Imbali yokufumanisa iivithamini kunye nokufunda kwabo

Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu edlulileyo ukususela kwithuba apho amavithamini angena ebomini phantse wonke umntu ohlala kwiplanethi. Nangona kunjalo, bambalwa abazi ukuba ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezi-13 kuphela. Bonke abanye babonwa nje kuphela. Yintoni eyingozi kumzimba wenziwe ngamavithamini? Iyintoni imbali yokufumanisa iivithamini kunye nokubaluleka kwayo?

Ziziphi iivithamini?

Ngoko, ziphi iivithamini? Iphi imbali yokufumanisa iivithamini? Kutheni kubalulekile ukuba ufumane inkxaso epheleleyo yobomi?

Ngokungafani ne-carbohydrate, i-amino acids kunye ne- polyunsaturated fatty acids, amavithamini awawuthwali amandla emzimbeni, kodwa anika isandla kwi-normalization ye-metabolism. Indlela yokuzifaka emzimbeni idla ukutya, izongezelelo kunye nokushisa ilanga. Zisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ukungalingani okanye ukungabikho kwezinto ezilandelelanayo. Imisebenzi yabo eyintloko kukuba: uncedo kunye ne-coliforms, ukuhambelana nokulawulwa kwe-metabolism, ukuthintela ukubunjwa kwama-radicals engaqinisekanga.

Imbali yokufumanisa iivithamini ibonise ukuba ezi zinto zihluke kwiimeko zendalo. Kodwa, ngelanga, abakwazi ukuveliswa ngumzimba ngokuzimeleyo kwixabiso elifanelekileyo.

Iyiphi indima yamavithamini?

Zonke iivithamini ziyingqayizivele ngendlela yazo, kwaye ayikwazi ukufumana enye indawo. Yonke into ichazwa ngetekethi ethile yemisebenzi ehambelana nento enye esithathiweyo. Ngoko ke, ukuba umzimba uvakalelwa kukunqongophala kwe-vitamin ethile, kukho imiphumo ecacileyo: ukungabikho kwe-vitamin, ukuphazamiseka kwemithi, izifo.

Ngako oko, kubalulekile ukutya ngokuchanekileyo, ngokwahlukileyo, kunye nobutyebi, kubandakanya okungenani ubuncinci bokutya okuphuculweyo kunye nezixhobo ezinokusetyenziswa ekudleni kwakho.

Ngokomzekelo, iivithamini zeqela le-B zichaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo ye-nervous, inkxaso ngenkqubela ukusebenza kwe- immune system, kunceda umzimba uphinde uphinde uvuselele amaseli ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Kodwa ungesabi xa uqaphela ukuba ukutya kwakho akugcini ngokwaneleyo ngamavithamini. Uninzi lwabantu banamhlanje lufumana ubunqongophala. Ukwenza ibhalansi elungileyo, umntu akafanelekanga kuphela ngokufanelekileyo, kodwa asebenzise nokulungelelanisa amavithamini amalungiselelo.

Indlela abantu beza ngayo kwiivithamini

Khawucinge, ngaphambi kokuphela kwekhulu le-19, abantu abaninzi babengayazi malunga nombono onjengevithamini. Abazange bahlupheke kuphela ngenxa yokungabikho kwezixhobo ezincedo, kodwa baphinde bagula, kwaye bahlala befa. Ukufunyanwa kwamavithamini? Zama ngokufutshane ukuthetha ngomsebenzi woogqirha, ukujonga kwabo kunye nokufumanisa kule ndawo.

Izifo eziqhelekileyo ze "pre-vitamin" epochs zi:

• "I-Beri Beri" - iimbandezelo ezibetha abemi baseMzantsi-mpuma, ase-Asiya yaseMzantsi, apho umthombo ophezulu wokutya waphuthunyiswa, wenziwa ilayisi.
• I-Scurvy isifo esiye sithatha ubomi bewaka lamawaka olwandle.
• Iirekethi, ezazisetyenziswe ngaphambili ngabantwana kuphela, kodwa nangabantu abadala.

Abantu babulala iintsapho, iinqanawa azizange zibuyele ekuhambeni ngenxa yokufa kwabo bonke abasebenzi.

Oku kwaqhubeka kwafika ngo-1880. Kuze kube mzuzwana xa i-NI iLunin ifikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ukutya okuninzi kuqulethe izinto ezibalulekileyo kumntu. Kwaye ezi zinto zingenakwenzeka.

I-Qing - isifo sabasemkhosini bamandulo

Imbali yokufumanisa iivithamini iqulethe iinyaniso ezininzi ezibhekiselele kwizigidi zelahleko. Isizathu sokufa sasiyi-scurvy. Ngaloo xesha, lesi sifo sasinye sesona esona sisona sinoyikekayo. Akukho mntu wacinga ukuba konke kungenxa yokutya okungalunganga kunye nokungabikho kwe vithamini C.

Ngokwezibalo ezimalunga neembali-zembali, i-scurvy, ngelixesha lokufumanisa iindawo zendawo, lathi bangaphezu kwesigidi see-oyili. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo uhambo lokuya eIndiya, phantsi kweliso lweVasco de Gama: kwabangama-160 amalungu eqela, abaninzi babo bagula baze bafa.

J. Cook wayengumhambi wokuqala owabuyela kwisakhiwo esisodwa somyalelo, wasuka e-pier. Kutheni amalungu akhe asebenzayo ahluphekanga ngenxa yabaninzi? J. Cook wazisa kwiklabishi yokutya yansuku zonke. Wa landela umzekelo kaYako Lind.

Ukususela ngo-1795, iimveliso zityalo, i-lemons, ii-oranges kunye nezinye izithelo ze-citrus (umthombo we-vitamin C), ziye zaba yinto ebalulekileyo kwi "basketball yokutya" yolwandle.

Inyaniso yeza ngamava

Bambalwa abantu bayazi ukuba imfihlelo iyigcina yodwa imbali yokufunyanwa kwamavithamini. Ngokufutshane singathi oku: ukuzama ukufumana indlela yokusindiswa, izazinzulu zenza uvavanyo kubantu. Enye into eyanelisayo: ayilungangalekanga, kodwa kude neentuntu ngokubhekiselele ekuziphatheni kwanamhlanje.

Amava ngaphezu kwabantu abadumileyo ngo-1747 udokotela waseScottish J. Lind.

Kodwa akazange eze kule nto ngentando yakhe. Wanyanzeliswa yiemeko: kwinqanawa apho wayekhonza khona, ukuqubuka kwesikratshi kwaqhekeka. Ukuzama ukufumana indlela yokuphuma kule meko, uLind wakhetha abahamba ngeenqanawa ababini abagulayo, bahlula ngamaqela amaninzi. Ngokusekelwe kwicandelo elenziwe, unyango lwenziwe. Iqela lokuqala kunye nokutya okuqhelekileyo okulungiselelwe ukutya, amanzi aselwandle olwesibini, i-viniga, yesine-citrus. Iqela lokugqibela - kuphela labo abasinda kubo bonke abantu abangama-20.

Nangona kunjalo, imihlatshelo yabantu yayingenanto. Siyabulela kwiziphumo ezipapashiweyo zolu vavanyo (ukunyanga "Ukwelashwa kwesigqabi"), ixabiso leelitrus liboniswe ukuba liphuculwe.

Ukuvela kwekota

Imbali yokufumanisa iivithamini ngokukhawuleza ilandelela ngemvelaphi yegama elithi "Vithamini" ngokwayo.

Kukholelwa ukuba umgcini-nzala nguK. Funk, oye wahlula i-vitamin B1 kwifom ye-crystalline. Emva koko, nguye owamnika iyeza lakhe igama levithamini.

Ukuqhubela phambili, i-baton yokubuyiswa kwenguqu ye "vithamini" ithathwe nguDkt. Drummond, owakusikisela ukuba akufanelekanga ukubiza yonke i-microelements igama eliqulethe "e". Ukucacisa oku ngokuthi zonke azikho i-amine acid.

Le yindlela amaVithamini afumana ngayo igama eliqhelekileyo elithi "iivithamini". Iqukethe amagama amabini esiLatin: "vita" kunye "nama-amine." Eyokuqala ithetha "ubomi," okwesibini kubandakanya igama leemveliso ze nitrogen zeqela le-amino.

Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwegama elithi "vithamini" langena kuphela ngo-1912. Ngokwenene lithetha "into efunekayo ebomini".

Imbali yokufunyanwa kwamavithamini: imvelaphi

U-Nikolai Lunin wayengowokuqala ukucinga ngendima yezinto ezifumaneka ekudleni. Uluntu lwenzululwazi yeli xesha lwakwamkela ingcamango yodokotela waseRussia kwiintshaba, akuzange kuthathwe ngokungathí sina.

Nangona kunjalo, inyaniso yesidingo salo hlobo oluthile lweemveliso zamaminerali lwaqala kucaciswa nguLunin. Ukufunyanwa kwamavithamini, ukubaluleka kwazo ezinye izinto, wabonakaliswa ngetyenzo zokulinga (ngelo xesha iivithamini zazingenalo igama lazo lamanje). Izifundo zaziziimpuku. Ukutya kweminye ibisi yobisi, kunye nabanye - ukusuka ekuveleni (zobisi: i-fat, ishukela, i-salts, i-casein). Izilwanyana zeqela lesibini zagula waza wafa ngokukhawuleza.

Ngokusekelwe kule N.I. I-Lunin yagqiba ukuba "... ubisi, ngaphezu kwe-casein, i-fat, ubisi ishukela kunye nosawoti, iqulethe ezinye izinto eziyimfuneko yokutya."

Isihloko esikhuliswa yi-biochemist ye-Yunivesithi yaseTartu, inomdla kwi-K.A. Sosin. Wenza iimvavanyo waza wafika kwisigqibo esifanayo noNikolai Ivanovich.

Emva koko, iingcamango zeLunin zaboniswa, zaqinisekiswa kwaye zaqhutyiswa phambili kwimisebenzi yabangamazwe angaphandle nakwasekhaya.

Ukuchazwa kwezizathu zeso sifo "beriberi"

Ukongeza, imbali yemfundiso yamavithamini iya kuqhubeka nomsebenzi we-Japanese physician uTataaki. Ngomnyaka we-1884, wathetha nge-"beriberi" isifo esineyise abemi baseJapan. Imvelaphi yesifo yafunyanwa emva kweminyaka emininzi. Ngowe-1897, ugqirha wase-Ireland u-Christian Eikman waya kwisigqibo sokuba xa egalela irayisi, abantu bayazibamba izondlo eziyimfuneko eziyingxenye yamacandelo aphezulu angenalini.

Emva kweminyaka engama-40 (ngo-1936) i-thiamine yahlanganiswa, ukungabikho kwaso kwaba yimbangela ye "beriberi". Yiyiphi "ityamine", izazinzulu nazo azizange zifike ngokukhawuleza. Imbali yokufumanisa ii-vithamini B yaqala ngokuzihlukanisa kwi-rice "ye-amine" (ngaphandle koko i-vitamine okanye i-vithamine). Kwathi ngo-1911-1912. Ngethuba lokusukela ngowe-1920 ukuya ku-1934 izazinzulu zenza ikhemikhali yazo kwaye yabizwa ngokuthi "aneine".

Ukuvulwa kwamavithamini A, H

Ukuba sicinga ngesihloko esinjalo njengembali yokufumanisa iivithamini, Kuyabonakala ukuba isifundo sasicotha kodwa siyaqhubeka.

Ngokomzekelo, i-avitaminosis A iye yafundwa kuphela ngokucacileyo ukususela ngekhulu le-19. I-stepp (Stepp) ibonisa ukukhuthaza umgqugquzeli, okuyinxalenye yeoli. Kwathi ngo-1909. Kwaye ngowe-1913 uMccoller noDenis bachonge "i-A", emva kweminyaka (1916) yaqanjwa ngokuthi "i-vitamin A".

Isiqalo sesifundo se-vitamin H sabuyiselwa emva ngo-1901, xa i-Wheilders ibonisa into ekhuthaza ukukhula kwemvubelo. Waphakamisa ukuba amnike igama elithi "bios". Ngo-1927, i-ovidin yachongwa, ebizwa ngokuba yi "factor X", okanye "i-vitamin H". Le vithamini inqande isenzo senkunkuma equlethwe kwimveliso ethile. Ngomnyaka we-1935, i-biotin yayikhiqizwe kwi-yolk yolanga yi Kegl (Kegl).

IiVithamini C, E

Emva kokuvavanya kukaLind ngeenqanawa ngeenkulungwane, akukho mntu wacinga ukuba kutheni umntu egula ngesifo. Imbali yokuvela kwamavithamini, okanye kunoko imbali yophando lwayo indima, yaphuhliswa kuphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. V.V. U-Pashutin wafumanisa ukuba isifo sabashenxisi sasivela ngenxa yokungabi nento ethile ekudleni. Ngo-1912, ngenxa yovavanyo lokutya olwenziwa kwiihagu ze-Guinea, uHolst no-Frelich bafumanisa ukuba i-substance, eyayiyiminyaka engama-7 yaziwa ngokuba yi-vitamin C, iphazamisa ukubonakala kwe-acurvy. Ngo-1928 yabonakaliswa ngokususwa kwendlela yamakhemikhali, ngenxa yoko, i-ascorbic acid yahlanganiswa.

Indima kunye nokubaluleka kwe-vitamin E yaqala ukufundiswa kamva wonke umntu. Nangona idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zokuzala. Ukufunda kweli qakala kwaqala kuphela ngowe-1922. Kwaye kwafumanisa ulwazi ukuba ukuba ekudleni kwamafutha e-rats ayesandisiwe, i-embryo yafa kwisibeleko. Oku kufunyanwa kwenziwa nguVevans. Amalungiselelo okuqala awaziwayo, aphuma kwiqela lamavithamini E, athatyathwa kwioli yeentsholongwane zeesityalo. Le nkunkuma ibizwa ngokuba yi-alpha kunye ne-beta-tocopherol, esi siganeko senzeke ngo-1936. Emva kweminyaka emibini uCarrer wenza i-biosynthesis yakhe.

Ukufunyanwa kwevithamini B

Ngomnyaka we-1913, ukufundwa kwe riboflavin kunye ne-nicotinic acid yaqaliswa. Lo nyaka ubhalwe ngokufunyanwa kuka-Osborne kunye noMendel, owonise ukuba ubisi luqulethe into ekhuthaza ukukhula kwezilwanyana. Ngomnyaka we-1938 umlinganiselo wale nto wabonakaliswa, ngenxa yesiseko sayo sokuqala. Ngoko, i-lactoflavin yafunyanwa kwaye yahlanganiswa, ngoku i-riboflavin, yaziwa ngokuba yi-vitamin B2.

I-nicotinic acid yayixhomekeke ngumbumba weeerisi. Nangona kunjalo, kwesi sifundo saye sayeka. Kuphela ngowe-1926 kwafunyaniswa i-antipelagic factor, eyayibizwa ngokuba yi-nicotinic acid (i-vitamin B3).

I-Vitamin B9 yodwa njengeqhekeza lamaqabunga esipinashi kwi-30s nguMitchell noSnel. Imfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibili yaphazamisa ukufunyanwa kwamavithamini. Ngomfutshane, ukufunda okuqhubekayo nge-vitamin B9 (folic acid) kunokuchazwa ngokukhawuleza. Ngokukhawuleza emva kwemfazwe (ngo-1945), yahlanganiswa. Kwakukho ngokwabiwa kwesonka kunye nesibindi se-pteroylglutamic acid.

Ngowe-1933 ukuveliswa kweekhemikhali ze-pantothenic acid (i-vitamin B5) yachithwa . Kwaye ngo-1935 iziphumo zeGoldberg ezibangelwa izimbangela ze-pellagra kwiirath zachaswa. Kubonakala ukuba eso sifo kubangelwa ukungabikho kwe-pyrodoxin, okanye i-vitamin B6.

I-vitamin yakutsha yodwa ephuma kwiqela B i-cobalamin, okanye i-B12. Ukukhutshwa kwe-anti-anemic factor kusuka kwesibindi kwenzeka kuphela ngo-1948.

Indlela yovavanyo kunye nephutha: ukufunyanwa kwevithamini D

Imbali yokufumanisa i-vitamin D ibonakaliswe kukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto ezifunyenwe ngaphambili zesayensi. U-Elmer McCollum uzame ukucacisa imisebenzi yakhe kwi-vitamin A. Ukuzama ukuphikisa izigqibo ezenziwe ngumgqirha wezilwanyana u-Edward Mellanbi, wenza uvavanyo kwizinja. Wanikela ioli yeentlanzi kunye nezilwanyana ezigulayo , apho i-vitamin A isuswe khona. Ukungabikho kwakhe akuzange kuthintele ukubuyiswa kwezilwanyana - basaphila.

I-Vitamin D ayifumanekanga kuphela ekudleni, kodwa ngokubulela kwimisebe yelanga. Oku kwaboniswa ngu-A.F. UHess ngowe-1923.

Ngomnyaka ofanayo, ukuxhotyiswa kokufakelwa kwamafutha kunye ne-calculiferol kwaqaliswa. Irradiation nge ultraviolet isenziwa e-US kuze kube namhlanje.

Ukubaluleka kweCasimir Funk ekufundweni kwamavithamini

Ukulandela ukuchazwa kwezinto ezithintela ukuvela kwesifo "beriberi", iziphumo zeivithamini zilandelwa. Ayikho indima encinane kulo mdlalo kuKazzim Funk. Imbali yokufunda iivithamini ithi udale isilwanyana esinomxube wezinto ezincibilikileyo zamanzi, ezahlukileyo kwimvelo yamakhemikhali, kodwa ezifanayo phambi ko-nitrogen kuwo.

Ndiyabulela ku-Funk, ukukhanya kwambona njengexesha lezesayensi njenge-avitaminosis. Akazange amkhuphe kuphela, kodwa wachaza iindlela zokuwunqoba nokukhusela. Wafika kwisigqibo sokuba iivithamini ziyingxenye yee-enzymes, ezenza ukuba kube lula ukuzibandakanya. I-Funk phakathi kweyokuqala iququzelelwe inkqubo yokuchaneka, okunokulinganisela, okubonisa intsuku yemihla yamavithamini efunekayo.

U-Kazimir Funk wadala ezinye iimpawu zeekhemikhali zamavithamini eziqulethwe kwimveliso yendalo. Nangona kunjalo, ngoku ukuthabatha abantu abanezifana ezigulisa Ngaphaya kwehafu yesibini leminyaka, inani le-oncological, i-allergenic, i-cardiovascular and other diseases liye landa. Ezinye izazinzulu zibona isizathu sokusasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwezi zifo ekusebenziseni iivithamini zokwenziwa.