithuba - electric enikwe ekwinqwelo-network (equipment) iinqanawa kunye neesathelayithi.

izixhobo zonxibelelwano Heavy zonxibelelwano indawo jikelele

Okwangoku, umsebenzi sithethayo iinjini enyukliya indawo eza kusetyenziswa izixhobo enzima unxibelelwano isithuba. RSC "Energia" olwenziwe izifundo kunye yokuyilwa inkqubo yonxibelelwano isithuba lwehlabathi inokhuphiswano ngokwezoqoqosho kunye ifowuni cheap eyiselula ukuba wayefanele ukuba ukufikelela ukuthunyelwa "exchange sefowuni" ukusuka Umhlaba emajukujukwini.

Ezona zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze indalo yabo;

• Ukuzaliswa phantse epheleleyo orbit (yesifrentshi) Hewana yokusebenza kunye nje kuphela;
• Ukudinwa zobungakanani resource;
• amava ezintle zendalo kunye ngokorhwebo ulwazi Hewana orbit "Yamal".

Xa uyila i "Yamal" eqongeni, izisombululo ezintsha zobugcisa ziye 95%, nto leyo eyenza izixhobo ezifana ukuba ukukhuphisana kurhwebo lwehlabathi kweenkonzo isithuba.

Kucingelwa ukutshintshwa iimodyuli kunye nezixhobo zonxibelelwano zobugcisa malunga kweminyaka esixhenxe. Kwakuza ukudala inkqubo multi-3-4 Hewana enzima ibe orbit kunye ukwanda ngamandla umbane osetyenzisiweyo ngabo. Ekuqaleni, kwisiphekepheke ziyilelwe ngokusekelwe elanga amandla 30-80 kW. Inyathelo elilandelayo liya kusebenzisa iinjini zenyukliya 400 kW unyaka ukuya komnye kwimo zothutho (ukuba ukunikezelwa umnqongo esisiseko GSO) kunye 150-180 kW kwi indlela eyandisiweyo yokusebenza (ubuncinane iminyaka emi-10-15) njengomthombo wamandla.

iinjini zenyukliya antimeteoritnoy ukukhusela Earth System

Completed RKK "Energy" kuphando ngasekupheleni-90 kuyilo lubonise ukuba indalo le antimeteoritnoy inkqubo Earth ukuziphendulela evela eziba ezinomsila kunye izijikelezi amandla enyukliya kwaye YAERDU ingasetyenziswa:

1. Ukudala inkqubo esweni trajectories of izijikelezi kunye nethala ahanjiswayo anqumla ukujikeleza koMhlaba. Ukuze oku ocetywayo ukuba amalungiselelo iziphekepheke ekhethekileyo yafakelwa izixhobo ezisebenzisa amandla radar lokufumana izixhobo eziyingozi, ukubala Ipharamitha trajectories zabo kunye nokufunda lokuqala iimpawu zazo. Inkqubo yenyukliya injini isithuba ne-mbini imo thermionic leNkuthalo amandla 150 kW ukuze inxaxheba. ubomi bakhe kufuneka ube neminyaka eli-10.
2. Uvavanyo lwefuthe (yenyukliya isixhobo dubulo) ukuya kwiinda asteroid ekhuselekileyo. YAERDU ukunikezelwa amandla kovavanyo izixhobo Ibhanti-yepholigoni kuxhomekeke ubunzima payload kusiwa (150-500 kW).
3. Ukuhanjiswa sesichengeni standard kuthetha (interceptor mass kwafunyanwa iitoni 15-50 of) ukuba basondelayo ukuza kwento hlabathi liyingozi. Funa nuclear jet injini umthamo 1-10 MW busiwa ngentlawulo eyingozi yenyukliya ke, ilitye, umphezulu apho dubulo ngenxa izinto njengokuntlithwa jet nako ukwala kuyo emendweni eyingozi.

Ukuhanjiswa izixhobo zophando kwisithuba enzulu

Ukunikezelwa kwezixhobo lwenzululwazi ukuze izinto space (planets ezikude, ezinomsila ngamaxesha, izijikelezi-langa ezincinane) enokwenziwa nokusetyenziswa izigaba LRE isithuba-based. Sebenzisa-injini zenyukliya izithuthi isithuba kusilungele, xa bafake imveliso msebenzi ukujikeleza umbutho yasezulwini le satellite, qhagamshelana ngqo kunye nomzimba yasezulwini, ukukhethwa iisampuli eziphathekayo kunye nezinye uphando efuna uphando esimbaxa ukunyuka kobunzima, kubandakanywe indiza nezigaba ukuthatha-off.

iinjini parameters

injini enyukliya ezintsonkothileyo uphando iziphekepheke kwandisa "iwindow ukuqala" (ngenxa obhobhozayo ezilawulwa ngesantya yokusebenza zomzimba), nto leyo yenza lula ucwangciso kwaye kunciphisa iindleko zale projekthi. Ukuhlola okwenziwa yi-RSC "Energia", wabonisa ukuba YAERDU 150 kW kunye iminyaka emithathu yindlela nathembisayo lokuhambisa kwiimodyuli isithuba ibhanti asteroid.

Ngelo xesha linye ukuziswa kweyunithi uphando komzila planethi ezikude kwenkqubo elanga ifuna ukwanda kwezibonelelo, ngenyukliya ufakelo ukuya kwiminyaka 5-7. Oku kubonakaliswa ukuba YAERDU complex enesakhono malunga 1 MW njengenxalenye kuphando kuya kuvumela kwisiphekepheke olukhawulezisiweyo unikezelo iminyaka 5-7 ukujikeleza i-satellite ngumntu kakhulu iiplanethi ezikude, matutu langa phezu komhlaba Hewana zendalo ezi iiplanethi, kunye nokunikezelwa on Earth emhlabeni kunye nethala, izijikelezi-langa ezincinane, Mercury kunye i Hewana kaZeyus ne iSaturn.

lift ngebhegi (MB)

Enye yeendlela ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuphucula ukusebenza lwemisebenzi ezothutho indawo izinto esebenza ngayo inkqubo yezothutho. injini enyukliya iziphekepheke amandla ubuncinane 500 kW ikuvumela ukuba ukudala bethwele ngebhegi baze ngolo hlobo baphucule kakhulu nokusebenza kwenkqubo multi-enamanqanaba zokuthutha isithuba. Ingakumbi luncedo nkqubo kwinkqubo zinika enkulu yezithuthi ezithutha ngonyaka. Umzekelo bekuya kuba inkqubo ukuhambahamba kwenyanga kunye indalo kunye nokulondoloza isiseko swi luyanda rhoqo kunye izakhiwo zobugcisa mveliso zovavanyo.

ukubala ingeniso

Ngokutsho izifundo zokuyila RSC "Energia", ukwakhiwa isiseko kwi inyanga kufuneka zisiwe iimodyuli nezinobunzima 10 iitoni, komzila iNyanga -. 30 m impahla Iyonke ukusuka Earth kwi ukwakhiwa isiseko swi kwenyanga yaye batyelela isikhululo kwenyanga Orbital kuqikelelwa kwi 700-800 tonnes kunye nemizila yezithuthi yonyaka ukusebenza kunye nophuhliso babangenagama - 400-500 m.

Noko ke, umgaqo we-injini zenyukliya akavumeli ukuba izimpahla ukuze lisasazwe ngokukhawuleza. Ngenxa ixesha elide yokuthuthwa laza ke ngoko, ixesha elide ukufumana amabhanti radiation payload hayi yonke impahla inokuqhutywa kusetyenziswa tugboats kunye injini zenyukliya. Ngoko ke, lo impahla ukuze zibonelelwe ngokusekelwe YAERDU kuqikelelwa kwiitoni 100-300 kuphela / ngonyaka.

ukusebenza kwezoqoqosho

Njengoko kwingongoma nganye ukusebenza kwezoqoqosho inkqubo yezothutho inter-okuwo kuyacetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe ixabiso yunithi iindleko zothutho nganye iyunithi ubunzima payload (GHG) ezikhutshwayo ingabikho phezu komhlaba orbit target. RSC "Energia" imodeli kwezoqoqosho kunye zemathematika, nto leyo ethatha ingqalelo iinkalo eziphambili iindleko kwinkqubo yezothutho iye yaphuhliswa:

• indalo kunye nokupheliswa neeyunithi orbit Ukruthakruthwano;
• ukuze kuthengwe ekusebenzeni kwesibonelelo senyukliya;
• iindleko zokusebenza, kwakunye R & D kunye neendleko banomsebenzi kunokwenzeka.

parameters Iindleko zixhomekeka eliphezulu iparameters ka MB. Ukusebenzisa le modeli wancinwa ukusebenza kwezoqoqosho lokuthelekisa ngebhegi esekelwe Ukruthakruthwano amandla YAERDU omalunga 1 MW kunye Ukruthakruthwano ezilahlwayo ngokusekelwe phambili ulwelo injini irula kule program ukuqinisekisa unikezelo kwi Umhlaba Moon komzila ezinobude 100 km payload Ubunzima bubonke 100 tonnes / ngonyaka. Xa usebenzisa somelezi efanayo ephethe umthamo umsebenzi alinganayo "Proton-M" kunye dvuhpuskovoy nokwakhiwa ukujikeleza kwinkqubo yezothutho iindleko zokuthumela ethile per unit ubunzima payload usebenzisa Ukruthakruthwano ngokusekelwe injini nenukliya ziya kuba kathathu ngaphantsi xa usebenzisa ezilahlwayo ngokusekelwe tugboats kunye iinjini ngexabiso ulwelo lohlobo MM-3.

isiphelo

nezingenayo esebenzayo enyukliya indawo kunegalelo ngesisombululo iingxaki zokusingqongileyo zomhlaba, ukusabela umntu Mars, ukudala inkqubo yokosulela engenazingcingo yamandla esithubeni, ukuphunyezwa kwe ukhuseleko-oluphuculweyo yokungcwaba kwisithuba eziyingozi kakhulu umhlaba inkunkuma eqhumayo yamandla enyukliya, ukwakhiwa isiseko swi inyanga kunye nophuhliso loshishino lwe kweNyanga, ukuqinisekisa ukukhusela Umhlaba yingozi Ibhanti enomsila.