Igesi yendalo: ifom. Ifom yefom yegesi. Zonke iintlobo zegesi yendalo

Namhlanje siyazi ezininzi zegesi. Abanye aba bantu bafumana iindlela kwilebhu neekhemikhali, ezinye kwakheka ngokwabo ngenxa nokuxubana by-products. Yaye yintoni gesi ziveliswa kwindalo? The main igesi ezinjalo zendalo, imvelaphi yendalo zine:

• igesi yendalo, ogama formula CH _4;
• Nitrogen, N _2;
• hydrogen, H _2;
• carbon dioxide, CO _2.

Kakade ke, kukho ezinye - oksijini, emanzini, ammonia, iigesi egalelwe, carbon monoxide. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ngasentla eyinxalenye kubalulekile ukuba abantu kwaye bazisebenzise iinjongo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka njenge isibaso.

Yintoni na irhasi yendalo?

Irhasi yendalo yaziwa ngolo hlobo, apho indalo kusinika. Oko kukuthi, umxholo apho ingaphakathi Umhlaba iphezulu kakhulu kwaye ngaphezu imali ifunyenwe kushishino ngenxa yokusabela zeekhemikhali.

Ngokuqhelekileyo eyaziwa ngokuba negesi yendalo, methane, kodwa oku akuyonyani. Ukuba ujonga ukwakhiwa amaqhezu igesi, sinako ukubona candelo ingoma yakhe elandelayo:

• methane (96%);
• methane;
• propane;
• butane;
• hydrogen;
• carbon dioxide;
• nitrogen;
• emanzini (ezincinane, izixa umkhondo).

Ngoko ke, kubonakala ukuba irhasi yendalo - isimo esidibanisa eziliqela iigesi yendalo.

Irhasi yendalo: Formula

Ukususela imichiza uluvo igesi yendalo ngumxube hydrocarbon yomgama isakhiwo elula - methane, methane, propane kunye butane. Noko ke, ekubeni kukho umthamo omkhulu zonke methane, ifomula jikelele igesi yendalo yamkelwe ukuchaza ngqo methane ifomula. Ngoko, kwenzeka ukuba formula imichiza yerhasi yendalo methane CH _4.

Awona macandelo ezishiyekileyo kufuneka indlela reseach ilandelayo chemistry:

• methane - C ₂ H _6;
• propane - C ₃ H _8;
• butane - C ₄ H _10;
• carbon dioxide - CO _2;
• nitrogen - N _2;
• H - H _2;
• emanzini - H ₂ S.

Umxube izinto ezinjalo yirhasi yendalo. main Formula methane layo elibona ibonisa ukuba umxholo carbon yayo lincinane kakhulu. Oku kuchaphazela iimpawu zayo emzimbeni, ezifana ubuchule ukuze batshise i enemibala emihle, abatshayayo ngokupheleleyo ingongoma. Nangona amanye amalungu ayo series homologous (series ifumile hydrocarbon okanye alkanes) ngethuba yokutsha ukwenza idangatya abamnyama nomsi.

Ukuba indalo

Kwindalo, le igesi ufunyanwa nzulu ngaphantsi komhlaba, ezi zoleko lalingqingqwa kwaye oxineneyo rock ludaka. Kukho iingcamango ezimbini eziphambili ngemvelaphi igesi yendalo endalweni.

1. Imfundiso iintshukumo zomhlaba rocks. Abaxhasi le ngcamango bakholelwa ukuba hydrocarbon equlethwe izibilini zomhlaba kwaye usoloko wavuswa ngenxa yeentshukumo ziitectonic plates kunye amanxeba phezulu. Phezulu yengcinezelo ophezulu kunye notshintsho ubushushu kubenza babe ngenxa yokusabela kwemichiza kwi izimbiwa ezimbini yendalo - oyile negesi.
2. theory Biogenic icebisa enye indlela apho igesi yendalo yenziwe. Ifomula ibonisa nokubunjwa kwayo qualitative - carbon yehayidrojini, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba lasungulwa wathabatha eziphilayo izidalwa eziphilayo izidumbu ziyahanjwa ikakhulu kwakhiwa ngaphandle kwezi zinto, njengazo zonke izinto eziphilayo kulo mhlaba ukuba ikhona unanamhla. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iintsalela izityalo ezifileyo kunye nezilwanyana abhek 'ngezantsi emgangathweni wolwandle, apho kwakungekho ioksijini okanye iintsholongwane zibole siyirisayikilishe lo mba ephilayo. Ngenxa nokubola anaerobic ngolunya kuye kwenzeka, yaye kwizigidi zeminyaka, njengomthombo kwezimbiwa ezimbini - oyile negesi. Ngoko ke ngenxa zombini efanayo - oko hydrocarbon ngenxalenye kwezinto ephantsi ubunzima eziphilayo. Ifomula eekhemikhali irhasi kunye neoli ebonisa. Noko ke, xa isetyenziswe kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo kunye neemveliso ezahlukeneyo bayazibhijabhija: a xi eliphezulu lobushushu - igesi, Iyalila - oyile.

Namhlanje, amasimi eziphambili noovimba negesi yendalo kufuneka amazwe afana ne-Russia, USA, Canada, Iran, Norway kunye Netherlands.

Ngokutsho imeko yayo yonke, udibaniso yerhasi yendalo akusoloko equlethwe kuphela sikarhulumente igesi. Kukho iinketho eziliqela ukuba amafu:

1. Irhasi songanyibilikisswa iimolekyuli ioli.
2. Igesi ixutywe ezo molekyuli emanzini.
3. carbohydrate Gas ibe eqinileyo.
4. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo - compound sukube.

Nganye kwezi States intsimi yayo, kwaye lubaluleke kakhulu abantu.

Ukufumana elabhoratri noshishino

Ukongeza iindawo negesi yendalo, kukho inani iindlela uyifumana kwilebhu. Le ndlela, ke, uya kusetyenziselwa kuphela iibhetshi ezincinane imveliso, njengoko iindleko igesi yendalo ukuphumeza njini Ilabhoratri ongenakunceda nto.

Iindlela Laboratory:

1. Haydrolisis ephantsi iikhompawundi emolekyuli - aluminiyam khabhayithi: AL ₄ C ₃ + 12H ₂ O = 3CH ₄ + 4AL (OH) _3.
2. Sodium acetate phambi kwealkali: CH ₃ COOH + NaOH = CH ₄ + Na _{2 CO-3.}
3. Ukusuka syngas: CO + 3h ₂ = CH ₄ + H ₂ O.
4. Ukususela izinto ezilula - carbon kunye hydrogen - kwiqondo lobushushu ephakamileyo kunye noxinzelelo.

Ifomula imichiza yerhasi yendalo methane ifomula yabonisa, ukuze bonke abasabela uphawu alkanes, ebonakala kuba irhasi elinikiweyo.

Ishishini wavelisa yokutsala methane evela iidipozithi zendalo kunye kuqhutyelwe phambili zamaqhezu. Kwakhona, igesi imveliso ye efunekayo iimfuno zokucoca. Emva methane igesi yendalo ifomula ubonisa kuphela inxalenye izakhi iqulethe. Ukuba zisetyenziswe ekhayeni kufuneka igesi ecocekileyo, ukungaqukathi ingezizo methane. methane Detachable, propane, butane kunye nezinye iigesi nazo zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi.

iipropati ngokomzimba

equation igesi kunika uluvo lokuba oko iimpawu ezibonakalayo kufuneka ilifa. Cinga luni iimpawu.

1. Enemibala eqinileyo, esha.
2. Ukuxinana Uthelekelelo uyahluka 0,7-1 kg / m ^3.
3. Ukutshiswa lobushushu 650 ⁰ C.
4. Phantse amaxesha amabini elula komoya.
5. Ubushushu eyakhutshwa ukutshiswa omnye cubic meter kwegesi, lingana ziijowule million 46.
6. Phezulu lamanani (kwama-15%), kwi igesi umoya Uyadubula kakhulu.
7. Xa kusetyenziswa njenge amafutha nemiboniso inombolo octane elingana ne-130.

Irhasi olusulungekileyo lufumaneka kuphela emva kokuba ngokugqithisa izityalo unyango ekhethekileyo (izityalo), apho zibekwa kwisiza gesi fossil.

isicelo

Kukho iindawo ezininzi ezingundoqo zokusetyenziswa igesi yendalo. Emva ukongeza icandelo yayo engundoqo, irhasi leyo ifomula CH ₄ ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nazo zonke ezinye amacandelo mxube.

1. Consumer iinkalo zobom. Apha kubhekiswa yokupheka igesi, ukufudumeza Izakhiwo zokuhlala, sibaso boilers njalo njalo. Irhasi zisetyenziswa xa kuphekwa, yongeza izinto ezikhethekileyo ngoweqela of mercaptans. Oku kwenzelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba xa kuthe ukuvuza imibhobho igesi okanye ezinye kuyaphelelwa ukuba abantu ivumba baze bathathe amanyathelo. umxube gas Domestic (leyo ngumxube propane kunye ibutane) Uyadubula kakhulu eziphezulu lamanani. Mercaptans nabo ivumba ethile ezingemnandi yerhasi yendalo. Ifomula iquka izinto ezifana isalfure phosphorus, obanika a Okukodwa.

2. production Chemical. Kule ndawo, omnye izinto yokuqala ingundoqo reactions ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ukuvelisa zithako irhasi yendalo, ifomula ebonisa syntheses apho oko inxaxheba:

• isiseko ekuvelisweni iiplastiki, ezo zezona zixhaphakileyo kuba phantse zonke iinkalo zoshishino izinto mihla;
• izinto ekrwada, intlaka yokuhlanganisa iminombo echumileyo ethynyl, benqanda hydrogen kunye ammonia. Sami ezi mveliso kwixesha elizayo ukuya kwimveliso imicu zokwenziwa ezininzi amalaphu, izichumiso kunye nokwambathisa lokwakha;
• irabha, methanol, asidi organic - akhiwa methane kunye nezinye izinto. Ngaba ezisetyenziswa phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi babantu;
• polyethylene kunye nezinye iikhompawundi ezininzi uhlobo chemicals ezifunyenweyo bebulela methane.

3. Sebenzisa njenge isibaso. Ngaphezu koko, ngokuba naluphi na uhlobo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu, ukusukela ngokuzalisa uhlobo olufanelekileyo izibane itafile kunye nezityalo wamandla oshushu. Olu hlobo amafutha ithathwa ngokuba echanekileyo eziphila kwaye ezifanelekileyo imvelaphi yazo zonke iindlela ezizezinye. Noko ke, ukutshiswa methane ukwakha ikharbon dayokhsayidi eninzi njengoko nayiphi na enye into ephilayo. Ke yena uyaziwa ukuba unobangela greenhouse effect komhlaba. Ngoko ke, abantu kufuneka bafumane umsebenzi ngakumbi esulungekileyo nomthombo ophezulu umgangatho wamandla thermal.

Nantso yonke imithombo ezisisiseko ezisebenzisa irhasi yendalo. Formula kuye, ukuba uthatha onke amacandelo ezintsonkothileyo, ibonisa ukuba phantse ibe lwemithombo ehlaziyekayo, ixesha kuphela ekufuneka uyenze kakhulu. Ilizwe lethu kunye oovimba yerhasi yendalo unethamsanqa kakhulu kuba imali izibonelelo zendalo ezifana eya kutsho kumakhulu eminyaka, iRashiya kuphela kodwa namanye amazwe amaninzi nge kumazwe angaphandle.

nitrogen

Oku kuyinxalenye yendalo oyile negesi iidipozithi. Ukongeza, irhasi ubambe inxalenye enkulu ivolyum emoyeni (78%) kwaye kwenzeka ngohlobo iikhompawundi zendalo nitrate lithosfere.

Njengoko into elula esetyenziswa ngokwenza eziphilayo initrogen. Ifomula buphuma ifom ₂ N, okanye, ngokwemiqathango ndisezintanjeni imichiza, N≡N. Ubukho yokudityaniswa enamandla enjalo ibonisa eliphezulu uzinzo kunye imichiza inertness neemolekyuli phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Lo nto ichaza ithuba ubukho isixa esikhulu legesi ngendlela simahla emoyeni.

Xa into elula ekwaziyo nitrogen esisigxina eziphilayo ethile - rhizobia. ke zilungiswa enembonakalo elifanelekileyo kwisityalo irhasi yaye ngaloo ndlela athwale yesondlo izimbiwa kweenkqubo zezityalo ingcambu.

Kukho iikhompawundi eziliqela ezisisiseko, ifom leyo ikho nitrogen indalo. Ifomula kwezi zilandelayo:

• oxides - NO _2, N ₂ Owu, N _{2 O-5;}
• asidi - oxide kunye ne-nitric HNO ₂ HNO ₃ (eziveliswa yamanzi njengombane oxides umoya);
• nitrate - kno _3, nano _3, njalo-njalo.

Man nitrogen isetyenziswa kuphela nje igesi, kodwa urhulumente engamanzi. Oku uyakwazi, ukuba abe lulwelo kwiqondo lobushushu ngezantsi -170 ⁰ C, nto leyo eyenza kube efanelekileyo qhwa imifuno kunye nezilwanyana zomzimba, izinto ezininzi. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukusetyenziswa kwezi-nitrogen engamanzi na amayeza.

Kwakhona nitrogen isiseko ukufumana enye kokufakelwa yayo engundoqo - ammonia. Imveliso yeetoni osisiqu, njengoko lisetyenziswa ekhaya kunye noshishino (rubbers yokulungiselela, idayi, iiplastiki, imicu zokwenziwa, acids eziphilayo, imveliso ipeyinti, neziqhushumbisi kunye njalo njalo).

carbon dioxide

Yintoni na indlela kwezi zinto? Icarbon dioxide ibhalwe njengoko CO _2. Covalent bond kwi molecule okwanamhlanje polar, mbini imikhosi yemichiza eqinileyo phakathi carbon neoksijini. Oku kubonisa uzinzo kunye inertness kwemolekyuli phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Le nyaniso ingqinwa ubukho ezamahala carbon dioxide emoyeni.

Le nto isisahlulo igesi yendalo kunye neoli, kwaye kananjalo oluhlala emoyeni ophezulu emhlabeni, ebangela yi greenhouse effect ekuthiwa njalo-.

Imali kakhulu carbon dioxide lasekwa ngo ukutshiswa naluphi na uhlobo amafutha organic. Nokuba amalahle, iinkuni, igesi okanye enye amafutha, ukutshiswa epheleleyo ebangela emanzini ukusekwa kunye nempahla.

Ngoko, kwenzeka ukuba sokuzuza yalo emoyeni yonke into. Ngoko ke, umsebenzi ebalulekileyo uluntu mihla le khangela enye indlela, nto leyo enciphisa isiphumo amafutha greenhouse effect.

hydrogen

Enye caca compound esivulekayo ekwakhiweni kwezimbiwa yendalo - i hydrogen. Gas kabani ifomula - H _2. I elula zonke izinto ezaziwayo namhlanje.

Ngenxa yayo ekhethekileyo kwinkqubo ngamaxesha ohlala izikhundla ezibini - phakathi zesinyithi kwealkali halogens. Ukuba electron enye iyakwazi ngokunika njengendlela (iipropati ebuntsimbi, ukubuyiselwa) kwaye wamkele (iipropati non-sisinyithi, igcwala).

Eyona ndawo iphambili lokusetyenziswa - yinto kwamafutha imvelo, apho abaphandi abone elizayo. izizathu:

• inani unlimited esitokisini le gas;
• ukubunjwa ngenxa ukutsha ngamanzi kuphela.

Nangona kunjalo, uphuhliso iteknoloji ngokupheleleyo hydrogen njengomthombo wamandla kufuneka iphuculwe kusekho bokuqonda ezininzi.

Iifomula ukubala ubunzima, ukuxinana, kwaye umthamo neegesi

Physics kanye chemistry nokusebenzisa iindlela ezimbalwa ezisisiseko ukuze kulungiswe irhasi. Umzekelo, ukuba oko sesinye parameters ezibalulekileyo ezifana ubunzima negesi, ukubala ifomula:

m = V * th, apho th - kokona kuxinana kwento kunye V - umthamo wayo.

Umzekelo, ukuba kufuneka ukuba ukubala ubunzima kwegesi umthamo yendalo 1 cubic meter phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, ngoko sithatha ixabiso kwe umgangatho lexinene yayo imathiriyeli yesalathiso. Kuya kuba kulingana 0.68 kg / m ^3. Ngoku siyazi umthamo kwanokuxinana gesi, kuba ukubala kwifomula kakhulu luvumelana neemfuneko. ke:

m (CH ₄₎ = 0.68 kg / m ³ * 1 ^m3 = 0,68 kg, njengoko lancitshiswa cubic metres.

volume igesi Formula, ngokuchaseneyo, iqulathe ubunzima kunye mninzi indicators. Oko kukuthi, sinako ukubonisa ixabiso loqwalaselo ngasentla:

V = m / we, ngoko nemiqathango yomgangatho we-2 kg mali methane ilingana no-2 / 0,68 = 2,914 m ^3.

Kwakhona, kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu (xa iimeko non-standard) ukubala ubunzima kunye nomthamo neegesi wasebenzisa Mendeleyev-Clapeyron lenxaki, leyo ifomu:

p * V = m / M * R * T, apho p - uxinzelelo negesi, V - umthamo wayo, m and M - ubunzima kunye nobunzima izinyo, ngokulandelelana, R - igesi jikelele rhoqo ilingana 8,314, T - amaqondo obushushu in Kelvin.

Le ifomula volume igesi ivelisa uqikelelo kufutshane kakhulu ixabiso igesi efanelekileyo, ekho nje yezinto yaye isetyenziselwa izinto ezithile ekucombululeni iingxaki physics kanye chemistry. Kwakhona kuyenzeka ukuba ukubala umthamo lenxaki Boyle, leyo ifomu:

V = p _n * V _n * T / p * T _n, apho isalathisi ixabiso n - amaxabiso phantsi kweemeko olusezantsi oluqhelekileyo lilonke.

Nendlela ekubalwa yaba ichanekile kakhulu kwaye engqinelana eneneni, ukhetho loo ukuqwalaselwa, njengoko lexinene igesi. Ifomula yokubala le parameter nangoku ingongoma moot. Wagqiba ukusebenzisa elula kakhulu eqhelekileyo, oko kukuthi:

Th = m ₀ * n, apho m ₀ - unit yoxinaniso - - isiphumlisi (kg) n 1 / m ^3.

Noko ke, kwezinye iimeko kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa ezinye izibalo, ezinokuntsonkotha epheleleyo kunye variables eminzinzi ukuvelisa echanileyo kufutshane isiphumo efanelekileyo.