Zokufuya ukuvelisa iintsimbi. Types of aluminium. Ukulungiswa izinyithi kwealkali

indoda Modern kubomi bemihla ngemihla yakhe ijikelezwe ezahlukeneyo zesinyithi. izinto ezininzi ukuba sisebenzise, ezi khemikhali zikhona. bonke Kwathi ngenxa yokuba abantu baye bafumana iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo ukuvelisa metal.

Yintoni a metal

Ezi izinto ezixabisekileyo kubantu abazibandakanya chemistry ezingaphiliyo. Ukufumana iintsimbi kuvumela umntu ukwenza ayibobuchule ugqibeleleyo, kuphucula ubomi bethu. Yintoni abamele? Ngaphambi kokuba siqwalasele iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokuvelisa zesinyithi, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba yintoni na. Isinyithi iqela imichiza ngohlobo izinto ezilula zinezinto uphawu:

• thermal kunye Unikezelo lombane;

• ductility eliphezulu;

• bukhanye.

Umntu ngokulula ukwahlula kwezinye izinto. Eyona uphawu lwezinto ezenziwe ngesinyithi kuba phambi kukhanya okhethekileyo. Lowo uvela ku vangama ka reyi ukukhanya esiwa phezu komhlaba ungaphoswa kuzo. Isilungiseleli seglosi - eyipropati eqhelekileyo lwezinto ezenziwe ngesinyithi, kodwa kakhulu ngokucacileyo ebonakaliswa zesilivere.

Namhlanje, oosonzululwazi bafumanisa 96 yezi imichiza, nangona bonke bephela zibonakaliswa isayensi esemthethweni. Zahlula-hlulwe amaqela kuxhomekeke kwiipropati okusegazini isici. Ngoko iintsimbi zezi zilandelayo:

• awana - 6;

• awana - 6;

• lenguqu - 38;

• ezincinane - 11;

• semimetals - 7;

• lanthanides - 14;

• actinides - 14.

ukufumana iintsimbi

Ukuze bazakhele ingxubevange kufuneka kuqala ukufumana nesinyithi kwiindawo ore yendalo. izinto Native - ezi zizinto ukuba zifumaneka kwindalo sikarhulumente free. Ezi ziquka platinum, igolide, itoti kunye mercury. Bona bahlukana ubumdaka ngumatshini okanye wezenzi imichiza.

Insimbi aseleyo kufunxwa unyango kunye zinto. Bona afumaneka kwizimbiwa ezahlukeneyo. Ore - oku izimbiwa kunye namatye, eziquka iikhompawundi intsimbi oxides, carbonates, okanye sulfides. Kuba imveliso zabo besebenzisa unyango ngamachiza.

Iindlela zokufumana isinyithi:

• kwakhona oxides carbon;

• tin evela tin ukwamkelwa ilitye;

• imveliso elingqukuva intsimbi ukususela ngentsimbi ekrwada ;

• ukutshisa iikhompawundi nesalfa emlilweni ezizodwa.

Ukuze kube lula ukufumana isinyithi ngamatye ekrwada ziyongezwa kubo izinto ezahlukeneyo kuthiwa fluxes. Ukuba ususe ubumdaka ezingafunekiyo ezifana ngodongwe, lekalika, isanti. Ngenxa yale nkqubo livelise iikhompawundi fusible ebizwa zeBlack.

Phambi ubeka imali ebonakalayo ubumdaka phambi ukunyibilikisa metal ekrwada natyetyiswa ukususwa inxalenye enkulu inamacandelo ezingeyomfuneko. Eyona ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa iindlela kule unyango - ayinto, Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye nendlela omxhuzulane.

izinyithi kwealkali

Mass ezifumana metal kwealkali - yinkqubo entsonkothileyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba zifumaneka kwindalo kuphela ngokohlobo iikhompawundi chemical. Ekubeni ngoku ukunciphisa agents, ukulungiselela abo kunye neendleko eziphezulu amandla. Kukho iindlela ezininzi ukufumana zesinyithi kwealkali:

• Li ingalungiswa ukusuka oxide yayo vacuo okanye zokunyibilikiswa electrolysis chloride yalo lasekwa ngo spodumene kuqhutyekekwe.

• Sodium kufunxwa kaJohn kunye amalahle uthuthu e crucibles itywiniweyo okanye chloride electrolysis ye baphele kunye kongezwe calcium. Indlela yokuqala kakhulu ixesha.

• potassium wafumana electrolysis anyibilike okanye iityuwa zayo, sodium umphunga ecanda chloride yayo. Kwakhona oko abunjwe ngokuhlanganisa a potassium hayidroksayidi otyhidiweyo kesodiyam ulwelo kubushushu ka-440 ° C.

• atom kunye rubidium kufunxwa ngokubuyisela calcium chloride abo 700-800 ° C okanye zirconium kwi 650 ° C. Ukulungiswa metal kwealkali ngale ndlela amandla kakhulu kakhulu yaye zibiza imali eninzi.

Umahluko phakathi zesinyithi aluminium

Enyanisweni, umda ocacileyo phakathi isinyithi kunye aluminium zabo phantse azikho kwa-ukubakho, ukususela nkqu, izinto ezininzi olunyulu alula iqhezu ukungcola. Ngoko ke yintoni umahluko phakathi kwabo? Phantse zonke iintsimbi ezisetyenziswa kushishino kunye namanye amasebe ezoqoqosho, zisetyenziswa ngendlela aluminium ezifunyenwe ngokudibanisa ngenjongo ukuya main iikhemikhali element namanye amacandelo.

aluminiyamu

Technology kufuneka iintlobo zezixhobo yesinyithi. Kulo mzekelo, izinto ehlambulukileyo yamachiza akukho ngokoqobo kusetyenziswa ngenxa yokuba azinazo iimpawu eziyimfuneko ebantwini. Kuba iimfuno zabo siye ceba iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo ukwenzela ukuvelisa aluminium. Eli binzana libhekisela eziphathekayo macroscopically homogenous, equka izinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu chemical. Enanikade amacandelo ebuntsimbi ke nakolu ingxubevange. Le nto iye ubume yayo. Ngo-aluminiyamu ukwahlula macandelo alandelayo:

• isiseko, eyenziwe zesinyithi omnye okanye ngaphezulu;

• ukongezwa amancinane ukuguqula alloying izinto;

• elimsulwa iyekiswe (inkqubo, zendalo, random).

Ukuba aluminiyamu etyhidiweyo umbandela main zesakhiwo. Kwezobugcisa, kukho ngaphezu kwama 5,000.

iintlobo aluminiyamu

Nakuba iintlobo ngeentlobo aluminiyamu, abantu abaninzi ukudlala ixabiso lawo asekelwe zentsimbi kunye aluminium. Ngabo abafunyenwe kakhulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Iintlobo aluminiyamu ezahlukileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba yahlulwe ngokwemimiselo eziliqela. Ekubeni kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukuvelisa aluminium. Ngokwale njengenqobo yokugweba, ukuba yahlulwe:

• ingxubevange, ezo zifunyenwe yi crystallization yeekhomponenti anyibilike ezihlangene.

• Powder, ngokusebenzisa ucinezelo ye umxube emigutyeni kunye sintering elandelayo kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu. Yaye ngokufuthi amacandelo aluminium ezinjalo nje imichiza elula, kodwa iikhompawundi zazo ezahlukeneyo ezifana carbides ze titanium okanye Tungsten aluminium kwi okuqinileyo. Nokongeza imithamo ezahlukeneyo utshintshe ngeempawu zalo izinto.

Iindlela nokulungiselela aluminium ngohlobo inqaku ogqityiweyo okanye workpiece siyahlukana kwi:

• bephosa (silumin, intsimbi waphosa);

• deformable (intsimbi);

• powder (titanium Tungsten).

iintlobo ze

Zokufuya ukuvelisa insimbi kukhona ezahlukeneyo, yaye ngaloo ndlela wenza ngenxa kubo mathiriyeli iipropati ezahlukeneyo. Kule aluminiyamu karhulumente engqindilili:

• homogenous (uniform), eyenziwa ziikristale zohlobo olufanayo. Baya kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba ezi-.

• owahlukeneyo (owahlukeneyo), obizwa ngokuba multi-isigaba. Xa efikayo esisekweni ingxubevange sithathwa njengesisombululo eqinileyo (isigaba matrix). Ukwakhiwa owahlukeneyo izinto yolu hlobo kuxhomekeke malunga nokuqulunqwa kwenqaku sezulu chemical. aluminiyamu anjalo angaquka ezi ziqendwana zilandelayo: izisombululo Embi kwaye substitutional eqinileyo, iikhemikali (carbides, iikhompawundi intermetallic, nitrides), crystallites kwezinto ezilula.

iipropati ingxubevange

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni eza kusetyenziswa iindlela zokuvelisa isinyithi kunye aluminiyamu, iimpawu zabo bazimisele ngokupheleleyo isakhiwo yikristale kwezi izigaba emincinci kwezi zinto. Ngamnye kubo ezahlukeneyo. Iimpawu kokukhulu aluminiyamu zixhomekeke emincinci lwabo. Ba kuyo nayiphi na imeko zizakubalulwa ngeempawu zazo isigaba ixhomekeke kwi isakhiwo yikristale lo mbandela. ukufana kokukhulu of owahlukeneyo (multiphase) aluminium ezifunyenwe ukusasazwa efanayo izigaba matrix yesinyithi.

Iimpawu ibalulekileyo ingxubevange kuthathwa weldability. Kungenjalo, ukuba isinyithi twatse. Ngenxa yoko, i-aluminiyamu kufuneka conductivity thermal kunye zombane, ductility kunye reflectivity (isilungiseleli seglosi).

aluminiyamu imihlobo

iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukuvelisa aluminium ziye ukuba umntu acinge inani elikhulu izinto ebuntsimbi yokuba iimpawu kunye neempawu ezahlukeneyo. Ngokutsho injongo ukuba yahlulwe maqela alandelayo:

• zesakhelo (intsimbi, duralumin, intsimbi). Eli qela libandakanya, aluminium ngempahla ezikhethekileyo. Ngoko ke ziyahluka iipropati ikhuseleke okanye anti-kunobunye. Ezi ziquka lubhedu, nezobhedu.

• Ukuze ukugcwalisa iibheringi (babbitt).

• Ukuba ukufudumeza sombane kunye nezixhobo umlinganiselo (nichrome, manganin).

• Kuba imveliso kusikwe izixhobo (win).

Ekuveliseni abantu basebenzisa ezinye iintlobo zezinto ebuntsimbi efana ezisezantsi yokunyibilika, ubushushu-enganyangekiyo, emelana nokudliwa ngumhlwa kunye aluminium amorphous. Kwakhona zilangazelelwa iimagnethi lwamayeza kunye thermoelectrics (selenide teluridy kunye bismuth, nelothe, kwistibhiya kunye nabanye).

ferroalloy

Phantse yonke insimbi nezakha ehlabathini sibhekiswe kwimveliso ezilula yodidi ingxubevange. Kwakhona asetyenziswe ukuvelisa ihagu yentsimbi. aluminiyamu intsimbi yaphinda yathandwa yayo ngenxa yokuba ilifa iipropati eyingenelo abantu. abo bathenga ngokudibanisa ukuya elula iikhemikhali elementi amacandelo ahlukeneyo. Ngoko, nakubeni aluminiyamu zentsimbi ezahlukeneyo ukwenziwa ngokusekelwe into enye, yodidi kunye ayini Yamxuluba babe iipropati ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa kule yokuba amacandelo ahlukeneyo isicelo. Uninzi yodidi nzima ngaphezu yentsimbi. iindlela ezahlukeneyo kulungiselelwa ezi iintsimbi kuvumela ukufumana kumabakala ahlukeneyo (grade) kwezi aluminiyamu yentsimbi.

iipropati eziphuculweyo aluminium

Ngokusebenzisa izinyithi alloying kunye nezinye izinto unako ukufumana izinto ezineempawu ezingcono. Umzekelo, ukuba amandla imveliso ye-aluminiyam olusulungekileyo 35 MPA. Ekulungisweni ingxubevange ngesinyithi nobhedu (1.6%), Zn (5.6%), nemagnesium (2.5%) isalathisi ungaphezulu 500 MPA.

Ngenxa ngawona compound ezahlukeneyo imichiza ezahlukeneyo zingafumaneka izinto ebuntsimbi kunye eziphuculweyo iipropati owahluke ngokwemvelo, thermal okanye umbane. Indima ephambili kule nkqubo isakhiwo ingxubevange emele unikezelo ziikristale zayo kunye nohlobo ndisezintanjeni phakathi atom.

Steel nensimbi

Ezi aluminiyamu ziveliswa iikhompawundi zentsimbi kunye carbon (2%). Xa imveliso izinto exutyiweyo kongezelelwa kubo nickel, chromium, vanadium. Zonke iintlobo eqhelekileyo sobhedu yahlulwe:

• onekhaboni ephantsi (0.25% carbon) isetyenziselwa nokuveliswa izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo;

• carbon eliphezulu (ngaphezu kwe-0,55%) senzelwe ukuba imveliso ukunciphisa izixhobo.

iintlobo ezahlukeneyo yodidi ingxubevange zisetyenziswa ngezobunjineli, kunye nezinye iimveliso.

i ingxubevange yesinyithi kunye carbon, leyo yipesenti 2-4% kuthiwa ihagu yentsimbi. Ukubunjwa le nto ibandakanya lesilicon. Yeemveliso kwesinyithi ezahlukeneyo ukuba iipropati elungileyo ngoomatshini.

izinyithi Non-ayoni

Ukongeza ayina, kunye nezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo ukwenza ezahlukeneyo izinto yesinyithi. Ngenxa iikhompawundi zabo aluminium non-ayoni. Kubomi, abantu baye bafumana izinto isicelo mkhulu ngokusekelwe:

• Copper, nobhedu ebizwa. Bona ziqulathe 5-45% zinc. Ukuba umxholo yi 5-20%, ubhedu ekuthiwa ebomvu, kwaye ukuba 20-36% - yellow. Kukho aluminiyamu sobhedu lesilicon, inkcenkce, beryllium, aluminiyam. Ewe kuthiwa bronzes. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi kwezi aluminium.

• Ukukhokela emele solder eqhelekileyo (tretnik). Kule ingxubevange, ukuba inxalenye 1 kwemichiza pripadaet 2 iindawo tin. Xa imveliso ye iibheringi ezisetyenziswayo babbitt yinto intsila welothe, nebhekile, iarseniki kunye kwistibhiya.

• aluminiyamu, titanium, magnesium beryllium, nto leyo ayisindi aluminium non-ayoni ukuba amandla aphezulu kunye neempawu ezintle ngoomatshini.

Iindlela yokulungisa

Iindlela eziphambili ukufumana isinyithi kunye aluminium:

• Foundry apho Ukuqinisa ye ngomxube yohlobo olunye lwe amacandelo ahlukeneyo otyhidiweyo. Kuba aluminiyamu usebenzisa iindlela pyrometallurgical zokufumana zesinyithi electrometallurgical. Lwalo lokuqala lisetyenziselwa ukufudumeza amandla ekrwada thermal ngenxa ngexesha lenkqubo yokutsha. Ezifunyenwe yi steel pyrometallurgical kwi emlilweni evulekileyo-eziko isinyithi yamaZiko udubulo. Xa inkqubo electrometallurgical feedstock itshiswe sikagesi arc okanye induction wakwaMowabhi. Kulo mzekelo, izinto rasslavlyaetsya ekrwada ngokukhawuleza kakhulu.

• Powder, apho Ithatyathwe emigutyeni yeencindi kusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i ingxubevange. Ngenxa ngokucofa ukuba ukunika imilo ethile, uze emva koko sintered kwi emlilweni ezizodwa.