Intsimi yophuhliso oluphambili. UMthetho kwimimandla yophuhliso oluphambili

Imimandla yophuhliso oluphambili, uludwe lwazo luya kunikwa ngezantsi, luye luzama olunye uvavanyo lwelizwe ukulandela indlela yaseTshayina. Kubandakanywa ukwakheka kweendawo ezizodwa, ezibizwa ngokuba yii-locomotives zoqoqosho. Emva koko, siza kuqwalasela ukuba yintoni imimandla yophuhliso oluphambili eRashiya kunye noko bakuyo.

Umlando

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-90 urhulumente ucebisa uluhlu lwemimandla yophuhliso oluphambili. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko imbali ibonisa, iinkqubo eziphuhlisiwe azizange ziphunyezwe ngokupheleleyo. Ngomnyaka we-1991, kwagqitywa umthetho olawula ulawulo lokutyalomali lwangaphandle kwizoqoqosho lwasekhaya. Amalungiselelo ayo athile inzuzo ethile kwabanye oosomashishini bangaphandle. Ngokukodwa, inkqubo yokubhalisa ilula ilindeleke, ixabiso lokunciphisa irhafu, ukuhlawula kwexesha elide ngexabiso elincinci, urhulumente ongenalo i-visa kunye nokuncitshiswa kwemisebenzi yamasiko. Ukususela ngo-1996, ilizwe laqala ukudala i-SEZ. Ngoko, indawo yokuqala ekhethekileyo yasungulwa kwingingqi yaseKaliningrad, yesibini - eMagadan. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukugqibela kwaDisemba 31, 2014. Nangona kunjalo, akukho mpu melelo ekuphunyezweni kwayo. Kwakhona, ibhilikhwe yadluliselwa kwindawo ekhethekileyo kwi-Baikal-Amur. Isiphumo senkqubo asiyaziwa.

Ukuphuhliswa kwinqanaba lokuqala

Kwiindawo ezikhethekileyo ezili-17, ezi-6 kuphela. Inkathazo enkulu yinkalo yezokhenketho. Njengoko kuboniswe ngumlawuli jikelele we-JSC "SEZ" u-Tretyakov, oku kungenxa yendlela ekhethiweyo. Enyanisweni, akukho nto yaxoxwa ngayo nomtyalomali, akazange anikwe ilungelo lokukhetha indawo yokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo. Ukongezelela, iindawo zokungena kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni aziyi kuphuhlisa. Iingcali zibonisa ukuba oku kungakho ngenxa yokungazithethi kwemimandla ngokwabo ukuba bahlanganyele ekukhuthazeni kwabo.

Ukujika entsha

Nangona kukho izibambiso, ukuqhutyelwa kweendawo ezikhethekileyo kwaqhubeka. Okwangoku, ezinye ii-SEZ ziyakwandisa ukuya kwinqanaba lezithili. Imimandla ekhethekileyo ithathwa njengesicatshulwa ngokwaneleyo sokutsala izibonelelo zemali kwizoqoqosho. Ngethuba likaMongameli weMedvedev, uMthetho wamukelwa, imiqathango elawulwa yilo lwakhiwo kunye nokusebenza kwendawo yokuphuhlisa indawo. Ngaloo ndlela, ingcaciso entsha yaziswa. I-ZTR iyinxalenye yequmrhu apho iimeko ezifanelekileyo zemisebenzi ye-investor zenziwa. Injongo yale mimandla yayikukukhawuleza uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nentlalo yommandla. Ukudalwa kweemeko ezifanelekileyo kukubonelela ukunika abatyalo mali inkxaso ngenkxaso. Nangona kunjalo, kwakubonakala kuthobe ngakumbi kwiiprogram kunokuba kwakucatshangwe ngo-1991. Ukulawulwa kweendawo ezinjalo kwakufuneka kuqhutywe ngumbutho olawulwa ngokukodwa. Okwangoku i-ZTR isungulwe kwimimandla engama-20.

Umzamo wesine

Ngenye yeentetho zakhe phambi kwe-Federal Assembly, uMongameli Putin wacebisa ukudala imimandla yophuhliso oluphambili. Uluhlu lwemimandla ekhoyo ekhoyo sele yongezwa ngamanye amacandelo. Ngelo xesha, uMongameli wayekhetha indawo eziphambili. Ngokukodwa, ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo, ngokuphathelele kuye, yayifanelekileyo kwintsimi yophuhliso oluphambili kude nendawo-eMpuma Ekude. Phakathi kweendawo ezifuna utyalo-mali, umongameli ubizwa ngokuba nguSiberia, ngokukodwa, iKhakassia kunye neKrasnoyarsk Territory. Intloko karhulumente nayo yanikwa iimeko, ngenxa yokuba intsimi yophuhliso oluphambili iya kuba mnandi kubatyalomali. Ngokukodwa, kwakukho iholide yerhafu yeminyaka emihlanu , inqanaba elincitshisiweyo leminikelo yomshuwalense, inkqubo elula yokwenza amasiko, ukuxhuma kumbane wombane, ukufumana iimvume zokukwakha. Ukongezelela, inkqubo ecacileyo kufuneka iphuhliswe, ngokubhekiselele kuyo ummandla wentuthuko ephambili iya kusebenza. IMpuma Ekude idinga ukwakhiwa kweziseko ezingundoqo. Lo msebenzi uza kuphunyezwa ngexabiso leNgxowa-mali.

Uwuphi umehluko phakathi kwe-SEZ kunye ne-TOP?

Intsimi yophuhliso oluphambili, ngokuhambelana nemimiselo yolawulo, inendawo ehlukileyo ngokuthe ngqo kwendawo ekhethekileyo. Akuvunyelwe ukudala ezo ndawo kwilizwe elifanayo. Njengokwahlukana, intsimi yophuhliso oluphambili esuka kwi-SEZ ayikho. Kuphela, mhlawumbi, umahluko phakathi kwexesha lokusebenza. Ngoko, iminyaka engama-20 kufuneka ibe nommandla okhethekileyo, iminyaka engama-12-intsimi yophuhliso oluphambili.

Yilwayo: ulwazi oluqhelekileyo

Isenzo saso sijolise ekumiseni urhulumente wezomthetho kwimimandla ekuthethwa ngayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amanyathelo okuxhasa amashishini-abatyalo-mali bachazwa. Ukongeza, uMthetho weSithili "Kwiindawo zokuphuhliswa phambili" ulawula zonke ezinye iintsebenzo eziphathelele ezi ndawo.

Inkcazo e miselwe

Intsimi yophuhliso oluphambili ngummandla weSithili saseMpuma saseMpuma, apho imimiselo ekhethekileyo yomthetho yokuqhuba ishishini kunye neminye imisebenzi isekwa. Ukuqulunqwa kwalo mmandla kwenziwa ngexabiso lebhajethi yezemfundo kunye neyeendawo, kunye neminye imithombo. Isenzo esiqhelekileyo sisungula inkqubo ekhethekileyo yokwenziwa kwintsimi yophuhliso oluphambili. I-Primorsky Krai ifumana indawo ekhethekileyo. Ngokuhambelana nayo, isimo sezomthetho sabemi kunye neenkcukacha zabo zorhwebo kunye neminye imisebenzi ichongiwe.

Umbuso wezomthetho

Umthetho kwimimandla yophuhliso oluphambili ubeka:

• Izinga ezikhethiweyo zokurenta.
• Umyalelo okhethekileyo wokusetyenziswa komhlaba.
• Izinzuzo zerhafu kunye neentlawulo zomshuwalense.
• Inkqubo ekhethekileyo yokuqhuba ulawulo lwe-state, ulawulo lwamasipala.
• Uxhumano oluyimfuneko kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zezibonelelo.
• Ukubonelela ngeenkonzo ezikarhulumente ezizodwa.
• Ukusetyenziswa kwintsimi yenkcubeko yamahhala.
• Ubungako bokutsala kwindlela yokukhetha eyayikhethiweyo kunye neyexesha eliqhelekileyo.
• Ukusetyenziswa kwemimiselo yococeko kunye nezobugcisa ngokulandela umzekelo wamazwe aseOECD aphakamileyo.

Zixhobo zo lawulo

Umthetho kwimimandla yophuhliso oluphambili ubeka amandla athile kumagunya karhulumente. Iiyunithi ezizodwa zolawulo kunye namanye amabhunga (i-Federal Tax Service, uMphathiswa weZimo eziPhezulu, uMphathiswa wangaphakathi nokunye) kufuneka usebenze kwimimandla. Ngenxa yokusekwa komyalelo okhethekileyo, izinga elibanzi lokulawulwa kommandla liya kunyuswa, ngokulandela umzekelo wemimandla efanayo nakwamanye amazwe.

Izinzuzo

Ukususela ngo-2014, urhulumente weerhafu okhethekileyo uye waziswa kwiNgingqi yase-Irkutsk, iTransbaikalia, eMpuma Ekude naseBuryatia. Kwacetywa ukunciphisa irhafu yengeniso yomntu kwi-7%, irhafu yengeniso - ukuya kwishumi. Kule meko, ngeminyaka emihlanu yokuqala kwakufuneka ukuba yenze i-zero yokugqibela. Nangona kunjalo, kule ngxaki, iingcali ziphawula ukuphikisana. Ngokukodwa, iMedvedev ibhekiselele kulawulo olukhethiweyo lwerhafu, ekufuneka lujoliswe ekukhuthazeni ukuthumela izinto ngaphandle kweprayimari. Amanani amanyathelo karhulumente, athile, athathwe irhafu kwiimayini zensimbi ezingenagxininiso, ezingenasici, kunye negolide. Okwangoku, akukho khokelo olulodwa. Oku kudala amathuba athile kwimisebenzi "yeqela leempembelelo."

Ukutshintshwa kwamashishini

Emva kokuba uMedvedev amemezele ukuqiniswa kwamagunya aseMinskostokzvitiya, eli liziko, lisetyenziswe ithuba, linikezelwe ukuba lidlulisele kwilizwe zonke izabelo zeSiseko soPhuhliso lweeBaikal kunye neeMpuma Ekude. Enyanisweni, lisebenza njenge-subsidiary yeVnesheconombank. Ngaloo ndlela, ukudluliselwa kwamashishini kunokuthetha kuphela ukubuyiswa kwezibonelelo. Konke oku, uNgqongqoshe uphakamise isiphakamiso sokwakhiwa kwamaziko angaphezulu. Ngokukodwa, bekukho malunga ne-OAO eMpuma Ekude, inhlangano engekho inzuzo ye- Arhente yokuThumela iNkxaso kunye noTyalo-mali kwiSithili saseMpuma esiseMpuma, kunye ne-ANO Agency yokuPhuhliso lweeNkonzo zoLuntu. Ngenxa yoko, kunye nokuvalwa okulindelekileyo kwimihlaba ekhethekileyo kwezoqoqosho kuMmandla waseMagadan naseSovgavan kwiNgingqi yaseKhabarovsk, kuyaqatshelwa ukuba uMnyango woPhuhliso loQoqosho uphunyezwe kwintsimi yeSithili saseMpuma saseMpuma. Izibonelelo ezikhoyo, ngoko, ziya kugxila ezandleni zeMinvostokrazvitiya.

Umqulu wotyalo-mali kunye nomsebenzi

Ukuphuhliswa kwesithili saseMpuma kude kufuna ii-ruble ezingama-3.3. Eli nani lihlelelwe ixesha elide ukuya ku-2020. Kulo, malunga neebhiliyoni ezingama-170 zeeruble. Kwacetywayo ukunikezela ngo-2014. Iingcali ziqaphele ukuqala komzabalazo weemali ezabiwe kwiziko lezemfundo. Urhulumente ngokwayo ukhetha iMinvostokrazvitiyu kuze kube namhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iinkampani ezinkulu zaseburhulumenteni azifuni ukuba oku. Enye yezinyathelo ezicwangcisiweyo kukuqeshwa kwabasebenzi bama shishini elinye. Ngokukodwa, sithetha abasebenzi baseAvtoVAZ. Ukongezelela, ukulibaziseka kuvela emkhosini kubahlali beSithili saseMpuma Koloni kunye nabemi abafudukela apho.

Izigqibo

Iingqapheli, njengoko iingcali ziphawula, ekuphunyezweni kwayo yonke into okanye ubuncinane ubuninzi bamanyathelo aphakanyisiweyo, ummandla waseMpuma Ekude ungaguqukela kwintsimi eyahlukileyo ngokubhekiselele kwiimeko ezizodwa zolawulo kunye neerhafu. Ezinye iingcali zitsho nokuba i-FEFD ingaba ngumfanekiso we-Hong Kong. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba oko kuphunyezwe ngokwenza oko, akukacaci. Okwangoku, akukho naziphi na iziqulatho zento ekhunjulwayo yembono "yeenkqubo ezimbini zombuso". Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba intsimi yophuhliso oluphambili ingahlala kwizicwangciso, njengeprojekthi yesizwe, i-GDP kabini kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezingenakwenziwa.

Iingcamango kunye namacebiso

Njengoko uMnu. Abyzov wachaza , urhulumente wephondo uzimisele ukukhuphisana nakwiindawo ezisandul 'ukuphuhliswa phambili eKorea, eJapan, eChina. Ngenye yeentlanganiso zeSebe leMfundo, inqaku elitsha linikezelwe kwintlangano yemali eyongezelelweyo kwi-Trans-Baikal Region kunye neSithili saseMpuma saseMpuma. Intlanganiso yenziwe yenzululwazi. Bacebisa ukuphucula ukuphuculwa kwemihlaba, ukuphela kweefom kunye nokunye. Esinye seziphakamiso zabaphandi babonwa njengento yokuguquguquka. Ingakumbi, izazinzulu zathetha malunga nokudalwa kweengxowa-mali zophuhliso kwi-Far East kunye neSiberia, apho i-20-25% yazo zonke iimali ezithengiswayo ngaphandle kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ziza kugxininiswa ngaphandle kokudluliselwa "kwiziko." Le ngcamango yachazwa nguVladislav Inozemtsev. Kamva kwagqitywa kwintlanganiso kaRhulumente ngu-Igor Slyunyaev (uMphathiswa weNtuthuko yesithili). Iingcali zichanekile ukuba ziqaphele ukuba ukuphunyezwa ngempumelelo kwemisebenzi ebekwayo, kufuneka ukuba amaphepha acacileyo acwangciswe. I-Serdy yezinye iziphakamiso zeSebe loPhuhliso lweZithili liye labonisa ingcamango yokuphucula uthungelwano lwezothutho, okumele lubekwe ama-ruble ayizigidi ezili-300. Ukongezelela, ingqalelo yamanani karhulumente athathwe kummandla waseMagadan. Ngoko ke, kucetyiswa ukuba kwakhiwe i-port engenaziqhwala kwintsimi yayo (e-Providence Bay okanye eMagadan ngokwayo). Kanye kunye nalo, uMphathiswa wezoThutho waqala ukulungiselela izilungiso eziyimfuneko kwiMigaqo yeRhafu. Bamele banikezele ukuhlawulelwa kweendleko zabaqhubi beefowuni, eziza kwenzeka xa kwakhiwa izithuba zokujonga, ukukhawulezisa ukuphathwa kweempahla.

Ekugqibeleni

Nangona kukho ukuphazamiseka kwangaphambili, namhlanje urhulumente uchaza injongo ecacileyo yokuyizalisa. Umthetho kwimimandla emitsha usafuna ukuphuculwa. Nangona kunjalo, sele sele ichaza iinkalo eziphambili eziphathelene nokubunjwa kunye nokusebenza okulandelayo kwezi ndawo. Kubaluleke kakhulu kumsebenzi weefowuni zokulawula ngqo kwi-FEFD ngokwayo. Kufuneka ijoliswe ekukhuthazeni nasekuxhaseni amanyathelo karhulumente. Ngomsebenzi ohlanganyelweyo kuwo onke amasebe namasebe anomdla, oomashishini kunye nabemi, kunokwenzeka ukuba baphumelele ngexesha elifutshane. Umsebenzi oyintloko namhlanje, kunye nokutsaliswa kotyalo-mali, kukubonelela ngomsebenzi. Ukufezekisa le njongo, kuyimfuneko ukudala imeko efanelekileyo yokusebenza kwamashishini amatsha nekhoyo. Kusenokuba kuyimfuneko ukumisela iziqinisekiso ezongezelelweyo zelizwe kubemi.