Hydrogen - yintoni loo nto? Chemical neempawu zomzimba hydrogen

Nganye element chemical sinendawo yaso indawo yayo kwinkqubo ngamaxesha athile, nto leyo ebonakalisa iimpawu oluboniswe kwaye uthetha malunga nesakhiwo sayo elektroniki. Noko ke, kukho enye ethile zonke athom, nto leyo ethatha iiseli nje emibini. Le ibekwe ezimbini malunga ngokupheleleyo iipropati oluboniswe ngamaqela lweziqalelo. Ngaba hydrogen. Ezi mpawu zenza kube ezizodwa.

Hydrogen - kuba ibingelilo ilungu nje, kodwa into elula, kwakunye kuyinxalenye yentlanganisela iikhompawundi ezinzima ezininzi, biogenic elementi organogenic. Ngoko ke, siqwalasela iimpawu zayo kunye neempawu zolwimi ngokunabileyo.

Hydrogen element khemikhali

Hydrogen - an element of iqela lokuqala kwiqela ephambili, ngokunjalo iqela yesixhenxe iqela iphambili kwixesha lokuqala amancinci. Eli thuba iqulathe athom ezimbini kuphela: Helium kunye element contact. Thina ukuchaza iimpawu eziphambili isikhundla hydrogen kule nkqubo ngamaxesha athile.

1. inani ngokokuma kwento hydrogen - 1, inani elektroni iyafana, ngokulandelelana, protons kangangoko. mass Atomic - 1,00795. Kukho ezintathu Isotope le element ngamanani mass 1, 2, 3. Nakuba kunjalo, iimpawu nganye zahluke kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba ukunyuka kobunzima ngeyunithi nganye nje kanye hydrogen kabini.
2. Isibakala sokuba engaphandle inqanaba lamandla iqulethe electron omnye kuphela, kunokuba zombini oxidizing kunye nokwehlisa iipropati ngempumelelo. Ukongeza, emva kokuba electron bahlehla uhlala ezamahala Orbital, leyo babandakanyeke ekubunjweni iibhondi lwemichiza mechanism donor-acceptor.
3. Hydrogen - yinto arhente kakhulu ekunciphiseni. Ngoko ke, loo nto ithathwa kuba yindawo engundoqo iqela lokuqala kwiqela engundoqo, apho wayiqhubela iintsimbi kakhulu esebenzayo - obrak.
4. Noko ke, ukusabela kunye arhente ngamandla ukunciphisa ezifana, ngokomzekelo, izinyithi, yaye kubekho oxidant, ukwamkela electron. Ezi zinto ke kuthiwa hydrides. Ngenxa yesi sizathu ke ikhokela iqelana of halogens, into efanayo.
5. Ngenxa ubunzima encinane kakhulu atomic hydrogen ithathwa ukuba element elula. Ukongeza, i-konga kwakhona ezincinane kakhulu, ngoko kwakhona benchmark for lula.

Ngoko ke, kuyabonakala ukuba atom hydrogen - ekhethekileyo ngokupheleleyo into, ngokungafaniyo onke amanye element. Ngenxa yoko, le mihlaba ukuba ngokhethekileyo, uMbumbi izinto ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo zibaluleke kakhulu. Makhe sihlolisise izinto ezingakumbi.

into elula

Ukuba sithethe lwesi sakhi njengoko zinemoletyhule, kufuneka kuthiwe ukuba diatomic. Oko kukuthi, hydrogen (into elula), - yigesi. ifomula yayo olwenziwe ebhaliweyo njengoko H _2, kunye nemizobo - ngokusebenzisa enye sigma-bond H-H. Indlela wokusungula iqhina phakathi athom - a covalent non-ezibandayo.

Nkqu Henry Cavendish ngo-1766 unako ukuyivula iziyobisi. Ukuthi wazibonakalisa ukuba hydrogen - igesi, lubeuluchazo elikwindawo apho unako usiya emoyeni. Kamva, iipropati ziye zahlolwa kakuhle, kwaye kwacaca ukuba ubuncwane - elula kunenye phakathi odumileyo.

Kamva Lavoisier wamnika igama (njengento, yaye into esekelwe kuyo) e Latin - ". Wazala ngamanzi" hydrogenium, nto leyo ithetha Le discoverer 1781 godu lwesi sakhi uHenry Cavendish wabonisa ukuba amanzi - indibaniselwano yeehidrojeni ioksijini, ngamanye amazwi oko yimveliso reaction yayo. Nokuba igesi ukukhanya olunokutsha kakhulu, wayesele esaziwa kwinkulungwane XVI, oku kubonakala yeembali Paracelsus.

Ngenxa yoko, hydrogen molekyuli - kuyinto eqhelekileyo kakhulu indalo kwaye ziyenzeka ngokwendalo ambaxa sukube ezibandakanya athom ezimbini onako usiya emoyeni. Ngaphezu koko, lo molecule ukuba ibolile zibe athom, leyo inxaxheba reactions zenyukliya, ajike abe nucleus helium. Ezi nkqubo ngokuqhubekayo kwenzeka iLanga space, ezo ke zabathengisi eziyintloko ezimbaxa.

Hydrogen - into leyo nako ukuthetha, kwaye njenge-arhente oxidizing, kwaye arhente yokunciphisa. Kwakhona, yinto enye yezibninzi ezisetyenziswayo kakhulu kwimisebenzi yabantu.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Physical iparameters hydrogen unalo kulandelayo:

1. Ukwandiswa kwendawo yokuhlala - (-252.76 ⁰ C).
2. Lokunyibilika - (-259.2 ⁰ C).
3. Xa uluhlu lobushushu yabonisa ukuba ulwelo enemibala emihle, ukuba akukho ivumba.
4. Xa iingcinezelo eliphezulu kakhulu khona snowlike ziikristale hydrogen eqinileyo.
5. Phantsi kweemeko ezithile (koxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye kubushushu obuphantsi) yi zijikwe zibe kwimo sisinyithi.
6. Ngokoqobo ezingenakunyibilika ngamanzi, ngoko yoyalo kwenzeka ukufuduka yamanzi kumalungiselelo elabhoratri.
7. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo hydrogen - igesi, i-esha ezingenambala nasongo.
8. ezinokutsha kunye Uyadubula.
9. It iyachithakala kakuhle zesinyithi, njengoko unako kuyenye ngenxa balo babulingana nesandla.
10. Malunga amaxesha 14.5 irhasi Ikhaphukhaphu komoya.

Lokusebenzisa emkhusaneni kukho izinto ezilula eziphilayo, unxibelelwano buthathaka, ngokulula ukuze batshabalale.

iipropati chemical

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, hydrogen unako ukubonisa zombini unciphiso kunye neepropati oxidising. Kunokwenzeka amandla oxidizing le element 1; -1. Ngoko ke, ukuba isoloko isetyenziswa kushishino ngenxa syntheses ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo.

Iipropati igcwala hydrogen

1. Intsebenziswano kunye esebenzayo isinyithi (ialakalin nomhlaba obrak) phantsi kweemeko eqhelekileyo ekhokelela kuseko yetyuwa-ezifana iikhompawundi ebizwa hydrides. Umzekelo: LiH, uninakhulu _2, KH, MgH _2, kunye nabanye.
2. Zithako kunye nesinyithi ngaphantsi esebenzayo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu okanye ukhanyiso eyomeleleyo (yokuqalisa indlela nomsi) lwakha hydrides.

Hydrogen nokunciphisa izakhiwo

1. Intsebenziswano phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo kuphela fluorine (njenge arhente eyomeleleyo oxidizing). Ngenxa yoko, i-fluoride hydrogen okanye മണ്ഡലം ifildi HF.
2. Ukudibana ne phantse zonke non-isinyithi, kodwa phantsi kweemeko ezithile kunokuba zingqongqo. Imizekelo iikhompawundi: H ₂ S, H. _3, H ₂ Owu, PH _3, SiH ₄ kunye nabanye.
3. Kwakhona isinyithi ukusuka oxides zabo izinto ezilula. Le yenye mveliso iindlela ku tswala metal vodorodotermiey -called.

Kufuneka kwakhona bonisa esisabela ezisetyenziswa organic syntheses. Zibizwa hydrogenation - dehydrogenation yehayidrojini Ukwanda, oko kukuthi, cleavage yalo molecule. Ngokusekelwe kwezi ndlela, kukho ezininzi nenguqulelo yezinto hydrocarbon kunye nezinye organic.

Ukuba indalo

Hydrogen - akuphela kwento iqhelekileyo kwiplanethi yethu nangaphaya. Ngapha koko, phantse zonke indawo oluphakathi kunye neenkwenkwezi zenziwe kule compound ethile. Xa isithuba, oko mbi ngohlobo:

• plasma;
• gas;
• ion;
• atom;
• iimolekyuli.

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi amafu ezahlukeneyo uxinano, eliquka kanye le nto.

Ukuthetha eziphathekayo of zityalwe kwi kuqweqwe lomhlaba, i-hydrogen kwindawo yesibini kwinani athom ioksijini emva nama-17% yayo. Le fom free kunqabile, kuphela izixa ezincinane njengenxalenye zezulu owomileyo. Umchiza uqhelekileyo lwesi sakhi - manzi. Kungenxa kubume bayo kwaye ifumaneka kwi-langa.

Kwakhona, hydrogen yinxalenye yazo naziphi esiphilayo. Ngaphezu koko, 63% komzimba womntu kwi iqhezu le atom. Hydrogen - i element organogenic ngoko yenza molecule iiprotheni, amafutha, carbohydrate nangenucleic acids, kwakunye neminye iikhompawundi ezininzi ebalulekileyo.

indawo yolwamkelo

Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo yokubangela irhasi phantsi kwethu. Ezi ziquka ezwi Ukrainian lunee ntlobo mveliso kunye kwilebhu eziliqela.

iinkqubo Commercial ngokuba ukuvelisa hydrogen :

1. yokuguqula methane umphunga.
2. Gasification amalahle - kuquka ngokushushubeza le carbon ku-1000 ⁰ C, ngaloo ndlela yakheka yeehidrojeni nembumba yeekharbon-kakhulu.
3. Electrolysis. Le ndlela inokusetyenziswa kuphela izisombululo zolwelo of neetyuwa ezahlukeneyo njengoko zinyibilikile ingakhokeleli emanzini lingatshajiswanga kule cathode.

iindlela zeLebhu ngokwenza hydrogen:

1. Le haydrolisis of hydrides yesinyithi.
2. Isenzo asidi yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano kwi zesinyithi esebenzayo kunye nomsebenzi eziziisekondari.
3. Intsebenziswano zesinyithi zomhlaba kwealkali ialakalin ngamanzi.

Ukuqokelela hydrogen eveliswe, kuyimfuneko ukugcina ityhubhu uyijongise ezantsi. Ngapha koko, irhasi ayikwazi zaqokelela, umzekelo, icarbon dioxide. Ingaba hydrogen, kuya kuba lula ngakumbi umoya. Ngokukhawuleza shwaka, kwaye kukuninzi xa ixutywe edubulayo nomoya. Ngoko ke, ukuba ithumbu Tyhila. Emva kokugqitywa kwalo kufuneka ivalwe ngesiciko ngerabha.

Ukukhangela linyulu hydrogen eqokelelweyo ukuba kuziswe intamo umdlalo ovuthayo. Ukuba umqhaphu buthuntu nenzolo - ngoko ke igesi uhlambulukile, kunye ubumdaka nomoya encinci. Ukuba ikhwela elikhulu - ezimdaka, kunye nesabelo esikhulu amacandelo amazwe.

Iindawo zosetyenziso

Ngexesha ukutshiswa hydrogen sezikhutshiwe isixa esikhulu wamandla (ubushushu) ukuba amafutha igesi yeyona kuluncedo. Ukongeza, non-zokungcolisa indalo. Namhlanje, kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuphela kule ndawo. Oku ngenxa yokugula-bacetyiswa ngokupheleleyo kusonjululwe iingxaki kudibaniso hydrogen ecocekileyo, eza ziyibonile enokusetyenziswa njengendawo amafutha kwinjini zamandla kwaye namacebo aphathekayo, kwakunye ukufudumeza boilers izindlu.

Enyanisweni, indlela yokulungisa egesi kunokuba eninzi, ngoko phambi kokuba kuyimfuneko ukuphuhlisa indlela ekhethekileyo ehlaziya. Enye into eza kuvumela ukuba afumane imveliso ngomlinganiselo omkhulu kunye ukhe.

Kukho iindawo ezininzi ezingundoqo apho igesi isetyenziswa phantsi ingqalelo ngathi.

1. yokuqaphela Chemical. Ngokusekelwe kwi ifunyenwe hydrogenation isepha, imajarini, iplastiki. Xa inxaxheba hydrogen kuhlanganiswa methanol kunye ammonia, kunye nezinye kusitsha.
2. Kushishino yokutya - njengoko additive E949.
3. Le kushishino lweenqwelo (rocket, moya).
4. amandla ombane.
5. Meteorology.
6. Ibangele imbonakalo cleaner.

Ngokucacileyo, le hydrogen kubaluleke asasazwa kwindalo. Ungadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu zenza iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo.

zithako hydrogen

Le into enzima equlathe atom hydrogen. bungabonakala iintlobo ezisisiseko izinto ezinjalo.

1. Halides. Le ndlela yokubala jikelele - HHal. Okubaluleke ngakumbi phakathi kwawo hydrogen chloride. Le igesi, ehamba emanzini ukwenza isisombululo acid zehydrochloric. Le asidi lisetyenziswa phantse zonke syntheses imichiza. Ngaphezu koko, zombini organic kunye nezingaphiliyo. Hydrogen chloride - umchiza ukuba ifomula HCL ngokwamava yenye inkulu ngokubhekiselele kwimveliso nyaka ngamnye kweli lizwe. Kukho kwakhona halide hydrogen ziquka hydrogen iodide, hydrogen fluoride kunye hydrogen bromide. Bonke ukwenza asidi ehambelanayo.
2. hydrogen aziphethe iikhompawundi nonmetal. Phantse bonke iigesi kakhulu ayityhefu. Umzekelo, emanzini, methane, silane, phosphine, kunye nabanye. Kuyinto ezinokutsha kakhulu.
3. Hydrides - iikhompawundi kunye nesinyithi. Jonga iityuwa kwiklasi.
4. Hydroxides: zazibini iziseko, ii-asidi, kunye nemixube amphoteric. ukwakhiwa kwawo kufuneka ibandakanye ezi athom hydrogen, enye okanye ngaphezulu. Umzekelo: NaOH, K ₂ [AL (OH) _4], H ₂ SO ₄ kunye nabanye.
5. hydrogen hayidroksayidi. Le compound aziwa kakhulu namanzi. Elinye igama hydrogen oxide. ifomula wayo olwenziwe ngu - H ₂ O.
6. Hydrogen peroxide. Le oxidizer onamandla, apho indlela umntu ifomu H ₂ O _2.
7. Ezininzi organic: hydrocarbon, iiprotheni, amafutha, lipids, iivithamini, iihomoni kunye namanye amafutha abalulekile.

Kucacile ukuba ukwahlukana lonxibelelwano siya kuqwalaselwa element mkhulu kakhulu. kanye kwakhona Oku kuqinisekisa ixabiso eliphezulu endalo kunye womntu, ngokunjalo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo.

Oxide hydrogen - yeyona isinyibilikisi engcono

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, igama abangenakwazi ukwimo - amanzi. It iqulathe athom hydrogen ezimbini neoksijini amaqhina oqhagamshelwano iimbophelelo omnye covalent polar. Kwemolekyuli amanzi dipole, ezichaza ezininzi iipropati oluboniswe kuyo. Ingakumbi into yokuba oko kuphela iphela.

Kwaba kwindawo zasemanzini kwenzeka phantse kuzo zonke iinkqubo imichiza. reactions sangaphakathi seplastikhi namandla yokucolwa kwi eziphilayo Kwakhona kwenziwa hydrogen oxide.

Amanzi athatyathwa ukuba into ebaluleke kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ngaphandle singabinakho aphile enye into ephilayo. On Earth, oko mbi amazwe amathathu ukulinganiswa:

• wamanzi;
• NeGesi (umphunga);
• okuqinileyo (ice).

Kuxhomekeka hydrogen Isotope kwi molecule, kukho iintlobo ezintathu lamanzi.

1. Easy okanye protium. Isotope kunye nenombolo yobunzima 1. Ifomula - H ₂ O. Olu luhlobo eziqhelekileyo esebenzisa zonke izinto.
2. Deuterium okanye enzima, oko ifomula - D ₂ O. iqulethe Isotope ² H.
3. Superheavy okanye eziFihliweyo. Ifomula yile T ₃ O Isotope - ³ N.

oovimba kubaluleke kakhulu amanzi ngeyona protium emhlabeni. Sele, kumazwe amaninzi kukho ukungabi nayo. iindlela zenzelwe yonyango amanzi amtyuba ukuvelisa amanzi aselwayo.

Iperoksayidi yehidrojeni - liyindlela jikelele

Le ezimbaxa, njengoko kutshiwo apha ngasentla, i oxidant obalaseleyo. Nangona kunjalo, kunye nabameli strong Uyakwazi ukwenza kunye njenge arhente nokunciphisa kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, asinto ibe nafuthe olomeleleyo bactericidal.

Elinye igama le compound - peroxide. Kule fomu kusetyenziswa amayeza. 3% ngesisombululo iikhompawundi crystalline ethathelwa ingqalelo - eli chiza zonyango esetyenziswa ukunyanga amanxeba encinane ngenjongo yokubulala labo. Noko ke, kukho ubungqina ukuba ngexesha elifanayo ephilisa amanxeba ukunyuka.

Kwakhona hydrogen peroxide isetyenziswa amafutha irula kushishino ngenxa kweentsholongwane kwaye mhlophe, njenge-arhente amagwebu ukufumana izinto ezihambelanayo (amagwebu, umzekelo). Ukongeza, le peroxide inceda ukucoca akwariyam, discolor iinwele kunye namazinyo mhlophe. Noko ke, ancedisana yomonakalo, ngoko ke iingcali ukulungiselela le njongo hayi kuyacetyiswa.