Zeziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwensimbi. Ingcaciso yeesimboli

Steel - iqela kakhulu ezininzi zesinyithi ezisetyenziswayo, bokulebhelisha kuxhomekeke ukuhlelwa qela.

Zeziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ngentsimbi

uphawu Inkcaza iqala nangokuzimisela yeqela yayo ephambili ukuya kuyo. Ukwahlula amaqela yodidi: lwesakhiwo, ulwakhiwo, isixhobo, kunye neempawu ezizodwa (ubushushu-enganyangekiyo, ubushushu-enganyangekiyo kakhulu kunye namandla).

Of zokwakha zenziwe iindawo machine, ezityikitywe, nge welding, ukwakhiwa. Isixhobo, njengokuba igama lixela, asetyenziswa ukuvelisa isixhobo machining. A uhlobo olulodwa yodidi isixhobo --high speed, ke zenzelwe ukuba uqhubekeko imithwalo eziphezulu. steel zokwakha ezisetyenziswa ikakhulu ngenxa izakhiwo nge welding, kufuneka ephantsi (0.25%) Umxholo carbon. Ngokwemiqathango zesakhiwo efana zokwakha.

zokwakha

Kumafa yayo, baye bohlulwa ingxubevange kunye carbon, oko kukuthi, kunye ongeziweyo ezizodwa kwaye ngaphandle kwazo. Le steel ingxubevange kufuneka iqulathe ubuncinane 45% yentsimbi. Inkalo ebalulekileyo ubukho ubumdaka nendaba non-eqaqambileyo bubuhle kwi ingxubevange isiphumo - isalfure, iphosphate kunye nabanye. Kunokuba ngaphantsi equkethwe, kokukhona kungcono intsimbi yabo ingqalelo. Xa iyonke apho 4 amaqela ezisemgangathweni:

Ekupheleni sokubekwa enokuthi igxunyekwe uhlobo ingxubevange deoxidation (deacidification - ukususwa oksijini evela ubume steel): abilayo (P.), eziphantse-wabulala (PS), cwaka (SP). "SP" Isalathisi kuvame kuboniswe.

Ngokubanzi, i yodidi zokucazulula yelo Amaqela doped, angamelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

- [umxholo carbon] [elements alloying] [indlela deoxidation] [ulwazi olongezelelweyo], apho umxholo carbon ibhalwe hundredths othile ekhulwini.

izinto Alloying ziboniswe kudityaniswe boonobumba kunye isixa ipesenti. Ukuba umxholo sakhi ingxubevange yi ekhulwini ngaphantsi kwe omnye, isixa alukhankanywanga. Okwangoku inclusions alandelayo notation isetyenziswa: .. N - nickel, X - chrome, C - dust, titanium - T, manganese - T, U - aluminiyam, njl Umzekelo, intsimbi 09G2S yakhiwa 0,09% carbon, 2% of yemanganizi lesilicon xa imali emalunga nesi-1%. Ukongeza, kukho ezinye imiqondiso yodidi ezongezelelweyo, ziqonde ukuba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. "W" ekuqaleni - esindayo ngentsimbi.

2. "L" ekupheleni - le Foundry ngentsimbi.

3. "A" ekuqaleni - automaton ngentsimbi.

4. "E" ekuqalekeni - ngentsimbi zombane.

Ngokwahlukeneyo bodwa isakhiwo kraca yodidi. Ubuyiselo kubhalo oluqhelekileyo yile ilandelayo: ekuqaleni, le leta "C" ilandelwa yi noxinezeleko kwisivuno. Letter "K" kuthetha luguqulelo ubume kwemichiza, "T" - lukhuni thermal.

Ukuphawula yodidi iimpawu ezizodwa zokuphawula efanayo ingxubevange noshowo.

yodidi isixhobo

Phambi gama, ileta "Y", kulandele carbon iqhezu (isixa ubuncinane carbon kufuneka ungabi ngaphantsi kwe-0.7%). yodidi Isixhobo kwakunye noshowo yaze yahlulwa-hlulwa carbon kunye ingxubevange, kodwa abe mabini kuphela amaqela umgangatho - ezisemgangathweni kunye nomgangatho ophezulu. Kwimeko yesibini, egameni, le leta "A" ekupheleni sokubekwa. Le leta "D" libonisa isiqulatho eliphezulu manganese. Ziqonde yodidi enxulumene isixhobo HSS, Kuthi ezahlukeneyo. Kwindawo yokuqala kukho nesikhundla iqela lonke - ileta "P" (ukusuka elithi IsiNgesi "olukhawulezayo" - fast), ngoko ke inani ibonisa icandelo main alloying - Tungsten (ukutyunjwa kwakhe ileta lishiyiwe).

Qaphela somlilo steelmaking

Kuba aluminiyamu kwizinga eliphezulu ekupheleni elichaza indlela yokuvelisa yodidi, zokucazulula iindlela zokuvelisa zithiwe thaca apha ngasezantsi. Ezi khowudi zibekwe ekupheleni sokubekwa: vd - cleaner arc; W - electroslag; EL - electron umqadi; VI - vacuum induction.