Iintlobo mbono. theory ngeMathematika. iithiyori zenzululwazi

naziphi na iinkcazo ungabona uve umntu namhlanje njani! Kwaye ke ingaba izalathiso ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Kwaye oku akumangalisi, kuba kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo mbono. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukuze ukudala usebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo, yaye lujoliswe kwimiba eyahlukeneyo ekuhlaleni. Ngoko ke, kukho ingcamango yezopolitiko, zemathematika, ezoqoqosho, kwezentlalo. Kodwa masikhe bonke sihlolisise.

ulwazi jikelele

Indlela isayensi elithi "umbono" ziyalandeleka ngeendlela ezimbini eziphambili: libanzi ububanzi. Eyokuqala kwezi libhekisela uhlobo liphezulu lombutho lolwazi, enika imbono ephelele lwemixokelelwano substantive kunye neepateni kwindawo ethile leyinene. Kulo mzekelo, kuba kwingcamango yenzululwazi ezi uphawu ubukho inkqubo ukuvumelana, ulwalamano ubhalo phakathi kwezakhi, hatchability ngayo umxholo wayo ukusuka iseti ethile lwengqiqo kunye neziphakamiso (kodwa oku kufuneka kwenziwe ngokungqinelana nemithetho ethile ubhalo kunye methodological). Kuko konke aze alungise ingcamango esisiseko. Kwaye yintoni phantsi kwawo luqondwa ngokwengqiqo ebanzi yeli gama?

Theory yesayensi kule meko isethi izimvo, iimbono nezimvo, eyenzelwe ukuba ukutolika isiganeko esithile (okanye iqela ngeziganeko ezifanayo). Awunayo kufumana nto Akumangalisi? Ukuba ucinga ngayo, kulo mzekelo, phantse wonke umntu zabo ngcamango. Ubulungisa kuba kubalulekile othi becala basonta enkulu psychology ngemihla. Enkosi kuwo umntu amalungiselelo ingcamango yakhe yokusesikweni, ukulunga, uthando kunye nentsingiselo yobomi, ubudlelwane ngokwesini, post-wokufa khona, nezinto ezinjengezo.

Kutheni imfundiso?

Bathi abagunye uhlobo "iiseli" methodological ulwazi lwenzululwazi. Ingcamango yanamhlanje iqulathe ulwazi ezikhoyo kunye neenkqubo apho yayifunyenwe kwaye likugqinile. Oko kukuthi, it has "isakhiwo" basic eziphathekayo - lwazi. Bona ezidibene ngayo amasiko. Kakade kubo, ngokungqinelana nemigaqo ekuqiqeni, nokwenza uthelekelelo.

Enoba ziziphi na iindidi ziyabethabethana zithathwa kwi kwisiseko yabo kufuneka kusoloko enye okanye imibono embalwa (yeengcinga) ezifundisa izisombululo kwiingxaki ezithile (okanye ezintsonkothileyo yabo yonke). Oko kukuthi, ukuze kuthiwe kwesayensi yinxalenye, kwanele ukuba ingcamango ephuhliswe kakuhle kuphela. Njengoko umzekelo geometry.

Ingaba kube lula ukuyiqonda le ngcamango?

Okokuqala siya ukuqonda iingqiqo intelekelelo, iingxaki kunye yeengcinga. Ukuba uyakwazi ukungena kwi isivakalisi esinye. Kuba ingcamango efanayo kuba nzima. Ngoko ke, ukuba ukuchaza ukuzithethelela yayo wayedla ubhale imisebenzi yonke. Kwanele ukuba usebenzise umzekelo kwithiyori gravitation jikelele apho ukwakhiwa Newton. Isifundo wayo wabhala umsebenzi voluminous ngo-1987, nto leyo kuthiwa "Mathematical Principles of Philosophy Natural". Ukubhala kwaqengqeleka iminyaka engaphezu kwama-20. Kodwa ke oku akuthethi ukuba ingcamango esisiseko sinzima kangangokuba akakwazi ukuqonda ummi zesiqhelo.

Ubukhulu becala kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba imfundiso ukuze kushwankathelwa udandalaziso eziliqela (kwaye, ngokulandelelana, zixinaniswe) ifomu. Le ndlela inika ukuba liya kuphuma kuzo zonke minor, ezingabalulekanga, yaye ngokufuthi abawathabathayo kwizibiyeli ukuzithethelela iingxoxo kunye nobungqina obuxhasayo. Ukongeza, njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, umntu ngamnye ikhona ukwakha iingcamango zabo, zona gabalala amava bakhe olwalo uhlalutyo. Ngoko ke, xa efuna ukuqonda inzululwazi uya nzima kunye nemisebenzi eyenziwa rhoqo.

iintlobo yemibono

Bona ezahlulwe ngenxa yesakhiwo, nto leyo esekelwe iindlela yokwakha ulwazi theoretical component. Nika ezi mbono:

• Axiomatic.
• Ezenza ukuba.
• Ezingenzeka-aqale.

Kuba nganye kuzo isebenzisa ledatha yaso, nto leyo inikwa ngokohlobo iindlela ezintathu ezahlukeneyo.

theory axiomatic

imibono enjalo zimiselwa kwinzululwazi ukususela kwimihla yamandulo. Bona isimntwiso, ilifinyeze ngqo nolwazi lwenzululwazi. Abameli edume kakhulu olu hlobo ithiyori zezibalo. Njengoko umzekelo formatizirovannuyu arithmetic. Ukongeza kulo, yaqwalasela uye anikwe logic olusesikweni kwaye amanye amasebe of physics (obizwa electrodynamics nezixhotyana). Umzekelo ezaziwa kakhulu kule meko wew Euclidean. Ukuze kudla iphathwa ulwazi nje kuphela, kodwa njengoko umzekelo ngokutyumzayo zenzululwazi. Into ebalulekileyo kwi-sikhokelo le hlobo?

Apha, i umdla kakhulu amacandelo amathathu: postulates (elikuwo), ixabiso iboniswe (theorem) kunye nobungqina (imithetho, izigqibo). Ukususela ngoko, ezi izisombululo enjini yokukhangela kunye noyilo ungatshintsha kakhulu. nande kulo mba A ngokukodwa ke kwinkulungwane yama-20. Ke yaphuhliswa indlela entsha kunye nezinga esisiseko ulwazi (kwi kwithiyori linokuba zinganikwa njengomzekelo). Baqhubekeka ukuba bayile kwaye ukwakha khona ngoku, kodwa ke ukuza kuthi ga ngoku akukho nto inokuba kakhulu ukuguqula ubomi bethu.

theory ezenza

Kukholelwa ukuba azenzeki ifomu nyulu, kuba akakulandeli ukunika ulwazi apodictic nenengqondo ephilileyo. Ngenxa yoko, abantu abaninzi bathi, oko kuthethwa zezi ndlela ezenza. Uphawu ukuba ngokuyintloko ngenxa nenzululwazi yezobugqi. Le meko iye yaphuhliswa ngenxa yokuba lo apho ukuqala nge-eksperimenti kunye izibakala, aze agqibe ukugwegweleza theoretical component.

Nangona kuyaqapheleka ukuba kwiinkulungwane embalwa edlulileyo iingcamango ezenza baba kakhulu zithandwa. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba ubungakanani inkcitho wokuteketiswa yenzululwazi bawafaka backburner. Ngapha koko, cinga ukuqulunqa ngayo kwithiyori ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuba safika indlela eziluncedo! output ezenza ngokuqhelekileyo siqale ngokuhlalutya kwaye ngokuthelekisa ifunyenwe phakathi nokuhlola okanye mkhanya data. Ukuba bathe bafumana into efanayo, nokuba yengcolileyo, ngoko ke ngokubanzi njenge indawo iphela.

theory ezingenzeka-aqale

Baya ethile nenzululwazi yezobugqi. Ngumdali yale hlobo luthathwa UGalileo Galilei. Ukongeza, naye wazibeka iziseko kunye nenzululwazi zovavanyo. Kamva, bezisetyenziselwa phakathi inani elikhulu zesayensi, nto leyo ebangele ukuba ukumanywa udumo yangoku. umongo wabo ukuba umphandi ubeka phambili kwiingcamango ngqindilili, inyaniso apho akunakuqinisekiswa. Emva koko hypothesis usebenzisa indlela aqale corollaries luthathwe. Le nkqubo iqhubeka de, kukho xa ifunyenwe iingxelo ezinjalo ukuze ibe neemeko kunye namava. Ukuba uvavanyo olwenziwe ingqina ukufaneleka kwayo, kuphothulwe ukuba hypothesis yokuqala ilungile.

Ziziphi macandelo kufuneka mbono yesayensi?

Kukho ukuhlelwa ezininzi. Ukunqanda uphazamiseko, thabatha njengesiseko lowo wacebisa Shvyrov thina. Le kwaso macandelo alandelayo inegunya:

• qho Initial olwenziwe. Kubandakanywe zibhalwe ukuya kule ngongoma izibakala kunye nolwazi, ezo zifunyenwe ngenxa-experimenti ezininzi kunye nezifundo zifuna.
• Initial basis theoretical component. Xa oku kwakuthetha ezininzi postulates elikuwo zamabanga aphantsi kunye nokucingela imithetho jikelele ukuba ngokuhlangeneyo ukuba ukuchaza into ingqalelo enezigaba.
• Logic. Oku kubhekisela ekusekweni kobume sokufunyanisiweyo kunye nobungqina.
• A iseti yeengxelo zemali. Ezi ziquka ubungqina ezenza isambuku ulwazi ekhoyo.

ukusetyenziswa

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le mfundiso sisiseko isifundo lwenani kweenkqubo, ngokunjalo nezenzo ezahlukeneyo. Kwaye zingenziwa phezulu ngexesha elifanayo kwi amava okusebenza, kwaye ngokusekelwe kwindlela yokucinga yohlalutyo. Ngoko ke, kukho, umzekelo, iindidi ezahlukeneyo ngobhalo komthetho. Ngaphezu koko, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba enye efanayo kungachazwa kunye kwinqanaba ezahlukeneyo, kunye neempawu zayo, ngokulandelelanayo, ziya kwahluka.

Kwezinye iindawo, kuyinto efanele standardisation, njengoko kuboniswa iintlobo theory kwezoqoqosho, yaye kungekudala icacisa izalathiso ezintsha. Noko ke, kukho inani amalungiselelo ngaphakathi babo ezitsala abalandeli amadlala. Nangona ezinye assumptions (yaye ekugqibeleni iziseko kwezenzululwazi) ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka nje ukuba bandisa ulwazi oluthile. Phambi kokuba zadalwa theory imvelaphi wobuntu Lamarck kunye Darwin, kukho uhlobo olunzulu eziphilayo lwenziwa. Isifundo kwezi mpawu kube imbali yenzululwazi. Njengoko kuboniswe kulo uqeqesho, uphuhliso epheleleyo theory (oko kuquka zokuwaguqula, ukuphuculwa, ukuphuculwa kunye ezenziwe kwiindawo ezintsha) ekuhambeni kwexesha nga kolulwa ngenkulungwane enye.

nasenyanisweni

Uphawu kubalulekile ukuba naluphi mfundiso isiqinisekiso layo, nto leyo ebonisa izinga osebenzayo. Apha, umzekelo, siya kuba ingcamango ethile yezopolitiko, othi kule meko kufuneka wenze ngathi ngale ngandlel 'ithile. Ukuba ayisebenzi ukuqinisekisa okanye ukuphika impumelelo yayo, isigqibo kwisicelo sayo ilala nabantu, sanikwa igunya.

Yaye kwimeko apho kukho abathile semthethweni ngokuphathelele kuyo, kunokwenzeka sele ukufunda amava ekhoyo bathathe isigqibo esifanelekileyo malunga nokuba ukuba okanye hayi ukuliphumeza. Le nkonzo ibonelela ithiyori uhlalutyo olukhulu. Ngenxa indlela kuphuhliswa kanjani, usebenzisa indlela yezenzululwazi ukubala amathuba ukuphunyezwa ngempumelelo, kwakunye indawo ukufumana 'ubuncwane obufihliweyo. "