Icawa yamandulo of Russia - photo kunye nenkcazo

Stone iicawa bamandulo baqalisa ukwakha emva ukwamkelwa ubuKristu unqulo karhulumente ka-Russia. zaye kuqala Zakhiwa kwizixeko ezinkulu - Kiev, uVladimir kunye Novgorod. Inkoliso icawa ziye wasinda kwaye ezikhumbuzo zibalulekileyo bokwakha.

ulwazi zembali

karhulumente Old Russian ifikelele incopho yayo ebudeni bolawulo Vladimira Velikogo kunye nonyana wakhe Yaroslava Mudrogo. Kulo nyaka 988 lwabhengezwa unqulo karhulumente ubuKristu. Oku kwakubaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso olungaphezulu kobudlelwane bondage, ekomelezeni umanyano lizwe, liyachuma ubomi yenkcubeko, ukwandiswa amatyathanga baseByzantium uBukhosi kunye namanye amazwe aseYurophu. Emva kokuphunyezwa of Christianity eRashiya waqala ukuyakha iicawa amatye yamandulo. Emsebenzini wamema artists kakuhle njani ixesha lakhe, wasebenzisa impumelelo yobugcisa kunye nobugcisa kwexesha.

Icawa ilitye lokuqala - Izishumi - elimiswe kumbindi Kiev phantsi Vladimir Enkulu. Ngexesha ekwakhiweni kwayo umthetheli unako ukuqinisa kakhulu umzi nokwandisa nommandla wayo.

uhlobo Byzantine bokwakha

icawa yaMandulo of Russia kuvamile kuyilo yayo embhoxo amabandla baseByzantium. Kodwa kungekudala lomfuziselo art baqala ukuthatha awohluke yesizwe.

Church of the Izishumi yaba ibandla cross-angqukuva. Imilo efanayo yaye Chernigov Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral, Sofia eKiev kunye nabanye.

Cinga iimpawu uphawu iicawa Byzantine:

• iicawa Cross-angqukuva baba ukwakha songeza amajukujuku, nto leyo luyomelezwa yi emine. ngamanye amaxesha banamathele yi ezimbini (ngokuba ngobukhulu ezinkulu).
• icawa Ancient kufana iphiramidi.
• Kuba ukwakhiwa iitempile basebenzisa izitena ezizodwa oluthile - plinfy eyayidibanisa nge tsemyanki.
• Windows, njengokuba umthetho, abe isibini iingcango Arch.
• Ingqalelo ephambili swi embindini ibandla. kuqamba Rich ngaphandle ndingekho.

iimpawu uphawu izakhiwo yamandulo

Russia icawa yamandulo zakhiwa imodeli lamaByzantine. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, nakubugcisa iye yafumana iimpawu zayo wesizwe.

• Byzantine kakhulu ngakumbi iitempile baba. Ukuze wenze oku, sakha neegalari ezo ezongezelelweyo malunga kwisakhiwo esikhulu.
• Endaweni yoko, umhlathi esembindini ukusebenzisa iintsika krestopodobnye ngakumbi.
• maxa wambi Plinfa indawo ngamatye.
• style Ehle uyilo wanika indlela eya igrafiki kunye nexesha.
• C XII. ayisetyenziswa ezinde neegalari kwaye hayi ukuba non nesigqubuthelo icala.

Sophia Cathedral

Cathedral yaMandulo yakhiwa kwisithuba ndawo zebhola ye Kievan Rus. Encwadini yeembali kwesiseko St. Sophia busuka emva kwiminyaka 1017 okanye 1037.

Le ndlu yecawa kwanikezelwa ubulumko imfundiso yaye yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ubukhulu le nkolo entsha. Ngemihla Russia bahlala apha kwiziko yenkcubeko neyentlalo ingqukuva. Le ndlu yecawa singqongwe abanye iitempile amatye, amabhotwe kunye nezakhiwo eziqhelekileyo nasezidolophini.

Ekuqaleni ukuba isakhiwo-aselwandle ezintlanu cross-angqukuva. Zibekwe ngaphandle igalari. ukwakhiwa udonga zazakhiwe lwezitena ezibomvu kunye plinths. Nozipho Cathedral, kwakunye nezinye iicawa zamandulo Russian, ihonjiswe ngezipani ezahlukeneyo neengqameko. Le izele ngaphakathi kunye esekelwe ezintle ebhanyabhanya ihonjiswe. Yonke le nto anika imbonakalo elihle kakhulu ke nobungangamela. Cathedral apeyintwe ezinye iinkosi abaziwayo baseByzantium.

Nozipho Cathedral - ilitye lesikhumbuzo eyodwa izakhiwo Ukraine walondoloza emva Mongol sokuhlasela 1240.

Church of kuMoses, lo Virgin

Ibandla, ibekwe ngasechwebeni i Nerl River ngomnye zodumo elizweni Suzdal. Le tempile yakhiwa Andreem Bogolyubskim ngenkulungwane XII. imbeko yale holide entsha Russia - Ukukhuselwa Virgin. Njengabanye iicawa ezininzi zamandulo Russian, eli bandla na isakhiwo cross-angqukuva kwiintsika ezine. Isakhiwo ukhanya kakhulu kwaye kulula. Esekelwe ibandla akazange asinda ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, njengoko ezatshatyalaliswa ngexesha ngokutsha ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX.

Yesicelo eMoscow

Moscow yesicelo - eyaziwa kakhulu kwaye endala yamagugu yokwakha kwikomkhulu weRashiya. Ngokutsho legend, enqabeni yokuqala eyenziwe ngomthi yakhiwa naxa uYuri Dolgoruky ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XII. icawa yamandulo yesicelo zezona idumileyo eRashiya yaye utsala abakhenkethi kunye ubuhle bayo.

Inkolelo Cathedral

Le ndlu yecawa lokuqala ilitye eMoscow - vekeleke xona. Ku yakhiwa womzobi Italian ebudeni bolawulo Ivan III kwindawo eliphezulu incwadi yesicelo yenduli. Ngokubanzi, isakhiwo ifana ngayo kwamanye amabandla kaThixo yamandulo Russian: imodeli cross-amajukujuku, iintsika ezintandathu kunye izahluko ezintlanu. Isiseko ukwakhiwa kunye noyilo sathathwa kwingcinga Church in Vladimir. Iindonga zazakhiwe amaqhina kaloliwe (endaweni komterebhinti emveli), nto leyo ezintsha iRashiya.

Ingqikelelo Cathedral kwakujongwe ukugxininisa ubukhulu impangele kwaye ukubonisa amandla ayo. zaye zabanjwa Kukho amabhunga ibandla, onyulwe Metropolitan, watshata ebukumkanini abalawuli Russian.

Cathedral of the Annunciation

Ngelo xesha xa eMoscow engekazani ubulawuli encinane indawo etempileni yamandulo Annunciation Cathedral. kwakhiwa isakhiwo esitsha kwaqala ngo-1484. Kuba ekwakhiweni kwayo nabayili Russian ukusuka Pskov bamenyelwa. Ngo-Agasti 1489 rose mhlophe qhwa etempileni trehkupolny, engqongwe gallery enkulu macala omathathu.
Ukuba Ingqikelelo Cathedral yaba liziko zeenkolo seLizwe, apho imisitho ebalulekileyo zezenkolo nezopolitiko, i Annunciation ebengowendlu ibandla yasebukhosini. Ukongeza, ukuba igcinwe kwindawo yokugcina ubuncwane imo abalawuli ezinkulu.

Cathedral of Enkulu

Le lesikhumbuzo wamandulo itempile-ingcwaba apho uthuli igcinwe abadumileyo Russian. Apha kungcwatywa Ivan Kalita, nguDmitry Donskoy, Ivan Grozny, Vasiliy Temny, Vasiliy Shuysky kunye nabanye.

Enkulu Cathedral yakhiwa ngo-1508 ngumzobi Italian Aleviz. iNkosi ifika eMoscow kwi uphakamiso- Ivan III.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ibandla iNgelosi ayinjalo kwezinye iicawa yamandulo ibekwe kwi-Red Square. Ukhumbuza isakhiwo wempangelo, uyilo apho kukho mibala yamandulo. Enkulu Cathedral isakhiwo cross-angqukuva-angqukuva ezintlanu enezintlu ezintandathu. Ngexesha ukwakha wasebenzisa ixesha okokuqala kwimbali izakhiwo Russian yemvume yomtshato ezimbini kuyilo kobuhle.

Church of ukwenyuka in Kolomenskoye

Icawa elimiswe 1532 imbeko ngokuzalwa Ivana Groznogo. Beka sakhiwo sihle ngasechwebeni loMlambo eMoscow. Ascension Church wahlukile ngokwesiseko kwezinye icawa Russian. Xa uhlobo ngayo uyalingana-umnqamlezo kwaye ke imodeli yokuqala womlenze lwezakhiwo eRashiya.