Ingcamango yolwabiwo-mali, isiseko sayo. Amanqaku ebhajethi. Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-ixesha eliza kunyangwa ngokubanzi. Kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziswe xa kufikelele kwimicimbi yoluntu. Ziziphi iifom zeebhajethi zaseRashiya? Zifana njani nazo ezifumaneka kwihlabathi?

Yintoni uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali

Ngomqondo obanzi, umgaqo-bhajethi ubonisa nayiphi na imithombo equkethe isibonelelo ngendlela yemali. Kodwa, njengommiselo, eli gama lisetyenziswe kumxholo, njengoko sele sithe, kwenkxaso-mali kaRhulumente. Kwaye kulo mzekelo umgaqo-bhajethi ungabonakali kakhulu umthombo wento njengendlela yonke inkqubo ekulawulwa ngayo imali.

Isigaba sebhajethi sisoloko siqhathaniswa necandelo lezorhwebo. Kutheni? Eli qhekeko, ndimele ndithi, kungenjalo. Zomabini nezakhiwo zebhajethi zijongene nokuhamba kwemali, iindleko, iindleko, ukuthengisa. Ukufakwa kwamanye amagosa (sitsho ngaphandle kwesicatshulwa) ngamanye amaxesha kuya kuba neengxaki kumadoda oshishino abanamava. Uphi umehluko omkhulu? Umlinganiselo ophambili ohlukanisa ishishini kwizakhiwo zebhajethi yinjongo yokuseka amaziko asebenzayo-ezoqoqosho, amaziko oluntu, imibutho yolawulo. Kwimeko yezoshishino, oku kuyinzuzo kumnini, ngubani oya kukwazi ukusasaza ngokuzikhethela kwakhe. Ufuna ukumvumela ukuba asombulule iingxaki zoluntu, kwaye ukuba akunjalo, uya kuthenga i-yacht okanye indlu kwisiqithi saseMeditera.

Ukuba sithetha malunga nezakhiwo zebhajethi, injongo yokusekwa kwabo yimi sebenzi yentlalo kuphela, kunye nezo zidibene nokugcina ulawulo lwentlalo njengolu hlobo , ukuphunyezwa kwentsebenziswano yentlalo eyenziwe phakathi kwabasemagunyeni nabemi. Urhulumente, ukufumana (ukuthengisa ioli, ukuhlawula irhafu, njl njl) ukwenzela ukuba uqondise imali yokuhlawula imivuzo kootitshala, oogqirha, okhuseleko kunye nomkhosi.

Ngaloo ndlela, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwezezimali luyisiseko kwisiseko esisebenza ngayo. Iyiphi indlela yokulawulwa kwemali yokuhamba kwemali eyakhiwe? Ngoku siza kufunda le ngongoma.

Isiseko somgaqo-bhajethi wombuso

Kwamazwe amaninzi ehlabathini, kuquka eRashiya, kukho uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Ithetha inkqubo yezemali, ephantsi kolawulo lwamagunya aphezulu-urhulumente, umongameli, ipalamente. Ngokuxhomekeke kwisakhiwo seprojekthi yezopolitiko, uhlobo lweebhajethi zorhulumente lunokuthi lube yinkalo, kamasipala (njengaseRashiya) okanye ezinye iinketho ezikhoyo.

Kwinqanaba ngalinye lohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, iziphathamandla ezichaphazelekayo zisebenza kwi-extraction of income, kwakunye nokulawula ukuhamba kwemali ngokweendleko. Mhlawumbi "intsebenziswano phakathi". Ngokuqhelekileyo kuboniswa ngoncedo oluphakathi phakathi kwezakhiwo zamanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, xa inkxaso, inkxaso-mali, inkxaso-mali encedisayo kummandla okanye oomasipala bathunyelwa kwi-budget federal, okanye iimali-mboleko zikhutshwa ngokufanelekileyo.

Ulwakhiwo lohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwaseRashiya

Cinga indlela uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluhlelwe ngayo (ngolu hlobo lithetha ngolu hlobo lwenkqubo yolawulo lokuhamba kwemali nguRhulumente) eRashiya. Umthombo oyintloko womthetho olawula le ndawo, i-Code Budget. Ngokwale nkqubo yesigqeba-esisemthethweni, isakhiwo semali yelizwe sakhiwe kumazinga amane aphezulu: i-federal, yesithili, yangaphakathi kunye neyeengingqi (ezi zimbini, ezinye iingcali zidibanisa, kodwa zichazwe ngokwahlukileyo kumthetho).

Ekuhambeni kokuqala kwezemali kulawulo, ngokulandelanayo, ngamagunya aseburhulumenteni. Baphatha iirhafu kunye neendleko ngaphakathi kwakhono. Kulawulo lwesibini lokuhamba kwezemali lwenziwa ngabaphathi bezifundo zeRashiya Federation - iiphabliki, imimandla, imimandla. Kwisithathu kamasipala (izithili, iindawo zedolophini). Kwisine-indawo yokuhlala (iidolophana, ilali).

Kukho ingcamango "yebhajethi ehlanganisiweyo". Inokusetyenziswa kwiimeko ezimbini. Ukuba sithetha ngetekethi yeengeniso kunye neendleko zeenkqubo zemali zikamasipala, oomasipala basekhaya kunye nommandla wonke, ngoko ke uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwengingqi luhlanganiswe. Ngaloo ndlela, uwonkewonke kuzo zonke izifundo ze-federation, kunye nomthamo wolawulo lwezemali olulawulwa ngabasemagunyeni abasemagunyeni, lubumba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwamaRashiya.

Phakathi kweziko lezopolitiko ezenza unxibelelwano oluphambili phakathi kweenkqubo zolawulo lwezemali kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo yi-Treasury Federal. Eli gqeba elilawulayo, zombini kwinqanaba eliphezulu kwaye ngexesha lokudluliselwa kwamagunya kwimimandla, lenza umsebenzi wokulandelwa kwemali kwemali yokudluliselwa kwebhajethi, kuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kokubalwa kweenkqubo ezinxulumene nophuhliso lwezemali.

Iziko kunye neeNgingqi

Amagunya olawulo lwabiwo-mali ahlanganisana njani kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo? Ngaphambi kokufunda le ngongoma kwimeko yaseRussia, makhe siqwalasele ukuba yeyiphi imizekelo ekhoyo kwihlabathi apho ukusasazwa okunjalo kwenzeka khona. Kwaye kukho ezimbini zazo. Kwiindawo zenzululwazi zibizwa ngokuba yizikhundla ezisemgangathweni kunye nokusebenzisana.

Ngokubhekiselele kokuqala-kuyo, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lubandakanya indima "isicwangciso sesibini". Iziphathamandla zengingqi zinokuzimela ngokwaneleyo ekubunzeni iinkqubo zabo zokulawula iinjongo, ziqokelela ubuninzi beerhafu (kwaye kwezinye iimeko zinelungelo lokuzinzisa zazo). Iziko lezemfundo lingaziphazamisi kwiinkqubo zebhajethi zesithili. Ingcamango yolwabiwo-mali kumazwe apho kusetyenziswa inkqubo ekhoyo (le Yapan, eUnited States) ngokuqhelekileyo inxulumene neenkqubo zokukhusela, ukuxhasa ngemali iiprojekthi zeziseko ezibalulekileyo zelizwe. Izakhiwo zengingqi kunye noomasipala zijongene nokubonelela ngenkxaso yemali kwimisebenzi yoluntu yasekuhlaleni.

Iyona nto iphambili yinkqubo kukuba kumazwe apho isetyenziswe khona, akukho nakuthi akukho okuthiwa "isikhokelo sohlahlo lwabiwo-mali", apho uncedo lunikezelwa kuloo mimandla noluntu lwengingqi lufumana iingxaki zengeniso (ngokuqhelekileyo zivela kwiziko lombuso).

Kwindlela yokubambisana, kwakhona, kukho indawo ebonakalayo. Ingcamango yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kulawo mazwe apho kusetyenziswa khona, njengommiselo, idibene nenkunzi yephondo kwinqanaba lamagunya aphezulu. Kwiinkqubo ezinjalo, kwakha "ulungelelaniso lwebhajethi." Ngaloo ndlela, izakhiwo zengingqi kunye nezendawo zingaphantsi kangangoko kunenkqubo enomsebenzi wokunakekelwa kobuchule bokuqokelelwa kwengeniso (ngaphezu koko, imimiselo equka umthetho webhajethi kazwelonke ingayenza imithintelo ebalulekileyo kulokhu).

Indlela yokwabela amandla?

Kwiimeko zini na eli lizwe okanye lelo lizwe likhetha imodeli emiselweyo, kunye nawuphi na intsebenziswano? Ikhetho lokuqala, njengommiselo, lisetyenziswe kwiimeko xa ukufumaneka kwezinto ezikhoyo kwimimandla yeli lizwe lilingana okanye lifaniswa. Abasemagunyeni banokuqiniseka ukuba iirhafu nganye zihlawulwa ngokufanayo, imali yabemi nayo iphinda ingalingani. Umzekelo wokubambisana, ngokuchaseneyo, uyasetyenziswa ukuba umahluko ophuhliso loqoqosho lweemimandla lubonakaliswe ngokucacileyo. Uluhlu lwamanje lophuhliso lwezoqoqosho lwaseRashiya lufanelekile ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwalo mzekelo.

Kodwa ngelo xesha, umgaqo waseRussia kwisabelo-mali uquka amalungiselelo angabonisa ukuzimela ngokukhululekileyo kwemimandla malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo wokuphathwa kwemali. Makhe siqwalasele le ngcaciso ngokubanzi.

Ukuzimela kwebhajethi kwiRussia Federation

Ukuzimela kwebhajethi yemigangatho eyahlukeneyo eRussian Federation ithatha ukuba iziphathimandla zendawo (kwimimandla okanye oomasipala) zinamalungelo athile. Kwaye oku kungona kunjalo ukuba umgaqo-bhajethi waseRashiya uhlala unxulumene namaziko aphezulu karhulumente. Yintoni ibonakaliso lokuzimela kwemimandla kunye noomasipala ekuthethwa ngawo?

Okokuqala, kunelungelo lokulawula uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali, izibonelelo zemali ezilawulayo, ngokuzimela. Oko kukuthi, isikhungo se-federal sinomthombo ongenamandla wokungenelela kwizigqibo zendawo eziphathelene nokuxhaswa kweeprojekthi ezithile. Ukuxhaswa kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kummandla kunye noomasipala kungenziwa ngaphandle kweendleko zabo. Kwaye oku kwamkelwa ngokubanzi. Efanelekileyo - xa ummandla okanye isixeko singenza ngaphandle kwemali nenkxaso.

Omnye umgaqo obalulekileyo wokuzimela kwebhajethi yeRussia kukuba bayathathwa ngokwahlukeneyo kumgangatho ngamnye wezopolitiko. Kwi-federal, urhulumente weRussian Federation, uRhulumente weSizwe, i-Federation Council, umongameli waseRussia uthatha inxaxheba. Kwiimimandla - amabhunga abo omthetho kunye nabaphathi, kunye noomasipala.

Umzuzwana olandelayo, ubonakalisa ukuzimela kwamanqanaba okulawulwa kwemali yelizwe, ukugcinwa kwezomthetho ilungelo lokuhlawula irhafu ethile. Iingingqi kunye noomasipala nabo banikwe igunya lokufumana ingeniso nenkcitho yebhilijethi ngokwengqiqo. Makhe siqwalasele into ebhekiselele kokubili kunye nenkcazelo encinci.

Ingeniso nenkcitho yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali

Ngenxa yoluphi uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali kumanqanaba onke athabatha ingeniso? Ngokwenene oku kukho uhlobo lweentlawulo kunye neentlawulo. Umthetho-mthetho unquma ukuba ngubani umasipala, ummandla okanye isakhiwo samandla esiza kuqokelela. Imirhumo kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali ludibanisa kakhulu. Iindleko, ngokubhekiselele, zibonakalisa ukuqhelanisa noluntu kwenkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo wezemali, ukusasazwa kwinqanaba likamasipala kunye noomasipala (kunye nesidingo sokugcina amaziko angundoqo epolitiki). E-Rashiya, badibaniswe nenkxaso-mali, ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezifana nale:

• LeMfundo;
• Amachiza kunye nokhuseleko loluntu;
• U khuselo;
• Umsebenzi wezakhiwo zamandla;
• Ukusebenza kwamagunya okusebenza.

Ubuncwane obubalulekileyo: ukubonelelwa kwempesheni kubangelwa ngokusemthethweni kumgaqo-nkqubo ogqityiweyo. I-FIU kunye nama-APF amaninzi aneendawo zokugcina iimali.

Isakhiwo seendleko, eziqhelekileyo kwinkqubo yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwaseRashiya, lunokubambisana naloo mazwe kwamanye amazwe, kodwa ukhetho lunokwenzeka, xa kuya kubakho umehluko omkhulu. Konke kuxhomekeke kukuphi uhlobo lwenkqubo yolawulo lwezemali yoluntu oluqhutyelwayo - olusemthethweni okanye olusebenzisanayo. Kwimeko yokuqala, umzekelo, loo macandelo njengamayeza kunye nemfundo ayinakuzimeleyo ngokupheleleyo kubhajethi, ziyimfihlo.

Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali: Iimeko zaseRashiya

Cinga okubaluleke kakhulu, kwimbono yeengcali ezininzi, umbandela wokuphathwa kwezemali zikawonke-wonke - "ulungelelwaniso lweebhajethi". Ziziphi iindlela eziphunyeziweyo eRashiya? Luhlobo luni lunikelo olunokuthi ummandla kunye noomasipala babalwa ukuba ngaba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olungundoqo alunayo imali engenayo, kwaye iindleko zihlala zifanelekileyo?

Iinkqubo ezisisiseko kumbuzo ngabo.

1. Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwendawo lufumana iphesenti ethile (kukho imimiselo esemthethweni) yeerhafu ezimele zihanjiswe kumazinga aphezulu kwindlela yemali kaRhulumente.
2. Ukuxhaswa kweemali zenkxaso-mali-kwingingqi, kwisithili.
3. Ukuxhaswa, inkxaso kunye nenkxaso evela kumaziko emali karhulumente kwamanye amanqanaba.

Indawo yokucinga

Ngaloo ndlela, ingcamango yebhajethi yengingqi ingaba yimiqathango. Akuqhelekanga kummandla, isixeko okanye indawo encinci yokuhlala, ngenxa yezinto ezijoliswe kwiinjongo zentlalo okanye yezopolitiko, ukuba zixhaswe kakhulu. Imali yemvelaphi yangaphakathi kuyo ingabi nhlobo. Kodwa ngexesha elifanayo, isikolo sokuzimela ekunikeziseni imali yebhajethi kwi-local entityiyo iya kuba-malunga namalungelo analo kulo mba, sichazwe ngasentla.

Unyulo lunokwenzeka apho uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lufumana inkxaso-mali enomxholo ojoliswe kuyo. Ngokomzekelo, kungabakho ukuxhaswa kweeprojekthi ezibalulekileyo zentlalo. Kule meko, kubalulekile ukuba umasipala, okokuqala, ukuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo ehambelanayo nemigangatho eyamkelwe kumanqanaba ommandla nakwimimandla.

Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olulungileyo

Makhe sihlolisise iindlela 'zokulinganisa ibhajethi' zenziwa kwamanye amazwe.

Kukho ukhetho apho imimandla ethile inikwe ilungelo lokuqhuba imisebenzi yezoqoqosho ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yolawulo oluthile lwezoqoqosho, apho umzekelo, kukho ukuphulwa kweerhafu. Olu hlobo lwenkxaso lwenziwa eChina, e-Australia, kwamanye amazwe kwiNgingqi yePacific. Indlela yesibini incedisa ulwahlulo phakathi kweemali ezilindelekileyo kunye nezoqobo (eziqhelekileyo). Isimo sesithathu esenzekayo - isikhungo senkxaso-mali sinika imimandla ngemali yokuhamba, ngokusekelwe kwingqokelela eqikelelwayo yemali (ngokwenza-ukulungelelaniswa kweentlawulo zeerhafu kunye nobukhulu becala).