Imigangatho yolawulo iprojekthi yamazwe ngamazwe

Ukuba kukho ingxaki lwemisebenzi ifoun, yaye umbandela ukuthotyelwa ivela ngokwayo. idinga Eli shishini ngqo, isicelo ngenkuthalo iindlela zolawulo lweeprojekthi. Umphathi weprojekthi abanye ubuncinane babe nomdla ukuqinisekisa amava wakho owuqeqeshelweyo koogxa kunye nabaqeshi. Ufuna ukubonisa ulwazi lwabo nezakhono PM eyiyo kuhlawulwa ngayo imali. Ngokuphathelele oku kubaluleke kakhulu imigangatho yolawulo lweprojekthi. Ngapha koko, ezisekelwe phezu kwabo, uyakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wabo ukubonisa ubuchule babo.

amazinga

Standards ithathwa nanjengokwesimo kwaye iisampuli izinto ezinokuthelekiswa kunye nezinye iziganeko ezinjalo. Unga kwakhona umnxeba umgangatho uxwebhu, esicacisa imithetho, imigaqo kunye neemfuno, ukuhlola ukuthobela nabo emsebenzini. Kuphela phakathi sengcaciso kwaye eyesibini i umahluko ebalulekileyo. Le liyangqinelana kuqala ezifanelekileyo, kwaye eyesibini uqulathe isiphakamiso ngendlela siwenza kuphela.

Ihlabathi ingxenye ngaphezu kwekhulu, ebibanjwe ngendlela ezahlukeneyo kuyilo. Ngoko ke, izigidi neenkqubo kunje sele yenziwe, kuquka abo ukusebenzisa isisombululo ezizodwa iingxaki ezahlukahlukeneyo. Kule meko, kwaye kukho imfuneko nokumisa le nkqubo gabalala kunye nomanyano. Ngoko ke, oko ekugqibeleni waba isebe elahlukileyo ulawulo, apho kwakukho iintlobo indlela yolawulo lweprojekthi kunye nemigangatho.

Okokuqala, kwafuneka ukuba ukuchaza isigama kunye iingqiqo eziqhelekileyo ukuze bakwazi ukufumana kamva uze ushwankathele iimfuno umsebenzi kunye nomgangatho wayo. Kwenziwa uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe ezahlukeneyo zolawulo lweeprojekthi. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kusengqiqweni ukuba kukho imfuneko ukufumanisa oko iimpawu kunye nezakhono umntu kufuneka inxaxheba kulawulo lweprojekthi, yaye yintoni na amanyathelo kumele ukuba ube yinkokeli ngempumelelo.

iintlobo kwamazinga

Ngenxa yoko, kwabakho imfuneko ukuseka amaziko yolawulo yokufunda kule ndawo. Ekuqaleni, yonke into lwaqhutywa kwinqanaba likazwelonke, uze emva koko kwenzeka ntoni kule ngamazwe. Ngenxa yoko, la maziko ziqokelelwa, ababeyiqwebile yakhiwe amava ukuqonda indlela yokulawula iprojekti, kangangokuba wamnika ngenxa eziphathekayo. Ukuze ubone imilinganiselo yolawulo lweprojekthi, zahlalutywa kwaye kuhlelwe lwemisebenzi engcono. Ukuze afeze oku, ulawulo usebenzisa amacandelo amabini: into luluvo. Oko kubonwa iiprojekthi ngamnye kwaye yonke inkampani, kunye neemfuno zemfundo wabaphathi projekthi. Ngoko ke, kukho nabo izisombululo methodological:

1. Ukuchaza nokuqonda isigama, into umsebenzi kule ndawo kunye nendima zonke nxaxheba kule projekthi.
2. Ukuqinisekisa uphuhliso nolawulo iingcali abenza uhlobo kuyilo lomsebenzi kunye nokwanda yokusebenza kunye nokusebenza kwezi projekthi.
3. Ngexesha isitifiketi ikakhulu uhlolo kunye isiqinisekiso yeengcali abafanelekayo, yaye okwesibini babe bona izenzo ezivavanyiweyo esetyenziswa yi aba baqeshwa.

imigangatho yolawulo zeprojekthi zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezine: jikelele, kuzwelonke, kushishino kunye neshishini.

PMI Institute of Standards kunye

Uphuhliso technology yolawulo lweprojekthi yaqala America kule gqira. Kwagqitywa bachaphazeleka eziliqela, abaziintloko phakathi leyo eyaba era ekhubekisayo zenyukliya, ukhuphiswano kunye eSoviet Union ngenxa kokoyiswa kwendawo kunye nokudalwa izicwangciso wokhuselo entsha. Kwakukho xesha lokutshintsha enkulu, kunye nemfuneko ukuseka ulawulo iprojekthi kwaye ukwenza imodeli jikelele oku nje ayinakuphikiswa. Ngoko ke, ngo-1969 eUnited States wadala umbutho ongenzi nzuzo yokuqala Institute loLawulo lweProjekthi, nto leyo inxaxheba kuphuhliso nemigangatho. Management Project lusekelwe kwimigangatho PMI emhlabeni wonke kwaye iqeshe iingcali ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezintathu kule nkalo.

Athotywa edale umgangatho esisiseko, ezisekelwe phezu iindlela zolawulo njenge inkqubo amava nolahlo ngokubanzi kweprojekthi eyimpumelelo, zivavanywa rhoqo abaqeshwa Institute. Esi sikhokelo , kwaye iye yaba umgangatho wesizwe kwinkalo yolawulo lweprojekthi eMelika. Le imveliso nempumelelo yalo mgangatho bamzisa evela kazwelonke ukuya kwinqanaba ngamazwe. Ngoko ke, ngalo mzuzu esekelwe PMI PMBOK ulawulo lweprojekthi standard isetyenziswa ziinkampani ehlabathini lonke. Kwaye njalo ukuphuhlisa iinguqulelo ezintsha ze umgangatho, ngokusekelwe ekuhlanganiseni rhoqo nezenzo ezigqwesileyo kunye nolwazi theoretical component.

imodeli Intsebenziswano lweenkqubo zolawulo lweeprojekthi

theory ulawulo lweprojekthi obenza isiseko PMBOK Guide. Yakhelwe phezu imiba ephambili yenkqubo imodeli kanye kuthathela ingqalelo zonke izigaba zomjikelo wobom projekthi. Ukongeza, sithabathela ingqalelo zonke iinkalo zemisebenzi ulwazi enxulumene kwiindawo zolawulo kunye benxibelelana kwi izakhiwo zophando. Indawo ebalulekileyo umgangatho ithatha isicwangciso solawulo. Phambi kwakukho uhlelo lokuqala, Institute iminyaka engamashumi ukuqokelela iinkcukacha eziyimfuneko kunye nolwazi. Kwaye kakade ngowe-1986, PMI iye yakhupha isikhokelo sokuqala ngokusekelwe kuphando lwabo, zona zashunyayelwayo rhoqo kuphuculwe ngokungqinelana kunye ezenzekayo ngoku. Okwangoku, kukho iintlelo ezintlanu ezahlukeneyo ukuba ngempumelelo ukunceda uphuhliso loshishino kunye zimele imigangatho yolawulo lweprojekthi yesizwe American.

ISO standard

Kakade ke, ehlabathini kukho imigangatho ezininzi eziye kwinqanaba yehlabathi. Yaye ngamnye kubo lukhuphiswano komsindo ukufumana indawo inkokeli ubugcisa kulawulo lweprojekthi. Kukho uphuhliso lomgadi yemarike lweenkonzo ukuqiniszekiswa kunye Consulting. Uthetha malunga amathuba nkongomiso. Yaye ke inxenye enkulu yemarike ingathatha ukuba corporation ukufumana igunya kuwo onke amanqanaba - ukusuka yobungcali ehlabathini. Ukuba kuya ukujongana noqeqesho kunye nokuqiniselwa iingcali, ukuphuhlisa ngenxa lokubalwa kwabo.

ISO (ISO) kukuba umbutho wamazwe ngamazwe midala zinamandla ezinikezelweyo ukuze komgangatho phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zoshishino kunye nobugcisa. Ngokuba nguye inkokeli standardisation kwinqanaba lehlabathi jikelele, unelungelo awuzi imigangatho omtsha nkqubo, oko kukuthi, enyanisweni, umahluko yayo ephambili kwezinye iinkampani. Oku uyakwazi ukunika ngokwakhe amajelo engenasiphoso zonyuselo, njengoko kunegalelo kwicala ezenziwe ngokwemimiselo phantse onke amazwe. Inyaniso kukuba bonke ithuba iinkokheli likhuphe le nkampani ISO ngomgangatho 21500 projekthi: 2012. Esi sikhokelo esisiseko project ulawulo asisininzi amazwe ehlabathini.

Ngokungafaniyo ISO 21500: 2012 ukusuka PMBOK

Umgangatho wokuqala kwinkalo yolawulo nkampani iye yasekwa ISO ngo-2003. Linemali izikhokelo ezisisiseko ukuze ukuqinisekisa uphumezo esemgangathweni le projekthi. Nangona izicwangciso zenkampani ukwabiwa ubunzima xwebhu, bona kungafaneleki. Ngoko ke, ngo-2012, ISO sele livelise uxwebhu olutsha, ngentsebenziswano PMI. Management Project iye ngoku yinto efanayo eqhelekileyo ukuba umntu okhuphisana yayo kwiinkalo ezininzi. Oku ikakhulu kubonakala ekulondolozweni consistency hetiseka imveliso.

Iimpawu eziphambili nemigangatho imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Ukukhethwa ngeendlela kangangoko ukuphumeza le projekthi, nokuba zemigaqo yayo;
• umfanekiso opheleleyo Iyaqondakala loo nto kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kule projekthi, ebonisa siseko yolawulo olusebenzayo neendlela;
• ukunika isiseko ukuphucula indlela design;
• uvela ngokusekeke idibanisa imigangatho onke amanqanaba kwinkalo yolawulo lweprojekthi.

Kubonakala ukuba le migangatho zimbini ziyafana kakhulu nomxholo. Uhlalutyo kakhulu ngokubanzi umahluko phakathi iiprojekthi yaba nzulu Polish eliyi Gashik uphawula zonke umahluko kwi emgangathweni kulawulo lweprojekthi.

komgangatho indlela yeICB IPMA

IPMA International Association Project Management yasekwa eSwitzerland ngowe-1965. Eyona njongo ephambili yale indalo yayo ukuba babelane ngamava phakathi nabaphathi beprojekthi ye ithi ezahlukeneyo. Kwaye ngo-1998, siye sasungula ingqiqo inkqubo ukuqinisekisa abasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo entsimini lweeprojekthi. Oko kukuthi, le nkqubo kuthiwa ukufumana umgangatho ngenxa yokuba eza kuba Siyamazisa kwekhono ziingcali. Ngoko ke yasungulwa i-ICB umgangatho, esekelwe kumava elidlulileyo kwaye kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimfuno kazwelonke kwisakhono yamazwe aseYurophu. Kwangaxeshanye, imodeli level-ezine yoqinisekiso sele sivunyiwe.

Mu kuya kwa nshita imigangatho sele ichaziwe yolawulo iprojekthi yamazwe ngamazwe kunye corporate, yeICB IPMA wathabatha amava isiseko ezimisela imo yawo, ulwazi nesakhono iinkokeli entsimini kulawulo lweprojekthi. Injongo yalo esentloko kukuba ukubeka iimfuno eyamkelekileyo kumazwe ngamazwe ngenxa kwisakhono PM iingcali. Okwangoku kukho uhlelo yesithathu 46 izinto ndawonye ngokwamaqela amathathu: zobugcisa, ubuchule zokuziphatha kunye bevumelana. Le yokugqibela kuchazwe ubuchule intloko ukwakha qhinga ezisebenzayo ebandakanya bonke abachaphazelekayo.

Kwakhona kwakukho iphuhlise uphawu udandalaziso amehlo ezimile. Inika uluhlu yonke yamaqela. Esi sikhokelo akukho inkcazelo ethile ubuchule, iinkqubo okanye izixhobo zolawulo. Kodwa le ndlela, indlela efanelekileyo ulwazi, izakhono kunye nonxibelelwano. Kodwa anganceda ukufumanisa ukuba lowo ufaka isicelo ukuba indima yentloko weRiphabliki Moldova ikulungele ukuthatha ofisi yaye ziziphi iinkalo kukwafuneka ukuphuhlisa.

Kulo kubonakala ukuba imigangatho iphambene ezahlukeneyo, ngokunxulumene ngayo iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukuze iziqinisekiso. certification PMI ikuvumela ukuba ufumane isihloko PMP, kunye nemigangatho yolawulo iprojekthi yamazwe ngamazwe ezifanayo kule meko. Thuma eqinisekiswe kwilizwe lethu banokuba kwikomkhulu St Petersburg. Kufuneka uye ngezigaba ezithathu, ezizezi: udliwano-ndlebe, badlule iimviwo baze bapase i-mfundo pre.

Ukuba uthathe njengesiseko thina ukusebenza ezibuthathaka kwenkqubo, kwimeko indlela American ngezoBomi ukuba iqela elilodwa ulwazi namabinza. Kodwa IPMA iyazivavanya amashishini kunye neempawu ze-sicelo.

LWENKOSANA 2 standard

Enye yesizwe yolawulo iprojekthi LWENKOSANA 2 umgangatho yaphuhliswa UK kwaye isetyenziswa ngoku ehlabathini lonke. Kodwa ukuba akhuphisane kwinkokheli American, yena angabi nako, kuba indlela yabucala kwiintlobo ezithile lweeprojekthi. Xa noseko lwalo walala phantsi imiyalelo ecacileyo eqinisekisa ukuba ukuthembeka ukuphunyezwa ngempumelelo kwe-project. Nangona umda elilinganiselweyo umgangatho, kuphuhliswa eNgilani, oko isasetyenziswa nangoku ngokubanzi ngokwaneleyo. ukusetyenziswa kwayo IT-uyilo, uphuhliso kunye sungula kwimarike kweemveliso ezintsha, kwicandelo izindlu, kubunjineli nakwicandelo likarhulumente.

Indlela iquka isiseko amacandelo, izicwangciso, umbutho, umgangatho kunye iingozi, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Xa isicelo kule projekthi nemigangatho yobulunga zolawulo iiseti ezithile kufuneka iliso rhoqo ngokusondeleyo kwaye ulandele nobuchwepheshe, nto leyo eneenkcukacha kakhulu kwaye kuchaziwe ngokunzulu indlela. Kukho utshintsho rhoqo ukuya kwindawo yeprojekthi, isizukulwana yeemveliso yolawulo babaxhase kunye namaxwebhu. Amaxesha amaninzi asetyenziswa ngemigaqo, imixholo ezisixhenxe kunye neenkqubo. Oku kukuvumela ukufikelela imigangatho ethile yokusebenza iiprojekthi esemgangathweni. Kodwa kukho ethile - akukho phando malunga nolawulo lobonelelo kudityanwa, amaqela anomdla kunye kukho inani kwezinye iinkqubo, echaziweyo kwi American ngamazwe ezisemgangathweni zolawulo lweeprojekthi.

Ukukhetha Practice kunye nokusetyenziswa odityanisiweyo we kwemigangatho

Kukho imigangatho yesizwe Russian echaphazela ulawulo lweprojekthi. Inyaniso yokuba iinkampani ezininzi zikhetha ukusebenzisa imigangatho angaphandle nokuqinisekiswa kunye nolawulo kweeprojekthi zabo. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye ezahlukeneyo imigangatho karhulumente yaqulunqelwa iinkampani ngamnye kwakunye nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe.

Ngokumalunga ulungelelwaniso imigangatho, ngaphandle kwakhe kwiimeko ezininzi nje akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle. Umzekelo, iinkampani usebenzisa imigangatho baseBritani, ifuna indlela ezongezelelweyo ezifana PMBOK. Ngenxa yoko, ukusetyenziswa kuphela umgangatho American kukhokelela yokunqongophala iindlela nendawo. Kodwa ISO okanye elilingana - iprojekthi ngomgangatho GOST R ISO 21500-2014 - bakwazi ukumisela iimfuno angqalileyo, ngaphandle kokuba ukuba baziqhelanise neemfuno ezithile corporate. Ngokubanzi, ukusetyenziswa kwalo naluphi ndlela makatshintshe kwinkcubeko lolawulo yombutho, apho kusetyenziswa khona.

isiphelo

Ndimncinile phantse yonke imigangatho eziphambili yolawulo iprojekthi yamazwe ngamazwe, ngokukhuselekileyo sinokuthi imigangatho zasekhaya musa zisebenza ku umkhuba, ngaphandle nezongezelelo amazwe. Kwelinye icala, imigangatho yamazwe ifuna nokuhlumiswa hlengiso sengqondo kunye nenkqubo yolawulo kwilizwe lethu. Ngoko ke, into ekuphela ekhohlo ukubala, kuba inyani yokuba kungekudala siza kuba imigangatho zasekhaya modified ukwanelisa iimfuno zamashishini kunye nolawulo yeprojekthi sphere. Kodwa kude kube oko kuyenzeka, kuyimfuneko ukudibanisa imilinganiselo ezahlukeneyo kwinkalo yolawulo lweprojekthi ukuze japan ngempumelelo umsebenzi abaqeqeshelwe PM.