Dislocation - yintoni na le nto? Ntoni kufakwa emkhosini iiyunithi, iinqanawa, iimoto, imiqondiso yendlela, okanye ngabagwebi ngoxolo?

Le mbono "dislocation" lisetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Izakufunyanwa kwinzululwazi, imicimbi emkhosini, mthetho. Ngokomzekelo, xa ukusasazwa abagwebi behlabathi ukuthetha malunga nokubekwa. kwafika Le mbono evela amagama kwisiLatini bubonakala "dislocation", "intshukumo", "shift", "indawo", "indawo".

chemistry

Cinga nje ngomzekelo ingqiqo ngenxa kwakheka. Ezi zithinteli inokuba ezithile iziphene. Bafana ukuya kumgca, kwaye atom amasuntswana ngokwabo akahlambulukanga abekwe. Ukuba inguqu enjalo ibizwa dislocations kwi njengekristale. Yokuba ngokokwakheka-sensitive, ukutshintsha ezinye iimpawu zazo. Dislocation - ephula zombini ngaphandle nangaphakathi. crystal ngokwayo ulahlekelwa iimpawu zayo mechanical, ayikho nje ixesha elide yaye elastic.

ngezigaba

Dislocation lo emphethweni kunye iqhosha lemenyu. Ukuba crystal ugqibelele, ngoko ke ubude iphela iinqwelomoya atomic zicwangciswe ngaxeshanye. Kodwa xa baziphalaza ngaphakathi isakhiwo ngokwayo, oko kukhokelela dislocation buthelezi. Oku kuthetha ukuba extra isiqingatha-abembumbile. Oku ubizwa ngokuba esqwini deformation. Ukuba sisebenzisa ngemicroscope, Nani linganisani umfanekiso ngokweenkcukacha size sibone indlela ngokukhethekileyo amalungiselelo imiqolo atomic. Ukuba crystal ngokwayo ukwenza imbobo ngaphaya moya izabelo ezine, uze ukuhambisa umaleko isalamane lowermost ukuya phezulu umgama 1 interatomic kwicala nkqo, kwaye emva kokuba yonke le nto kwakhona ukutywina yonke atom emancamini malungana omnye komnye, ngoko ke lo mzekelo ezizakubonisa ngokugqibeleleyo dislocation buthelezi. Le liqatywe yesibini - le ulwalathiso shift, ekuthiwa Burgers wesangqa. Therethrough ngokwawo umgca unesiphako uya kudlula isiliphu womgca dislocations. Ngoko ke, lo moya elongezelelweyo abembumbile. Le crystal ngokwayo ethe yalahleka ukubonakala kwayo kwaye ikhangeleka ngendlela eyahlukileyo, njengoko kufuneka. Dislocation - ngandlela uhlobo ntshikilelo. Baya kuthi ngaphakathi kwisakhiwo. Phambi kokuba shift kanye yonke yikristale Wasolula phakathi ilastiki ngamandla. Kodwa ke le uburhulumente buthathaka. Qala notshintsho ngaphakathi umthombo, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba dislocation. Zithwala uchebe ezisesandleni kwempixano ngenxa okukhanya, Ungafaka yomibini umtsalane dudula. Ukuba ezi zithwala ayafana, kwishifti iqatshelwe kubume yikristale ndisolulele kwicala elinye kunye isilayidi kwenye. Ngelo xesha lwendlela deployment oku lisisiqalo ihlawulelwa.

ukufuduka

Crystal zibe gqitha, kodwa oko akuthethi kwenzeka kanye oko. Kweli nqanaba, nje ngaphakathi ihamba dislocation. Le meko ke yaziwa ngokuba yesiliphu. Xa le nkqubo kwenzeka, ngembonakalo yikristale into gqitha yi umgama olingana kweyona notshi yesibini. Kodwa ke kule meko akukho deformation waphawula phakathi zonke athom, kodwa kunokuba kuphela phakathi kwabo kwi esqwini. Oku kuthetha ukuba ungenelelo yeemeko yangaphandle ingafuneki. Yonke into eyenzekayo nge ombane aphantsi kakhulu, ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa kunye neenkqubo ziikristale efanelekileyo, nenokuthi maxa wambi ichaphazeleke ukutshintsha ngaphandle dislocation. Kuyenzeka ukuba bagcine umzekelo izakhiwo ngomsonto-like.

iipropati Common

Zombini dislocation nga ezitshibilizayo aa Incopho kumphezulu, nto leyo ekhokelela kunyuka ngayo. Le meko kungenxa yokuba kukho Ukuncitshiswa athom, kodwa xa amaqondo obushushu unciphisa, ukucola phantsi kunye interpenetration. Ukuba ngaba kukho umthwalo onzima, zonke atom ukuba abamelene nawo khasa ukuya kwisikhundla bazinqwenelayo. Kwimeko enjalo, ukutyibilika kwenzeka. Kodwa iinkqubo yenzelwe ukuba hunguta ntshikilelo. Deformation ngokwayo kisekiyo ngqo uqina le dislocation. Ngokubanzi, ukuba utshintsho zinokwenzeka ngaphandle itshintsha, kuphela xa kwe- yenziwa.

ukuhamba-hamba

izinto ezininzi sithiye free sliding. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, le khompawundi ziquka amandla atom, amahlwempu electron conductivity, ezifana nesinyithi, luthambe, intsebenziswano kunye nabanye dislocations kunye t. D. Ngamanye amazwi, le elincinane le miqobo, i ngokukhawuleza iba offset. Ke kaloku kamsinya nje ukunyuka ombane kunye nokunyuka isiliphu. Ngokubanzi, imathematika wangqina ukuba dislocation - a iziphene topological. Zenza crystals ezizinzileyo. Ukuba ababini ubuso uchebe, baya kumbulala omnye, uya kunyamalala. dislocation Single efanayo liyalahleka ngaphandle xa ukuthanda isakhiwo line. Okulandelayo, cinga amanye amacandelo isicelo kolu luvo.

imikhosi exhobileyo

Xa uqala kuqala, ukuhlanganiswa engaqhelekanga amagama, kwaye intle elula ngenene. Ukutyalwa lamabutho - nto nje imali ka exhobileyo imikhosi, amajoni, iiyunithi, iinqanawa, iziseko aselwandle. Oko kunokuthi kwenzeke zombini kweli lizwe ayiphakamisele loluphi, ngokunjalo ngaphaya kwemida yawo. Indawo deployment - yi ariya ukutyalwa imikhosi phambi kwempi ebalulekileyo. Ngoko ukwakheka Iqela icacisa apho umntu thumela, apho ukuze sifudukele ukuphunyezwa imisebenzi zomkhosi. Naluphi na utshintsho ukubekwa zifuna imvume engqongqo. iinkampani kuphela, ithathele kunye neebhetri inga siwa regiments ziya, abathetheli ukuba ibekwe kuyo, yaye Division iNtloko ukuba alahle lo nomkhosi, kodwa ngaphandle kwindawo ethile akuvumelekanga. Kukho amakhadi ezikhethekileyo dislocation. Ziquka olunemiqathango imiqondiso ekuhanjisweni imikhosi.

imikhumbi

Kodwa ke iimaphu ezibonakaliswe ukutyalwa iimpahla athwale umsebenzi ulwazi. Ngamanye amazwi, awukwazi ukuyisebenzisa ukuba ukumisela indlela echanekileyo navigation olwandle. Ukuba kuvulwe inkqubo yokuchonga eyodwa iyasetyenziswa. Ngelo zokuYila ibonisa apho kwaye apho intshukumo iinqanawa kwenzeka.

Qeqesha / kaloliwe

Ngomhla kummandla Ukraine, eRashiya, Belarus, Kazakhstan, i aseBalti kunye namazwe ico wenziwe nokusetyenziswa rhoqo, iinqwelo. Kwaye kabini kanye okanye ngemini avelise ulwazi malunga nokubekwa ezaqanjwa. Ezi nkqubo zenzeka ngokukhawuleza ihleliwe. Ukuphumeza Ukuhambisa intshukumo kunye nokwabiwa kunokuba ngesandla. Kukho iindlela oluzenzekelayo. Bacebise iinketho ezithile. Omnye wabo kuthiwa "Cela ukuya kwisikhululo."

Icebo dislocation imiqondiso yendlela

Yonke le nkqubo nokubekwa kufuneka ibandakanye izinto ezininzi. Ngaloo ndlela, ubukho olusisinyanzelo iindlela ithathwa isicwangciso izithuthi, iigrafu ezigoso namathambeka longitudinal. Ukongeza, kufuneka wandise ezindleleni apho, ubume abalinganiswa kunye neentsilelo, navigation kunye nemiqondiso indawo ezendlela, zokuwela (zombini umhlaba kunye komhlaba). Kufuneka izibane amabala, izithuthi zikawonke-wonke. Kukho izicelo ezininzi ezinokukunceda ubone sengqondo kwemiqondiso yendlela kwindawo ethile indawo yabo. Ziyafana emephini okanye ukunyuka usihla.

kwezinye iimeko

Kwindalo, kukho nkqu dislocation ebuchotsheni. Oku kwenzeka xa bedinga enye kuthelekiswa esinye isakhiwo. Le nkqubo ikhokelela zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ingakumbi ukuphazamiseka ejikeleza kunye t. D. Ekubeni ingqondo akuthethi uzalise ngokupheleleyo lukakayi, ukuze xa zibethwa izinto ezithile, oko indawo, ngaloo ndlela ukugqabhuza. Kamva, xa kungekho unyango ngexesha umzimba liyayeka ukuba isebenze ngendlela efanelekileyo.

isiphelo

Ngoko ke, lo dislocation - ingqiqo ezininzi. Oku kusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezininzi. Oku isicelo ziikristale, ukuba izithuthi, ukuba izixhobo zomkhosi kunye ingqondo. Entsimini nganye ezidinga kota ezongezelelweyo intsingiselo ixabiso emxinwa ngakumbi ngokungqinelana nale ndawo ingqalelo.