ISebe likarhulumente lithetha ... uMthetho woMthethosisekelo

I-Secularism yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwiimeko zanamhlanje zorhulumente. Namhlanje, lo mgaqo ubeka phantsi kwimithetho yehlabathi ezininzi kwihlabathi.

Izinto ezisemgangathweni kwinkqubo yelizwe

Ingcamango "yelizwe" ithetha ukuba urhulumente akhululekile kwifuthe laluphi na unqulo, imirhumo yakhe kunye nenkolo. Ngendlela enjalo, abameli bezo zonke iintlobo zemibutho yenkonzo abanakho ukuphazamisa urhulumente. Urhulumente welizwe kuthetha ukuba inkqubo yemfundo karhulumente, iziko zomthetho kunye nezopolitiko zikhula ngokwahlukileyo kwicawa.

Yonke imithetho ekhankanywe apha ngasentla ifakwe kuMgaqo-siseko weRussian Federation. IRashiya yeRussia yimeko yelizwe. Lo mgaqo uchazwe kwiCandelo 1 leSiqendu 14 soMthetho-siseko. I-Secularism yenye yeziseko zenkqubo yezopolitiko yanamhlanje eRussia. Ilungisa imilinganiselo yeminqweno yemibutho yonqulo kunye nombuso. Ukongezelela, ukuxhaswa kwesinye esinye semiphumo yokuvalwa kweengcamango ezisemthethweni eRashiya.

Imvelaphi

Iimodeli zanamhlanje zorhulumente ziye zavela kwiinkulungwane ezininzi. Kulo lonke ixesha ubudlelwane phakathi kwabaphathi bezenkolo nezenkolo kwakhiwa ngezindlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngexesha elidlulileyo, icawa (ngokwegama elibanzi legama, kungekhona nje lamaKristu) lidlala indima enkulu kulo naluphi na uluntu. Kuze kube sekupheleni kweMinyaka Ephakathi, unqulo lwungekho nje into ebalulekileyo ebomini babantu, kwakuyimfundiso efunekayo. Iinkokheli zokuvuma (oopapa, oomkhulu, oomkhulu bama-caliphates, njl.) Banandipha amandla amakhulu.

Urhulumente kunye nenkolo baqhuba umzabalazo oqhubekayo wobukhulu. Ngokomzekelo, e-Russia le ngxabano yabangela intlekele yekhulu le-17, xa kuvela ingxabano ephakathi kukaTsar Alexei Mikhailovich kunye noMphathiswa uNicon. Ngethuba lexesha elide kunye nefuthe elikhulu kwicawa yazama ukwenza imisebenzi yamandla olawulo. Kaninzi, ngokuqhelekileyo, wayefuna ukubeka umgangatho wokuziphatha koluntu, ukulawula ubomi bakhe ngoncedo lwemithetho engcwele. Ngaphezulu inhlangano yonqulo izama ukuchaphazela imeko kweli lizwe, ngokungenakukuphepha ukudibana kwayo kunye nombuso. Ukongezelela, xa ukuvuma okuthile kufikelela kwindawo ekhethekileyo, uzama ukunciphisa impembelelo yezinye iimfundiso. Ukuba sesikhundleni, icawa iqala ukuhlala kwimali yoluntu. Ngokomzekelo, eRashiya ngaphambi kowe-1917 i-ROC ifunyenwe kwizigidigidi zamandla ezigulane zokugcina abasebenzi kunye nokwakhiwa kwamabandla amatsha.

Umzabalazo wamandla kunye necawa

Kwixesha elide lomntu, urhulumente kunye nenkolo baye bafumana indlela enkulu yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Impembelelo enkulu ekuphuhlisweni kwabo yanikwe isayensi. Ngokuza kwale ngxaki kwiNew Age, impembelelo yenkolo kuluntu yaqala ukungabi nantoni. Ngexesha elifanayo, urhulumente waqala ukubuyisela izikhundla zayo. Imfoloko ebalulekileyo ngale ndlela yayiyimfazwe yeeminyaka emashumi mathathu ye-1618-1648. Le ngxabano phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu yaqala njengenkolo yenkcubeko yamandulo, kodwa yaphela ngoyoliso lwentlanga kunye noluntu malunga nokuzivuma. Amazwe ehlabathi elidala aguqukile. Kancinci, kwinani elinyukayo yoluntu, iimpawu zelizwe ziza ziba zibala. Le nkqubo iphelile ngokuhlukana kwecawa.

Phantse njalo i-secularism ibonakala ngenxa yeqhinga labasemagunyeni. Ngomgudu wokuphelisa inkolelo yendalo yonqulo, i-state yaqala ukuhlaziya isakhiwo sayo. Amaziko ecawa ahlawuliswa okanye anqatshelwe igunya. Kwakhona kwakukho nokwahlula. Icawa ithathe ilizwe, indawo yokuhlala kunye nezinye izinto ezibiza. Konke oku kuzwelonke. Elizweni lethu, amaphankaso afanayo aqhutyelwa phantsi kwePeter III emva kweenguqulelo ze-1917. Urhulumente waseRashiya ngumbuso welizwe, iziseko zawo ezabekwe ngexesha le-USSR kwaye zatshintshwa ngo-1990.

Indawo yecawa kuluntu

Ngomzekelo welizwe, icawa inqatshelwe inani lamagunya. Akakwazi ukubhalisa ukuzalwa, umtshato, ukufa, kunye nokulawula ubudlelwane bomtshato kunye nomtshato. Imibutho yonqulo iyancishwa ithuba lokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Ngokukodwa, onke amaziko ecawa kumashishini aseburhulumenteni ayacinywa. ERashiya kude kube ngo-1917, i-Synod yayikho kule ndawo.

Urhulumente welizwe kuthetha ukuba icawa ayinakuyichaphazela imicimbi yelizwe. Ngelo xesha, amandla enomzimba omnene uyaqhubeka nokuchaphazela uhlangothi lokuvuma. Umthetho wezomthetho wemisebenzi yemibutho yecawa yenziwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo urhulumente usebenzisana nabo ekuxazululeni imiba yoluntu. Umgaqo-mandla ugunyazisiweyo unyanzelekile ngenxa yokuba zonke iintlobo zokuhamba ngokuzivuma zingaba ngumhlaba wokuvela kwamacandelo kunye noluntu oluxhasayo.

Umzekelo waseRashiya

KwiRussia Federation, imeko yelizwe ithetha ukuba abemi baqinisekileyo inkululeko yonqulo kunye nesazela. Abemi beli lizwe banokuzibandakanya naluphi na ukuvuma okanye ukungabhekiseli nakuphi na. Wonke ummi unelungelo lokukhetha, ukutshintsha nokusabalalisa ukholo lwakhe. Ngokuqinisekileyo ngamathuba afanayo angasetyenziswa zizifundo zamanye amazwe asetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni kwintsimi yaseRashiya.

Akukho mntu unyanzelekile ukuvakalisa isimo sengqondo kwiimfundiso zonqulo. Akukho mntu unokunyanzeliswa ukuba achaze unqulo aze afune ukukholelwa. Ukuthintela ngokuthe ngqo ukubandakanyeka ngokunyanzeliswa kwabantwana kwimibutho yonqulo ngaphandle kwemvume yabazali babo. Ngokomgaqo ofanayo, inkqubo yezemfundo yakhiwe kwizikolo zikarhulumente.

Imimandla yoluntu

Iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zelizwe zisesemhlabeni zibonakalisa iimpawu zangaphandle zamandla. Abasemagunyeni kunye noorhulumente basekhaya abakwazi ukuhamba nemisebenzi yabo ngemikhosi yonqulo karhulumente.

Lo mgaqo usebenza kuwo onke amagosa. Akukho mntu kwinkonzo kawonkewonke angasebenzisa iofisi yakhe ukunyanzelisa abaphantsi ukuba benze izinto ezithile zokuvuma izono. Kuyafana nomkhosi. Ukuhlonela amandla enkolo yabemi - yintoni imeko yelizwe ithetha ngayo.

Ubumbano kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje

Namhlanje ehlabathini, nangona kukho konke, ezi ziqhubeka zikhona, apho kukho inkolo yabo esemthethweni. Ngokomzekelo, lo ngu-Israyeli (ubuYuda), eNgilani (iCawa yase-Anglican) , njl. Kwamazwe amaninzi, ukulingana kweenkolelo zonke kusekwa (eJamani, eJapan, eItali, njl.). Kwakhona, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele i-state of state, igunya eliphambili elisebandleni. Umzekelo ocacileyo wenkqubo enjalo yiVatican.

Kuthetha ukuthini isimo selizwe? Eli gunya alidibene necawa. Ukucwangciswa okufanayo kubakho kwiimeko zobhaliso, kodwa kukho iimeko ezahlukileyo kuzo. Kwinkqubo enjalo, icawa, ngoncedo lwamaziko omthetho, ifuthe izigqibo zabasemagunyeni. Ukusebenzisana kwabo kudibaniswa ngokungqalileyo, kodwa, nangona kunjalo, akuyi buthathaka kwimpumelelo kuluntu. Ngokomzekelo, kwiimeko zobhaliso ezikolweni, imfundiso yecawa ifundwe.

Ukuguqulwa komthetho

Ubumbano kwinqanaba langoku lokuphuhliswa lizele ukuphikisana. Le ngxaki ikhula ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ngamanye amaxesha. Kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje kuye kwavela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zelizwe. Kucaciswa ngophuhliso olusemthethweni, lwenkcubeko noluntu lwezopolitiko kwelizwe ngalinye.

Namhlanje, iziko lokuzikhusela liza kuba lilonke ngenxa yehlabathi jikelele. Oku, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kuxhasana nomoya wokuguquguquka (ukuguqulwa) kwemithetho yamanye amazwe. Ngokomzekelo, lo mkhwa wafunyanwa yiRussian Federation. Urhulumente welizwe lethu kwilizwe lethu lakhiwa ngokwemodeli yaseNtshona. Enye, eyona nto ibethayo, umzekelo wokuguqulwa yiYurophu yaseYurophu. Amazwe ehlabathi elidala, afakwe kule ntlangano, afumana iziphumo zomgaqo wokuhlanganisa. Umthetho wabo wesizwe udibanisa kwaye unxibelelwano.

Ubuninzi bomhlaba

Ukongeza kwindlela yokuguquguquka ekuphuhlisweni kweemfundiso zecandelo, ezinye iipatheni nazo ziyabonwa. Enye yeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu yintlukwano. Iqulethwe ngumnqweno wokulandela umgaqo-nkqubo ohlukile kwicawa. Ngamanye amagama, ukuhlukahluka kukuchasene nokuguquka. Ukuze ulondoloze i-original state, nangona ubulungu kwi-EU, amagunya aseFransi neJamani ayazama namhlanje. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo unokulandelwa kwamanye amazwe.

Ukuthelekiswa kwamava eentlobo ezahlukeneyo kubonisa ukuba yonke indawo kukho ukuqonda ngokucacileyo kwintlekiso. Ngaphezu koko, isimo sengqondo senkolo namhlanje siyashintsha phambi kwamehlo ethu. Kwihlabathi lonke, utshintsho olukhawulezayo lwaqala, lubonakaliswa ngamashumi eminyaka kunye neenkulungwane. Ukuphila okwangoku yi-polysemantic - i-multivalued and different. Ngelo xesha, yonke indawo isekelwe kwimigaqo emibini ebalulekileyo-ukuvinjelwa kokusekwa kwenkolo enyanzelekileyo kunye nokwahlukana kwemibutho yonqulo evela kwilizwe.