Iintlobo iinkqubo zonyulo: eziluncedo nezingeloncedo

Ubukho kolawulo wentando yesininzi Ubonelela ngokucacileyo ukuba kukhethwe le nkqubo kangangoko yonyulo. Kuxhomekeka kwindlela walungelelanisa inkqubo yokuqeshwa ukuba kwizikhundla zolawulo lukarhulumente, bahlule iintlobo iinkqubo zonyulo: leevoti, majoritarian, kunye exutyiweyo. Kodwa yintoni na imigaqo-hlukeneyo, yintoni na eziluncedo zabo nezingalunganga? Makhe siqwalasele.

Concept neendidi iinkqubo zonyulo

Njengokuba bekutshiwo ngaphambili, idemokhrasi kuthetha ukuba inxalenye abasemagunyeni (okanye ulongamo) uthumela abantu kubameli babo. Le nkqubo yenziwa ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo. inqubo yokudlulisa ngqo isekelwe phezu ukhetho, kwaye ngokungangqalanga - ngokusebenzisa kwamalungu akhethiweyo ngaphambili (ezifana unyulo zikaMongameli ephalamende republic okanye inkqubo uMnu).

Njengomgaqo, zorhulumente wentando yesininzi, kukho umzimba umthetho olawula inkqubo yokunikezela yinxalenye ebukhosini. Oku kuquka imigaqo nobuchule ezinokuthi mayaziwe ezisemthethweni, kwaye akhiwa ngenxa yokuba abasemagunyeni esemthethweni. Zonke umkhondo phezulu sigqibo:

Inkqubo yonyulo - into ethile, inkqubo echazwe ngokusemthethweni yokukhetha ezimele.

Iindidi ubuchule kunye nemithetho likuvumela ukuba kuveliswe ntlobo zilandelayo lweenkqubo yonyulo: leevoti, majoritarian, kunye exutyiweyo.

Inkqubo bulingane lubonakala ngokuba ingqalelo ngokupheleleyo iimbono labavoti. Umongo hlobo kuxhomekeke yokuba wabavoti banike iivoti abo amaqela athabatha inxaxheba kulonyulo. Ngelo xesha elifanayo kwindawo yokuqala kukho isidima beqela xa uwonke kunye namalungu ayo ngalinye. I Party watsalela ingqalelo uluhlu yonyulo lwamalungu iqela, abamele iimfuno electors kwi ngamabhunga anyulwe amandla. Kwakhona olu hlobo ezabelwe luphawulwa "embundwini unyulo" elunyulweni. Loo mthetho livumela sicatshulwa amaqela inkulu. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngokuxhomekeke kwimithetho karhulumente, zisembundwini lingamiselwa njenge-1% (njengoko, umzekelo, kwaSirayeli) ne-12% (Sweden). Oku kuthetha ukuba umntu, ofumene ivoti ipesenti encinci le uvelwano kubavoti, ayilwamkeli emzimbeni kunyulwa kwaye nezifowunelweyo ilizwi lakhe aye ukuba abo abaziphumeleleyo zisembundwini wawo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inkqubo yogqithiselo oluqhutywa isibalo ino- sympathies lwabavoti. Ngenxa yoko igama laloo nkqubo.

Luninzi. Ngokungafaniyo yokuqala azasekelezwa isidima iqela, kodwa iimpawu zobuqu zomviwa utyunjwe lilo. Unyulo ithatha indawo ebizwa ngokuba "izithili-ilungu elinye." Ngaphezu koko, ngokuba naliphi iqela elinye bendaba lichonga nommeli omnye. Ukhetho kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba ezibini: kwi ezazithandwa ezimbini zokuqala azimisele kwi yesibini - ummeli elandelayo zezithili elinye-igunya.

Inkqubo mixed. Imbonakalo ukuba kungenxa yokuba ukungafezeki iintlobo ezimbini zokuqala. Njengomthetho jikelele, States ukuba baye olu hlobo, sebenzisa iinkqubo nje ezimbini - nenokulungelelana kunye majoritarian.

Iintlobo iinkqubo zonyulo - iintsilelo

oosonzululwazi ezopolitiko kunye abaphengululi zomthetho ziye zaphawula ukuba ukusetyenziswa kuphela uninzi okanye umlinganiselo iinkqubo kukhokelela kuphela ekudaleni ezinye iingxaki.

Xa nokubopha kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo yesininzi kuphela kwaphula elinye iimpawu ezisisiseko yedemokrasi - "kuthathelwa ingqalelo izimvo isininzi ukuya kwisikhundla wegcuntswana." Ingaba ukubonelelwa ukuba loyiso kolu lonyulo bobabo mntu eziqokelelwe-50% kunye nevoti enye. Kuyaqondakala ukuba uphumeleleyo uya kuthabatha ingqalelo kwimisebenzi yabo ngokokubona yabavoti eseleyo.

Ngokwahlukileyo kule ngxaki nkqubo umlinganiselo isebenza. Kodwa ke awenza. main ethile Its ibonakala iseti amaqela elaphumelela unyulo kunokwenzeka. Nangona yokuba kule meko ibonisa imeko yokwenyani yezopolitiko, isenokwenza imeko apho bekuya kuba nzima ukuba inyule uMongameli (umzekelo, kwi republic zepalamente) okanye ukwenza urhulumente.

Ezi ntlobo iinkqubo zonyulo ukufumana imbuyekezo kuphela ngokusebenzisa uhlobo lwesithathu - indlela yonyulo exutyiweyo. Kunye namazwe ngakumbi nangakumbi nithande ukulisebenzisa, kuquka i-Russian Federation.

Iintlobo iinkqubo onyulo Russian Federation

Ngokuxhomekeke ngawo umzimba ibunjiwe, umthetho RF isebenza iindlela ezahlukeneyo konyulo. Ngoko ke, izakusetyenziswa ukugqiba uMongameli RF kule nkqubo isininzi. Xa ukuyilwa kaRhulumente Duma - engumxube, kwaye Federation kwiBhunga - ukonyulwa iintloko amagunya okuwisa imithetho lesigqeba Federation.

Ngenxa yoko, ngabalawulwa nakwiimanyano njengokuba ukusebenzisa kakuhle inkqubo, ugalelwe uphawu kaRhulumente Duma. Kulo mzekelo,-50% iya kunyulwa ngawo kwinkqubo elikhulu, 50% - yi-umlinganiselo. Ngenxa yoko, kwiindidi iinkqubo onyulo Russian Federation zibonakala ngeentlobo ezimbini - uninzi exutyiweyo. Loo ndlela kungenxa imfuneko aluncedo ukwakheka ngempumelelo olawulo lithetha republic owandulela kunye Russian Federation.

Ukushwankathela konke oku kungasentla, kufuneka kuqatshelwe: ingqiqo kunye neendidi iinkqubo zonyulo kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekubunjweni oorhulumente kunye nokudluliselwa kwamagunya zokumela nokulawula imicimbi yelizwe.