Ilungelo lokuvota kwaye inkqubo yonyulo ye-Russian Federation

Omnye amaziko ezopolitiko, iimpawu apho kukho iseti yemithetho kunye nemimiselo ezibonakalisa lomlinganiselo yesigqeba kunye kwegunya lowiso-mthetho, nto leyo kuthathwa okanye kuphunyezwa ulwamkeleko - yindlela yonyulo ye-Russian Federation, nto leyo idala uhlobo oluthile lwamandla, uwenze, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba nenxaxheba kulo lonke uluntu ekudaleni, ekubumbeni kunye nophuhliso kwamandla karhulumente. Ukuba kubanjwe ukhetho ngempumelelo yaye iziphumo zibonakaliswa luninzi, kuthiwa ukuba uluntu uyakwazi ukucombulula indlela zopolitiko elinoxolo zonke iingxaki.

izakhi

Kubume bayo, inkqubo yonyulo ye-Russian Federation amacandelo ezimbini eziphambili. Oku, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, ilungelo lokuvota - namalungiselelo omthetho ngenkqubo lonyulo, apho kukho kwisixando (ukuba onyulwe) kunye nelungelo esebenzayo (kwezopolitiko, ngokuphathelele ilungelo labemi ukuba ukukhetha). Kwakhona, kukho izinto ezininzi kunye nemithetho yonyulo elawula inkqubo yonyulo ngokwayo. Okwesibini, icandelo engundoqo inkqubo yonyulo i inkqubo yonyulo - lonke uluhlu lweentshukumo ezahlukeneyo lombutho zonyulo, ukuze baluphumeze.

Le ngongoma lombutho practical isekelwe phezu komthetho lonyulo kwaye izigaba ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ngokulandelelana kwabo: Umhla wokuqeshwa ke, izithili zemfundo kunye nezikhululo lonyulo zonyulo, ukuyilwa iikhomishini yonyulo, yaye - okubaluleke - nokutyunjwa kwabagqatswa, ubhaliso lwabo, okuvota uze eshwankathela iziphumo evela kwelo ziko. Inkqubo yonyulo ye-Russian Federation isebenza nje phezu scheme enjalo. Zonke yombuso mihla inkqubo yedemokhrasi lisetyenziswa kwi practice, unyulo lwesizwe - ukhetho lwepalamente umongameli ilandelwa yi ngoogunyaziwe benqila kunye, ekugqibeleni, kurhulumente wengingqi.

iintlobo

Inkqubo yonyulo ye-Russian Federation usebenza practice nezinye iintlobo kokhetho, kuxhomekeke kwizinga likarhulumente, olo oluse- abembumbile. Kukho iindidi ezintathu: inkqubo Uninzi yonyulo, ugalelwe nenokulungelelana.

1. Uninzi isekelwe kumgaqo isininzi, okt ngumviwa yokuwina, ngubani kwenzeka ukuchwetheza iivoti ngaphezu enye. Ilungelo lokuvota kwaye inkqubo yonyulo ye-Russian Federation ingqalelo uninzi ingundoqo (amahlanu ekhulwini kunye nevoti enye), nesihlobo (ngaphezulu nje kwe welinye icala). Ukuba uninzi ingundoqo akukho amanqaku namnye, ukhetho ziya kwenziwa kwi kumjikelo wesibini zokuvota, nto leyo eya bakhuphisane abaviwa ababini wazuza ezona voti zininzi. Kungenxa nkqubo, ezonyuliweyo ngumongameli. Ngo-2012, iintloko kwimimandla Russian sele iqalisile kwakhona ukuba baye amandla nevoti ngqo ezithandwayo, kodwa ngowama-2013 umongameli olucetywayo utshintsho esele zamkelwe, kwaye ngoku neyamabamba voti yePalamente.

2. Ilungelo lokuvota kwaye inkqubo yonyulo ye-Russian Federation uye wasebenzisa umgaqo ukulingana kwisabelo lwezihlalo yepalamente ngokwenani leevoti afunyenwe kunyulo kwi izintlu zamaqela, kwaye iqela ngamnye inani elithile izihlalo epalamente, ebalwa ukusuka inani lezihlalo ukuba iqela efunyenwe nganye kwezi zovoto . Ngoko ke Russian State Duma kwaye kwasekwa ephalamende zommandla ukuya ku-2011. Ngo-2007, zisembundwini yonyulo wavuswayo, ukususa kwikholam "nxamnye bonke", umbundu esezantsi ukuvota ugxudululu, iqela akwazi ukwakha iibhloko. Ngoku, emva 2011, yonke into eyahlukileyo, malunga eyenza wesithathu ngoku, inkqubo - ngokwahlukileyo.

inkqubo Ukuxuba yonyulo ye-Russian Federation ngo-2016

unyulo State Duma ngo-2011 aba yokugqibela, xa ipalamente federal Kwadlula amaqela, abameli bawo endlwini esezantsi intlanganiso yesihlanu ezine kuphela. Yeyona Communist Party, "United Russia", LDPR kunye "Fair Russia". Akukho amanye amaqela akazange akwazi ukuwela ukungakwazi 5-7% evoti. Ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yonyulo ye-Russian Federation licebisa ukuba uqhubeke ukusebenzisa umgaqo wonyulo umlinganiselo-majoritarian, njengoko kwenzeka ngo-2016. Le uqhagamshelo ukunamathela iintlobo iinkqubo zonyulo, lula ukuba unyulo lwamalungu igunya elithile indelelo.

Esinye isiqingatha zamasekela wonyulwa ezinomzali omnye igunya zovoto (uninzi inkqubo uninzi isizalwane), kwisiqingatha sesibini - kwindlela umlinganiselo kunye njengomqobo anesihlanu ekhulwini kunye kwisithili single yonyulo. Lo mthetho ngoku umisela xa amaqela epalamente ukuba zityumbe abagqatswa ukuba umongameli eRashiya, ngaphandle utyikityo lokuqokelela, yaye ezi efunde elinesine. Amaqela abafumana ekhulwini ngaphezu ezintathu kwivoti, ukuba bafumana iqela amalungelo kunye neenzuzo vmeset kunye nokwamkelwa ngqo ukuya kunyulo olulandelayo kuRhulumente Duma. Kodwa ezintathu akukho ekhulwini amanqaku, waza wahlala kwi eqeqesha ezi zingasentla amaqela ezine efanayo.

Inkqubo yeMisebenzi unyulo Russian Federation

imizimba lonxibelelwano ezizimeleyo, apho kwakheka, ngokulandelelana, umthetho lonyulo, hlela nokuqinisekisa Ukubanjwa unyulo kuwo onke amanqanaba kunye referendums - lo neekhomishini yonyulo. Bona asixhomekeki ngurhulumente okanye oomasipala, beze ngokwabo (amagosa practice phantse lonke kuyiphazamisa kwimisebenzi yabo).

Inkqubo yeMisebenzi unyulo Russian Federation i entsonkothileyo kakhulu kwaye owahlukeneyo. CEC - Central Election Commission - kunikwa phambili yonke inkqubo, esebenza ngokuqhubekayo yaye liya kuququzelela unyulo kwinqanaba federal. ummiselo osemthethweni inkqubo yonyulo ye-Russian Federation ngokupheleleyo ezandleni zakhe. RF X kaThixo - ikhomishini unyulo kwimimandla yelizwe - Ziphinde ngokuqhubekekayo yaye ukongezelela inxaxheba kwintlangano lonyulo kwinqanaba federal, ukuphumeza ngokupheleleyo unyulo kwimimandla (amasekela mthetho). ikhomishini yonyulo Territorial ezikhoyo koomasipala, kwakunye zesithili kunye neendawo.

izimiso

Xa kuqwalaselwa inkqubo yonyulo ngokweenkcukacha ngokwawo Russian Federation, ingqiqo, iintlobo kuyimfuneko ukuba zihlale phezu imigaqo esisiseko yezenzo zawo. Okokuqala, it nquma isiqalo esisiseko, isiseko yonke indlela wolawulo ngokwasemthethweni amalungelo abemi kumGaqo-siseko, ukuba onyulwe baze bavote amalungu kwamandla karhulumente weengingqi self-government. Imigaqo yokusebenza kwenkqubo lonyulo kufuneka abe njengenqobo kusemthethweni, izenzo ngokusemthethweni abagqatswa, abavoti, iikomiti kunye nemibutho - bonke abathatha inxaxheba kulonyulo.

Ngenxa yokuba sisebenzisa ezahlukeneyo iindidi iinkqubo lonyulo le-Russian Federation, kufuneka ngokupheleleyo ukukhusela amalungelo abemi. Ngokusemthethweni enshrine imigaqo amalungelo lonyulo loMgaqo-siseko Russian, imimiselo Federation, imithetho federal, imimiselo yomthetho ngamazwe. Kukho abajongwa amaqela amabini nezimiso ngolawulo unxulumano lonyulo: imigaqo yokuthatha inxaxheba kolu lonyulo abemi Russian nemigaqo enxulumene ngokukodwa intlangano wonyulo kunye nokuziphatha kwabo.

i qela

Imigaqo yokuthatha inxaxheba abemi Russian 'kunyulo kukho unxulumano ngqo ngokubhekiselele kuzalisekiso kunye nesiqulatho kwamalungelo luluvo lwabavoti. Ilungelo lokuvota kufuneka ngqo, ukulingana kunye jikelele inxaxheba kunyulo ngabavoti - okuvota ngokuzithandela - mfihlakalo. Xa ubukho siseko Russian akuthethi akaqinisekiswanga ngqo nganye yale migaqo, kodwa ikhankanya konke oku kwiSiqendu 81, enxulumene yokhetho. Ngoko ke, okubaluleke kakhulu Inqaku 3 yomthetho federal kwi siqinisekiso ngamalungelo lwabavoti, nto leyo enika inxaxheba ngokuzithandela kwaye simahla kolu lonyulo, bonke abemi Russia, noseko yinto efihlakeleyo yebhalothi kunye namalungelo jikelele ngqo nozilingana.

Imithetho-siseko ye-nkqubo yonyulo ye-Russian Federation unika yokuqala lovoto, apho kulindeleke ukuba nawuphi na ummi ongaphantsi kweminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo liya kuba nelungelo lokuba unyulelwe amagunya karhulumente wengingqi self-government. Kananjalo ke angakhetha, abathatha inxaxheba yonke imithetho echaziweyo yaye kwenziwa ngokomthetho ka nentshukumo kuvoto. Eli lungelo akuxhomekekanga kuhlanga, isini, ulwimi, uhlanga, imvelaphi, igosa okanye ubume ipropati, inkolo, indawo yokuhlala, ubulungu imibutho yoluntu, iinkolelo kunye naziphi na ezinye iimeko. Kanye kule ubiza wonke kwenkqubo Russian yonyulo.

Zimvo le Russian Federation

Zimvo kuthiwa ivoti lonke iindleko kunye neminye imiba kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba urhulumente. Oku kuyafana unyulo - ibinzana iphezulu kakhulu ngqo amandla kwabantu - elo gama. Inkqubo yonyulo ye-Russian Federation nje kuphela ukhetho ukuchaza amandla, kuba lowo acwangcise aze aqhube referendums ukuba ziyabanjwa ngokupheleleyo kummandla Russia, kukho intendelezo emagumbini onke kulo, ngendlela efihlakeleyo yebhalothi, ngenxa yokuvakalisa ngqo jikelele lomyolelo kunye namalungelo alinganayo. nxaxheba zimvo ngalinye linevoti enye kuphela.

Ummi angavota kuphela referendums buqu inxaxheba ngazo free ngokupheleleyo, kwaye awukwazi ukulawula intando. Ngexesha zimvo akunakwenzeka ukuba ukunyanzela ngummi ukuchaza iinkolelo zabo, kwaye awukwazi ukunyanzelisa ukuba ayiyeke uluvo lwakhe. Ukulungiswa kunye ukuhlalwa isiganeko iikhomishini yonyulo,-arhente karhulumente wengingqi self-government wenziwe. Yonke imisebenzi yabo ziqhutywa ngendlela ngaphaya.

Le nkqubo isisikhokelo sezomthetho

Institute for the Development of the Russian Federation Election System (IRIS) - umbutho kawonke-wonke, umntu engekho phantsi korhulumente kunye non-kwezopolitiko, imisebenzi ukubeka xa ugcwalisa neemfuno zoluntu ulwazi malunga lwentando yesininzi. Ukuba kukho zezona kwesigele ukuphefumla entsimini amalungelo lonyulo baseRashiya. Noko ke, simele sikhumbule ukuba jikelele ilungelo lokuvota akuthethi kungekho miqobo inxaxheba yabemi kunyulo. Umthetho uthotho elide emfundo, eyasekwa emyalelweni, owawenza amalungelo okuvota abemi ngamnye ngenxa yezizathu ezithile.

Icandelo zocalucalulo kwezi iziqinisekiso, Kakade ke, ngokuba zikusukela, injongo umyalelo ezahlukeneyo: isibonelelo inxaxheba abanomdla kunye elwazini kunyulo ngaphandle kwamalungelo onyulo. Ubudala okuvota kunye yokuhlala yokuqala kolu luhlu. Umongameli ayikwazi onyulwe umntu akukabikho ezimashumi mathathu anantlanu eminyaka, kunye nesekela likaRhulumente Duma ayikwazi kuba ngabantu abangaphantsi kweminyaka engamashumi amabini ananye. Kodwa akukho yobudala eliphezulu ebekwe. Yokuhlala mfunelo isebenza kuphela lufane kwisixando sokwenziwa. Umzekelo, umongameli ayikwazi ukuba umntu ohlala kweli lizwe ngaphantsi kweminyaka elishumi.

Musa inxaxheba kunyulo

Umthetho ngonyulo imisela kwezinye iimeko ezinqanda ilungelo lokuvota abemi namalungelo ngokubanzi, kwakunye amacandelo eyimpumelelo esebenzayo ngayo. Ngokomzekelo, abantu kwiindawo ukuhluthwa kwenkululeko, lusetyenziselwe isigwebo, kwaye Inkundla yafumanisa engathethekiyo. amandla omthetho Limited ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kunyulo na. Not ukuba unyulo bendawo self-government njengabantu lwabavoti abaphangelayo kumaziko zomkhosi, imibutho kunye neeyunithi zomkhosi imi kummandla kamasipala, ukuba amajoni phambi kokuba ibutho khona indawo yokuhlala.

Ayikwazi ukuba onyulwe yi abemi bamanye amazwe abaye ubumi belinye ilizwe, iphepha-mvume lokuhlala okanye naluphi na olunye uxwebhu leyo engqina ilungelo yokuhlala isigxina kwilizwe lasemzini ommi. Ayikwazi ukuthatha urhulumente thumela umntu, ukuba ngokunxulumene kuyo kukho isigqibo senkundla ukuphucwa eli lungelo, wagwetyelwa amatyala kakhulu kwaye ezibalaseleyo okanye enetyala ngaphambili, wagwetywa waza walahlwa ngaphambili ngenxa ebaxiweyo, kwakunye nezinye izinto ezininzi. ayikwazi ukuba onyulwe oko uMongameli abantu, uye waqhubeka kwesi sikhundla imiqathango amabini alandelelanayo.

izithintelo ezongezelelweyo

Ngokusekelwe-siseko, umthetho federal, Ngokommiselo ke Federation okanye umasipala kunye nezithintelo ezongezelelweyo amiselwe ukuba avumele umntu ukubamba ofisi zikarhulumente kuphela ungacwangcisa inani zilandelana kwi-ofisi enye. isimo MP ayikwazi ukudityaniswa umsebenzi kumsebenzi othile. MP ukuze akhethwe, kodwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo unyanzelekile ukuba ayeke izinto akufuneki zidityaniswe kunye nobume yayo entsha. Inkululeko namalungelo abemi 'kufunwa ngumthetho federal kuphela kangangoko apho kuyimfuneko ukukhusela ucwangco siseko, ezempilo, isimilo, amalungelo kunye neemfuno ezisemthethweni yoluntu, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye ukuziphendulela karhulumente.

Izithintelo ezibekwe ngayo abemi ukuze kuphunyezwe ezi njongo ichazwe emyalelweni lonyulo, nto leyo equlethwe kumGaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho yangoku. Ngokomthetho lo mthetho uyabonakala. Ukuba urhulumente uya kuvumela abemi ogula, umzekelo, ukwakha iqela kwaye inxaxheba-nkqubo kazwelonke, ngoko ukuba uMbuso ngokwalo ukuze engathethekiyo kakuhle, ngaloo ndlela ekwaziseni yokuziphatha, kunye nokhuseleko lwabantu, ngaye kubhaliwe kwathiwa-siseko. uncwadi Scientific endaweni elithi "isithintelo" lidla isebenzisa igama elithi "isiqinisekiso", nangona oko kunto-nye, kuphela igama elithi "isiqinisekiso" lidla ngakumbi esetyenziselwa ziganeko zembali, njengoko batshovo namhlanje malunga umda umthetho lonyulo, zona isekelwe kungekhona nokuqiqa yenzululwazi, kodwa ngenxa yomthetho. Undoqo kukuba abemi bathathe inxaxheba kunyulo kwi ngokulinganayo kwaye iimpawu ezifanayo (ukusuka kwindawo esemthethweni lwembono, kunjalo).