Imfazwe Melika kunye Vietnam: nezizathu. War Vietnam imbali kunye eUnited States, iminyaka, ophumelele

Izizathu ngenxa apho imfazwe of America kunye Vietnam, njengoko engumshumayeli yonke longquzulwano phakathi kweenkqubo ezimbini yezopolitiko. Kumazwe Asia babesilwa ubuKomanisi kunye Western wedemokhrasi. Le mpi yaba episode kakhulu ehlabathini ngakumbi ngxabano - Cold War.

ngumba

Kwisiqingatha sokuqala XX kwinkulungwane Vietnam, njengamanye amazwe e-mpuma Asia, kwaba ithanga France. Le umyalelo uphazanyiswe iMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Okokuqala Vietnam ngazo yi-Japan, ngoko kwakukho abaxhasi yobukomanisi, wathetha namagunya impiriyali French. Ezi abaxhasi inkululeko yesizwe wafumana inkxaso enkulu China. Apho, nje emva yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, ulawulo lwamaKomanisi yamiselwa ngenqindi phantsi.

Ukushiya South-East Asia, isiFrentshi siqaphele ukufaneleka urhulumente woMzantsi Vietnam. North eli lizwe phantsi kolawulo lwamaKomanisi. Ngowe-1957, ngeziqu yangaphakathi yaqala phakathi kwendlela ezimbini. Lalingekafiki imfazwe Melika kunye Vietnam, kodwa ke ngelo xesha eUnited States okokuqala wangenelela kule meko kule ngingqi.

Kwaba ngoko ukuphakama kwayo yaba kwiMfazwe Yomlomo. Ngaba House White yonke imikhosi amelana ukusekwa olunye ulawulo lwamaKomanisi kuwo onke amazwe ehlabathini, nokuba kuyaxhaswa yiSoviet Union okanye China. Phantsi uMongameli Eisenhower, baseMerika ekuhleni ecaleni yaseMzantsi Vietnamese Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem, nangona alikazisebenzisi umkhosi wakho.

indlela yokulwa

Inkokeli Vietnamese amaKomanisi waba Ho Chi Minh. Wahlela NLF - National Liberation Front of South Vietnam. Kwi-West, lo mbutho babe kabanzi eyaziwa ngokuba Viet Cong. Abaxhasi Ho Shi Mina Alwa ngempumelelo impi. Lahlela kuhlaselwa yaye nomthetho umkhosi karhulumente. Ngasekupheleni 1961, amaMelika bangena amajoni kuqala Vietnam. Ezi yunithi, Noko ke, ayemancinane. Ekuqaleni, Washington wagqiba ekubeni anciphise yeenqanawa abacebisi emkhosini kweSaigon kunye neengcali.

Ngokuthe ngcembe, isimo saba sibi Diem. Kwezi meko, imfazwe phakathi Melika kunye Vietnam baba ngakumbi engaphephekiyo ngakumbi. Ngowe-1953, Diem wabhukuqwa kwabulawa ngumkhosi South Vietnamese kwi ubhedu. Kwiinyanga ezilandelayo, abasemagunyeni kweSaigon ngokungakhethiyo zatshintsha izihlandlo eziliqela. Abo bavukeli wasebenzisa ubuthathaka utshaba waza walawula yonke imimandla abatsha kweli lizwe.

Ungquzulwano yokuqala

Ngo-Agasti 1964 i imfazwe Vietnam America iye yaba umyalelo yobukhulu kufutshane emva umlo kwi Gulf yeVietnam, eyayijonge i kwesimo umbhuqi American "Maddox" kwaye inomzimba amaphenyane NLF. Ukuphendula kulo mcimbi, i-Congress US igunya uMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson ukuqala umsebenzi ngokupheleleyo South-East Asia.

Intloko karhulumente ixesha abanye babambelela ikhondo ngoxolo. Wakwenza oku kwi elandulela unyulo ngo-1964. Johnson iphumelele iphulo kubulelwe "nesihuluhulu" uxolo ubuciko ngezimvo ingxelo Barri Golduotera. Ukufika e White House, oziphethe watshintsha ingqondo yakhe waza waqalisa ukulungiselela lo msebenzi.

Vietcong kweli xesha Wayithabatha yonke indawo entsha emaphandleni. Bade baqala ukuhlasela ekujoliswe US emazantsi kweli lizwe. Inani imikhosi US wayemalunga 23 amawaka abantu olwandulela nokusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo-mkhosi. Ekugqibeleni Johnson wagqiba ekubeni ahlasele Vietnam emva uhlaselo kwisiseko American Vietcong in Pleiku.

Ukuthunyelwa lamabutho

Umhla, xa imfazwe Vietnam, eMelika uthathwa Matshi 2, 1965. Ngale mini, i-US Air Force waqalisa ukusebenza "Rolling Thunder" - iziqhushumbisi rhoqo North Vietnam. iintsuku emva ezimbalwa ngaphezulu emazantsi eli lizwe sele ifikile US Marine. imbonakalo yakhe kwabangelwa imfuneko ukukhusela isikhululo seenqwelo-moya abaluleke Danang.

Ke kaloku nje imfazwe Vietnamese yamakhaya, kwaye US imfazwe Vietnam. iphulo Iminyaka (1965-1973) zithathwa ixesha uxinzeleko mkhulu mmandla. Kwiinyanga 8 emva kokuqalisa kuhlaselo lwemimandla Vietnam yaba ngaphezu kwama-180 amawaka US emkhosini. Xa ukuphakama longquzulwano, eli nani liye landa ngokuphindwe kathathu.

Ngo-Agasti 1965 kwakukho idabi yokuqala enkulu Vietcong kunye nemikhosi emhlabeni US. Yaba ukusebenza "khanya". Impixano kwenyuka up. A intsingiselo efanayo yaqhubeka ekwindla efanayo, xa ihlabathi lonke ukuba ekusasazeni iindaba Idabi Ia Drang.

"Funa ichithe"

Iminyaka yokuqala emine yokungenelela kude kube sekupheleni kuka-1969, emkhosini US laqhuba ekhubekisayo elikhulu-abasakhasayo eMzantsi Vietnam. Isicwangciso se Umgaqo engqinelanayo i US Army ngayo "ukufuna abatshabalalise", kuphuhliswa-oyintloko William Westmoreland. lamaqhinga american wahlula kummandla eMzantsi Vietnam zayimimandla ezine, kubhekiselelwe kuwo izakhiwo.

Ngolokuqala kule mimandla, ebekwe ecaleni ngqo nabemfuyo ndawonye, wenza Marine. Imfazwe phakathi Melika kunye Vietnam, kuthwalelwa phandle ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. US Army akhuselweyo enclaves ezintathu (Phu Bai, Da Nang kunye kwigunjana), ngoko ke yokuhlambulula kwiindawo ezingqonge. Lo msebenzi wawuthatha wonke loo 1966. Ekuhambeni kwexesha ekulweni nzima ngakumbi apha. Ekuqaleni, amaMelika baqhanqalazela imikhosi NLF. Kodwa ke kummandla North Vietnam ke walinda umkhosi iphambili kurhulumente.

A intloko enkulu kuba baseMerika yaba ukulwa (safuduselwa). Ngayo, i Viet Cong waphoswa ukuya kumazantsi eli lizwe inani elikhulu labantu kunye nezithuthi. Ngenxa yoku, i-Marine Corps kwafuneka, kwelinye icala, ukuba ukudibanisa enclaves zabo phezu konxweme, kunye kwelinye - ukugcina utshaba kummandla ukulwa. Ngehlobo lowe-1966 "Operation Hastings" senzeka kwindawo ukulwa. Injongo yawo ukuphelisa ukugqithiselwa zemikhosi NLF. Kwixa elizayo, i-Marine Corps swi ngokupheleleyo ukulwa, enikezela Coast elugcinweni imikhosi fresh American. Le anokuvela luyanda ngaphandle kokuma. Ngo-1967, eMzantsi Vietnam kwasekwa 23 zamabutho Division of eUnited States, zidudulelwe zisabonakala emva kokoyiswa Wesithathu eYurophu.

Imfazwe ezintabeni

Tactical Zone II lweSizwe echaphazela iindawo ezintabeni ezikufutshane nomda eLaos. Ngokusebenzisa kummandla Vietcong angena kumathafa aselunxwemeni. Ngowe-1965 ezintabeni Annamskih waqalisa ukusebenza 1 Calvary Division. Kummandla Ya-Drang Valley, wayeka bayahlaselwa umkhosi North Vietnamese.

Ekupheleni kuka 1966 ezintabeni beza 4 elihamba Division, United States (1 Calvary wafudukela kwiphondo Bindan). Bencediswa umkhosi South Korea, naye wafika eVietnam. Imfazwe eUnited States, unobangela leyo ukuthingaza kumazwe Western ukulunyamezela ukwandiswa Communism abachaphazelekayo kunye namahlakani abo Asia. South Korea emva ngo-1950 bazibonela ephikisana yayo anegazi kunye North Korea kunye nabantu bayo ngcono kunabanye baqonde ukubaluleka mpixano enjalo.

Waqalwa neemeko angaphathi II idabi Dactyl ngoNovemba 1967. AmaMelika ikwazile ilahleko enkulu ukuphazamisa Viet Cong ekhubekisayo. Kuvuthelwa mkhulu wagabadela 173rd emoyeni Brigade.

izenzo kwaqala

imfazwe waseMerika elide kunye Vietnam kule minyaka ayikwazanga ayeke ngenxa yabanqolobi. amabutho umsengi Vietcong wahlasela iziseko utshaba kunye ngokulula efihliweyo ezisehlathini. Umsebenzi ophambili we-baseMerika ekulweni nxamnye luqalile kwaba ukukhusela utshaba kweSaigon. Xa amaphondo ezikufutshane istili kwindawo isixeko III kwasekwa.

Ukongeza kwi-South Korea, emanyene US eVietnam baba Australia. Imikhosi ezisekelwe kweli lizwe kwiphondo Fuoktuy. Apha kukho inani enkulu endleleni 13 eqala kweSaigon, liphele nomda Cambodia.

Kwixesha elizayo, eMzantsi Vietnam Wagqitha imisebenzi ezininzi ezinkulu: "Attleborough," "Junction City" yaye "Cedar Falls". Noko ke, impi yokulwela waqhubeka. Eyona ndawo saso ogudle le Mekong River. Le ndawo izele imigxobhozo, amahlathi kunye nemijelo. Eyona uphawu kuyo ngoxa ukulwa wahlala mninzi high babantu. Ngenxa zonke ezi meko ixesha elide kangaka yaye ngempumelelo waqhubeka impi. US kunye Vietnam, ngamafutshane, besingazilazilanga elide kakhulu kunokuba obekulindelekile eWashington.

ekhubekisayo Christmas

Ekuqaleni kuka-1968, i-North Vietnamese baqalisa singqingiwe njalo ke base American Marine Corps Kheshan. Ngaloo ndlela waqala Tet ekhubekisayo. Kufunyenwe igama layo ukususela kunyaka omtsha wengingqi. Ngokuqhelekileyo Tet kwengxabano ungquzulwano yehla. Eli xesha eyahlukileyo - lohlaselo bahlasela lonke Vietnam. Imfazwe eUnited States, unobangela leyo yaba intransigence kwezi nkqubo zimbini ezopolitiko, ayikwazanga ukugqitywa logama nje omabini amaqela kwakungayi bazisebenzise bazigqiba izibonelelo zabo. Owaqala ukuhlaselwa elikhulu-iscale kwindawo utshaba, Vietcong esichengeni phantse ngawo onke amandla ezikhoyo.

Bahlaselwa imizi emininzi, kuquka kweSaigon. Noko ke, amaKomanisi bakwazi ukuthatha kuphela Hue - omnye zeengqukuva yamandulo lizwe. Kwezinye iindawo, zawahlasela zaye kwawona ngempumelelo. NgeyoKwindla, lohlaselo petered ngaphandle. Kuye nakwabangapasanga njongo yayo iphambili: ukubhukuqa urhulumente woMzantsi Vietnam. Ngaphezu koko, amaMelika wabanjwa Hue. Impi omnye zinamandla imfazwe. Vietnam ne-United States, Noko ke, baqhubeka kwegazi. Nangona akuphumelelanga okunene, iye yaba nefuthe elivakalayo isimo salo abaseMelika.

Kwi-US, wahlaselwa elikhulu-isikali amaKomanisi eyayibonwa lububuthathaka US Army. A indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni uluvo loluntu ukudlala amajelo eendaba. bona ingqalelo kangako Battle of khe Sanh. Amaphephandaba bagxeka urhulumente imali enkulu phezu imfazwe ongenangqondo.

Ngelo xesha, entwasahlobo ka 1968 oko yaqala i Amerika counteroffensive kunye namahlakani abo. Kuba kokugqitywa ngempumelelo imisebenzi zomkhosi siye sacela Washington ukuthumela ukuya eVietnam amajoni ngaphezulu kwama-200 amawaka. UMongameli Lindon Dzhonson akazange abe nobuganga ukuthatha elo nyathelo. imizwa Anti-militarist eUnited States waba isici kakhulu kwipolitiki zasekhaya. Ngenxa yoko, Vietnam sesihambe Ukuqinisa encinane, yaye ekupheleni kuka UMarta Dzhonson isaziso ukupheliswa iziqhushumbisi inxalenye esemantla yelizwe.

Vietnamisation

Kodwa elide okanye imfazwe Melika kunye Vietnam, umhla ekurhoxisweni imikhosi US ngokukhawuleza ehlabathini ezayo. Ekupheleni kuka-1968 waphumelela unyulo kamongameli uRichard Nikson. Yena sisilwela ezigxeka kwaye lowu umnqweno ukuze bagqibe "uxolo obekekileyo". Kungenxa yoku, abaxhasi ndawonye eVietnam waba ngowokuqala ukuba ukuhlasela iziseko US kunye nezikhundla ukuze kukhawuleziswe nokurhoxa-mkhosi US ukusuka kwilizwe labo.

Ngowe-1969, i-Administration Nixon yaqulunqa umgaqo-nkqubo Vietnamisation umgaqo. Yathatha imfundiso "ukufuna aze atshabalalise". Umongo saba kukuba phambi kokuba uphume lizwe, amaMelika kwafuneka ukuba anike phezu kolawulo kwizikhundla zabo karhulumente kweSaigon. Amanyathelo kweli cala sele kuqalile kwi imvelaphi yeSibini Tet ekhubekisayo. Kanye kwakhona zigutyungelwe yonke South Vietnam.

Imbali imfazwe United States Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ezahlukeneyo ukuba amaKomanisi akazange abe iziseko angasemva oselumelwaneni Cambodia. Kweli lizwe, kwakunye eVietnam, wegqitha ephikisana zembambano phakathi abaxhasi bephikisana iinkqubo ezimbini yezopolitiko. Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1970 samandla uMbuso Cambodia wasebenzisa igosa Lon Nol kuqa ukumkani Norodom Sihanouk. Urhulumente omtsha itshintshe isimo yayo bavukeli wamaKomanisi waza waqalisa ukutshabalalisa yokusabela yabo ehlathini. Awonwabanga kuhlaselwa Ezomva Vietcong North Vietnam ahlasela Cambodia. Lon Nola ukunceda lizwe khawuleza baseMerika kunye namahlakani abo. Ezi nguqu zifakwe kukudla kwasemlilweni nephulo likazwelonke lokulwa nolwaphulo-imfazwe loluntu oburhulumente ngokwawo. Kwiinyanga ezimbini emva koko, phantsi koxinzelelo oluvela labantu anezikrokro Nixon wayalela umkhosi ukuba lirhoxe Cambodia.

Le mpi yokugcina

ungquzulwano ezininzi IMfazwe yaphela kunye nokusekwa apho na kolawulo lobuKomanisi kumazwe wesithathu. Akuzange ngaphandle, yaye imfazwe America kunye Vietnam. Ophumelele kweli phulo? Vietcong. Ekupheleni kwemfazwe umoya amajoni American sele lehlile kakhulu. Butho twa ukusebenzisa iziyobisi. Ngo-1971, America bayeka eyabo imisebenzi yabo omkhulu waza ngokuthe ngcembe ukurhoxisa emkhosini.

Ngokomgaqo-nkqubo Vietnamisation uxanduva oko kwenzekayo kweli lizwe bawa phezu kwamagxa karhulumente kweSaigon - ngoFebruwari 1971 imikhosi South Vietnamese usungule "Operation Lam Shon 719". Injongo yawo ukucinezela ukudluliswa amajoni kunye nezixhobo ngabaphikisi yabanqolobi, "Ho Shi Mina Trail". Kuyaphawuleka ukuba nenxaxheba American kuwo phantse akazange athathe.

NgoMatshi 1972, imikhosi North Vietnamese iqalise iPasika omtsha enkulu ekhubekisayo. Ngeli xesha, umkhosi 125,000th yanceda amakhulu lamatanki - izixhobo ukuba i NLF wayengekho apho ngaphambili. AmaMelika akazange inxaxheba amadabi mhlaba, kodwa wamnceda South Vietnam evela emoyeni. Kuyinto ngenxa kule nkxaso, amaKomanisi yakwazi ukubamba umva le ngxaki. Ke ngokuhamba kwexesha ndandingakwazi ukuyeka imfazwe US nxamnye Vietnam. Usulelo imizwa iPacific eUnited States, Noko ke, baqhubeka.

Ngowe-1972, abameli North Vietnam kunye United States baqalisa iintetho e Paris. Namacala phantse wavuma. Noko ke, ngomzuzu wokugqibela wangenela uMongameli thiệu of South Vietnam. Wamcenga amaMelika ukuba umchasi iimeko engamkelekanga. Ngenxa yoko, le ntetho kwavuka phantsi.

impi Ukugqitywa

Imisebenzi yokugqibela US eVietnam yaba uthotho ikhaphethi bombing of North Vietnam ekupheleni kukaDisemba 1972. Waba yaziwa ngokuba "Linebacker". Kwakhona wanamathela igama "iziqhushumbisi iKrismesi" lo msebenzi. Baba ingeminye iphela emfazweni.

Umsebenzi waqala-odolo ngqo kwi Nixon. Umongameli wayefuna sinokuzaliswa imfazwe ngokukhawuleza yaye ekugqibeleni wagqiba ukuba noxinzelelo ndawonye. Iziqhushumbisi wamvusa Hanoi kunye nezinye izixeko ezibalulekileyo inxalenye esemntla eli lizwe. Xa kwaphela imfazwe yaseVietnam kunye eUnited States, kwaye kwacaca ukuba i "Linebacker" banyazelisa amaqela ukuvala umsantsa ezingxoxweni lokugqibela.

I-US Army ushiye ngokupheleleyo Vietnam ngokungqinelana ne-Paris Uxolo Agreement, zisayinwe January 27, 1973. Ngosuku leli lizwe malunga nama-24 million abaseMelika. Zibuhlungu lwagqitywa ngomhla wama-29 kuMatshi.

Isivumelwano uxolo kukwathethe ekuqaleni mvano phakathi iinxalenye ezimbini Vietnam. Enyanisweni, nto ayizange yenzeke. Ngaphandle American South Vietnam wazibonakalisa ukuzikhusela nxamnye ndawonye baza baphulukana imfazwe, kodwa ekuqaleni kuka-1973 nokuba waba noludumileyo lwamanani ngamandla emkhosini. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, eUnited States wayeka ukunika uncedo kwezoqoqosho ku kweSaigon. Ngo-Apreli 1975, amaKomanisi lisekiwe ekugqibeleni igunya layo phezu yonke indawo of Vietnam. Ngoko ke yaphela kukumelana ixesha elide kweli lizwe Asia.

Mhlawumbi United States uza koyiswa ziintshaba, kodwa indima yayo eUnited States idlale imbono yoluntu akayithandi imfazwe Melika kunye Vietnam (wachaza iziphumo impi iminyaka emininzi). Iziganeko elo phulo washiya uphawu ebalulekileyo inkcubeko ethandwayo kwesiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XX. Ngexesha lemfazwe yabulala malunga 58.000 amajoni US.