Amanzi angaphakathi ase-Australia: iimpawu kunye nenkcazo

Ngaphandle kwamanzi aphakathi kwamanzi, i-Australia inikwe isimo selizwekazi elinomileyo emhlabeni wonke. Imozulu kunye nomhlaba weli zwekazi zikhona zodwa, ezingenakutsholwa ngezilwanyana kunye nehlabathi lemifuno. Inxalenye ephambili yase-Australia ifumana inxalenye encinci yemvula, kwaye isiseko esikhulu samanzi sisempuma yeli zwekazi. Oku kuchaza isimo esingaqhelekanga seenkqubo zokubambisa.

Imozulu yase-Australia

Inxalenye ephambili yelizwekazi kwi-platform yase-Australia. Ukukhululeka kwakhiwa ngexesha lokunyathela kwe-Archean. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, akukho phantse yeentaba. Izimo zemozulu zifana nezokazikazi zaseAfrika. Ngexesha apho iqhwa lihlala kwintsimi yase-Eurasia, iAustralia ibambelele kwihlobo lasehlobo. Iqondo lokushisa eliphakathi kweli zwekazi li malunga ne-35 ºC. Ixesha lebusika liqala ngoJuni kwaye lide de kube nguSeptemba. Iqondo lokushisa lomoya lilinganiselwa kwi-10 ºC. Ebumnyameni, amaqabunga anokwenzeka. Ininzi kwintsimi, kungakapheli unyaka, akukho ngaphezu kwama-250 mm emvula.

Izwekazi lase-Australia lifumaneka kwimimandla emithathu yemvelo: iindawo ezitshatyalaliswayo ezitshatyalaliswayo, ezantsi komhlaba kunye ne-subequatorial. Phantse i-44% yaloo ndawo ihlala kwiindawo zokudaka, apho zikhona 8. Inxalenye esezantsi yelizwekazi ibonakaliswe ngethuba elitshisayo nelomileyo, kunye nobusika, ngokuchaseneyo, liza. I-Northern Australia iphantsi kweempembelelo zoTshintsho lwezoMzantsi Afrika. Ehlotyeni kuninzi imvula, kwaye ebusika kuyacaca kwaye kuyomile.

Tectonics

Ininzi yeenkqubo zeentaba zelizwekazi zinyamalale ngenxa yeenkqubo zemozulu ngaphezu kweebhiliyoni eziliqela leminyaka. Intaba ephezulu e-Australia yiNtaba iKosciusko. Inxalenye ephakamileyo yeenduli inebude obungaphantsi kwe-200 m. Kwiminyaka engama-40 yezigidi edlulileyo i-Great Dividing Range yaqulunqwa. Le yindlela ephihlileyo yeentaba, ngaphandle kweyodwa kuphela apha.

Ilizwekazi likude neendawo zokudibanisa kwiiplate ze-tectonic. Le meko ichaza ukuba akukho ziqhumane e-Australia. Idibeneyo yamacwecwe e- tectonic e-Oceania. Kule ndawo indawo enkulu yokuqhuma kwentaba.

Amanzi angaphakathi ase-Australia: ngokufutshane

Kwilizwekazi, isalathisi esincinci somlambo. Inombolo ephezulu yamatriyiti yamanzi ayomile. Imifula, eqala kwimimandla esempuma yoMlambo oManzi kunye ne-Tasmania, iphela ngonyaka. Amanzi angaphakathi ase-Australia, aseNtshona-ntshona, asomile ngexesha lokushisa kwehlobo. Uninzi lwensimi inemifudlana nemifula egeleza phakathi kweli zwekazi. Imida yamachibi aqokelela amanzi athathaka.

Imilambo

Amanzi angaphakathi ase-Australia, iifoto zazo ezikulo nqaku, zimelelwa ngumlambo oyintloko - uMurray. Inamathathu amakhulu amakhulu aqokelela umswakama kwimimandla engaphezu kwe-1 000 km ² . Imithombo yamagqabi aphezulu aqheleke kwiikhilomitha ezingama-200 ukusuka kolwandle olumpuma kwelizwekazi. Kwixesha langoku, badibanisa emigodini emikhulu yamanzi ejikeleza ngeendlela ezihambayo ezinqumla ulwandle. Ubude bukaMurray buyi-2,575 km. Ikhosi ephantsi i-970 km ukusuka emlonyeni womlambo.

Isithintelo ekuthuthweni kwamanzi amaninzi ngama-sandbanks. Ngenxa yokuba indawo yabo kufuphi nemilenze yolwandle ayinakuhamba no-Murray. I-Marrambiji yiyona inkunzi yomlambo omkhulu kwilizwekazikazi. Ubude balo malunga ne-1690 km, umlambo uvela kwingingqi yaseKuma. "Iimvula ze-Snowy" yesikhululo samandla esila mafutha esilawula ukuhamba okuhlangeneyo kwezi milambo emibini.

I-Darling yinto yesibini eyinhloko ye-Murray, ukuqokelela amanzi ukusuka kumathafa angasentshona yoLwandle oluManzi. Ubude balo mlambo ngu-2740 km. Kwisiteshini sazo kunye nakwezinye iindawo zokuhlaziya kukho amabhasi alawula ukuhamba kwexesha lonke, ngaphandle kwelamandla enkulu.

Lawulo lwamanzi

Ezi mpawu zase-Australia zasemanzini angaphakathi azikhawulelwanga. Inxalenye ephambili yelizwekazi linomsele oqhaqhaqhayo okanye ungowesitya esingaphakathi. Umzekelo wendawo enjalo yiNtshona Plateau. Kwimizila emininzi, amanzi ayabonakala kaqabile kwaye ixesha elifutshane. Iibhobho zikhokelela ekomiseni amachibi okanye amanxweme.

Intsimi enkulu, indawo engama-1143,7 wamakhilomitha angama- ² , ingowomhlaba wesitya. Eyre, enye yezona zilishumi ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Idama liquka amanzi ase Cooper Cooper, i-Dayamantina neGeorgina. I-angle yokuwa kwabo incinci kakhulu, iziteshi ziyaxhamaza, ngamanye amaxesha zidibanisa.

Ukufunda amanzi angaphakathi ase-Australia kwiBakala lesi-7 yesikolo jikelele. Ukususela kwikharityhulam kuyaziwa ukuba imilambo yomlambo ye- Eyre Basin ihlala isomile, kwaye ukuhamba kwamanzi kubonakala kuphela emva kwemvula enkulu. Ngeli xesha, ububanzi beemifudlana yamanzi bufikelela kwiikhilomitha ezimbalwa. Nangona kunjalo, phantse zihlala zinyamalale ngaphambi kokufikelela kwisibini se-echibi. Amanzi abonakala kuyo okokuqala ngqa kuphela ngo-1950 ngexesha elipheleleyo lokuqwalaselwa ngabantu baseYurophu abafika kwilizwe.

Imozulu yase-Australia kunye namanzi angaphakathi ahambelana. Isiphumo semvula encinci yemvula yayinokungazinzi kwelikhulu lemilambo yelizwekazi. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, asinakusetyenziswa ukuze inzuzo yomntu. Zimbalwa izakhiwo ezifanelekileyo ukwakhiwa kwamadamesi, ngokukodwa kwinqanaba eliyinxalenye yelizwekazi, apho ingxaki yokubonelela kwamanzi ibonakala kakhulu. Ukuyicombulula, amaninzi amaninzi okugcina amanzi afunekayo.

Kwiindawo ezinomileyo kuninzi, amanzi amaninzi aphuphuma. Kuphela e-Tasmania, amanzi ase-Australia angaphakathi ase-Australia anesigxina esiphezulu sonyaka.

MaLwandle

Ukukhululeka, isimo sezulu sase-Australia kunye namanzi angaphakathi kubangele inani elikhulu lamachibi adibeneyo. Umzantsi wale mabhasi uhlanganiswe ngodongwe, ucebile kwietyu. Kwezinye iimeko, kukho amachibi azaliswe ngamanzi. Nangona kunjalo, zizaliswe ngetyuwa kunye ne-silt kwizinga elincinci. Uninzi lwawo kwicandelo lasentshona yelizwekazi, kwaye inkulu kunxalenye yezantsi (Eyre, Frome, Torrens, njl.).

Ngasempuma-mpuma yelizwe liqela lamanzi amaninzi aneetyuwa anamanzi atyebileyo, ahlukaniswe nolwandle ngentsingiselo yesihlabathi. I-Tasmania yindawo apho unokufumana khona amachibi amakhulu kwilizwekazikazi ngamanzi amnandi, abanye baye bakhe izitishi zamandla kagesi.

Amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba

Amanzi angaphakathi komhlaba aseAustralia ayimithombo ebalulekileyo. Uninzi lweendawo ezisemaphandleni zinikezelwa kulo mthombo. Iindawo ezihlala kwiindawo zokuhlambela ngaphantsi komhlaba zinkulu (ngaphaya kwe-3240 iwaka sq. Km). Uninzi lwazo luqukethe iziqulatho eziqhekezayo, ezingafanelekanga zokunkcenkceshela. Nangona kunjalo, la manzi angasetyenziswa kwimfuyo yeefama.

Ngaphantsi kwelizwe lomhlaba likhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni jikelele kwi-Basin Artesian. Indawo yalo i-1751.5 lamawaka km ² . Amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba anokuqulethe inani elikhulu leetyu. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwalo mthombo wobumanzi , ukuzaliswa kwezimvu kwilizwe liza kusongelwa. Iibhasi ze-Artesian zeenkalo ezincinci zikhoyo kwezinye iindawo zelizwekazi.