Uphi Troy? City of Troy - imbali. Troy emephini lwangoku

A lot of iinkulungwane, esi sixeko kunye zakudala yayo kwimbali unyawo kunye izama nje. Kwisiqingatha senkulungwane eyadlulayo, uHeinrich Schliemann wakwazi ukufumana indawo apho i Troy, yaye ngowe-1988 nomdla izazinzulu kwesi sixeko edume wavuka. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kubekho uphando oluninzi kwaye wafumana kwiiseli ezininzi zenkcubeko.

ulwazi jikelele

Le yokuhlala impucuko Luwian, okwabizwa phantsi igama Ilion, yinto isixeko samandulo into ibekwe kumntla- Asia Minor, kufuphi nonxweme loLwandle Aegean. kulapho uTroy waba kwimephu ehlabathini. Esi sixeko waduma ngenxa epics yamandulo Greek umbhali uHomer kunye iintsomi ezininzi amavo, waza wafunyanwa yiakhiyolojisti Heinrich Schliemann.

Isizathu esingundoqo sokuba kutheni isixeko wamandulo ukuthandwa olunjalo kwiMfazwe seTrojan nazo zonke iziganeko zoochwepheshe ezihamba kunye. Ngokutsho iinkcazelo ze "Iliad", kwaba imfazwe iminyaka elishumi, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukuwa kulendawo.

Ayesemseleni lokuqala

Kukho ingcamango yokuba ndawo uTroy waba enkulu kakhulu kunokuba ndandicinga ngaphambili. Ngowe-1992, zamaqula bathwalwa ngaphandle, nto leyo ekhokelele kokufunyanwa okwabangela ujikeleze isixeko. Lo msele ubaleka kude ngokwaneleyo ukusuka iindonga zesixeko, ezingqonge ummandla omalunga 200 thous. M ^2, nangona isixeko ngokwayo kuthatha ths malunga-20 kuphela. M ^2. Isazinzulu German uManfred Korfman ukholelwa ukuba le ndawo yaba Lower Town, yaye ukuya ku 1700 BC. e. khona wahlala abantu.

Ayesemseleni yesibini

Kwiminyaka emibini emva koko, ngo-1994, ngexesha kumbiwa emhadini yesibini esidalwe ngumntu kwafunyaniswa, olwaba engamakhulu amahlanu eemitha ukusuka nqaba. Zombini echibi inkqubo esinqatyisiweyo eyenzelwe ukukhusela inqaba, kuba abakwazi ukuba isuswe iinqwelo zokulwa. Abembi bezinto zakudala bakholelwa ukuba apha zihlala ziloliwe izikhonkwane okanye udonga ngamaplanga. ufakelo olunjalo zichazwe kwi "Iliad" ukungafi, nangona ngenkankulu ukuba ngoku mibhalo nje imbali yembali.

Luvians okanye Cretan-Mycenaeans?

Zakudala Korfman ukholelwa ukuba Troy nguye indlalifa ngqo lia Civilizations, yaye, njengoko kukholelwa, zohlobo ngokuqhelekileyo. Lo mmandla yanamhlanje Troy iqulethe iziphumo ezininzi ngokuxhasa. Kodwa ngo-1995 kwenziwe bebone olulodwa kwafunyanwa eziprintiweyo abalinganiswa kwi ulwimi Luwian leyo ngaphambili eqhelekileyo eAsia Minor. Kodwa ke, ngelishwa, ayiyi kwenziwe izinto ezintsha ezaziza kubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba abathathu ngaloo lwimi.

Kodwa Korfman Wayeqiniseke ngokupheleleyo ukuba Trojans amandulo kwakukho inzala ngqo kwizizwana Indo-baseYurophu Luvians imvelaphi. Oku abantu malunga II Millennium BC. e. Ke zaya eAnatolia. izinto ezininzi ezaye kwafunyanwa ngexesha Ukumba Troy kusenokwenzeka ukuba lilungu le mpucuko ethile, hayi Greek. Kukho izinto ezininzi, engqina ukuba ithuba le vekeleke xona. Kwintsimi apho kwakukho Troy, sifunda iindonga zohlobo, kunye ukubonakala kumakhaya kakhulu kumba ngezakhiwo lia.

inkolo

Ebudeni iseti yokomba apha kwafunyanwa izithixo umHeti-Lubian. Kufuphi isango langasezantsi kwakukho amatye ezine, eyayifuzisela uthixo inkcubeko umHeti. Ukongeza, emangcwabeni, apho ibekwe kufuphi iindonga zesixeko, kukho iimpawu isidumbu. Njengoko sisazi ukuba le ndlela ukungcwaba aziqhelekanga iintlanga Western, kodwa amaHeti oko kwisibingelelo eso, lelinye plus siyamkela theory Korfman. Noko ke, namhlanje kunzima kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba indlela eneneni.

Troy emephini yehlabathi

Ngenxa uTroy wabanjwa embindini - phakathi kwamaGrike amaHeti - kwakuye kuyimfuneko ukuba abe yinxalenye macala. Rhoqo apha kwimeko imfazwe, zokuhlala, ayifikela zonke iintshaba ezintsha. Ku angqiniweyo ngokwezenzululwazi, njengoko kuloo ndawo apho Troy na, oko kukuthi, ngomhla ummandla Turkey mihla, nentwana le imililo kwafunyanwa. Kodwa malunga 1180 BC. e. apha ingozi, leyo laba sisiqalo kwixesha elinzima kwimbali kuphela Troy, kodwa ihlabathi jikelele.

Impi isikhupheli seTrojan

Ukuba nezinto ezithile ezifumaneka ngexesha yokwemba, kwaye uyakwazi ukuthetha into ethile, iziganeko ezenzeka kwi kwezopolitiko, yaye inyaniso emva kwabo, uhlala umbuzo omkhulu. Ukungabikho kolwazi kunye eninzi beengcamango, ngokufuthi amanqe, abanye wamkele ixabiso ubuso eye yabangela iintsomi ezininzi kunye namabali. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo lo amaqhawe omkhulu imvumi zamandulo zamaGrike kaHomer, ezinye izazinzulu ngenxa yokungabikho kobungqina walungiselela ukuba aqwalasele ubungqina yobungqina, kodwa imfazwe wathabatha elide phambi kokuzalwa umbhali walo mbongo, yaye ke yena wayesazi ukuba kuphela emlonyeni zabanye.

UHelen Paris

Ngokutsho legend, ezichazwe kwi "Iliad", unobangela imfazwe kwakukho umfazi, umfazi kaKumkani Menelaus - Elena. Troy, ogama imbali wayesazi kwiinkathazo ezininzi, hayi kanye yahlaselwa amaGrike, naphambi imfazwe, njengoko Trojans yakwazi ukulawula ubudlelwane urhwebo kwi iDardanelles. Ngokutsho kwiintsomi, imfazwe yaqala ngenxa yokuba omnye woonyana isikhupheli seTrojan ukumkani Priam - Paris - weba umfazi umlawuli lesiGrike, namaGrike, ke, wagqiba kwelokuba abuyele kuyo.

Kungenzeka, esi siganeko zenzeka kwimbali, kodwa kwaba nje unobangela imfazwe. Esi siganeko yaba kuvuthondaba, emva koko, waza waqalisa imfazwe.

horse Trojan

Enye ilejendi ngokuphathelele ukutshatyalaliswa Troy, ubalisa ibali malunga nendlela amaGrike ikwazile ukuba aphumelele edabini. Ukuba uyakholwa imithombo boncwadi, kuye Bulelani kwenzeka loo nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-isikhupheli seTrojan ihashe, kodwa oluguqulelo, kukho ukuphikisana ezininzi. Kumbongo wakhe wokuqala "I-Iliad", azinikele ngokupheleleyo Troy, uHomer yenza akukho kukhankanywa kulo isiqephu yemfazwe, kwaye kwi "Odyssey" ichaza ngokweenkcukacha yakhe. Kule ndlela sinokugqiba ngelithi, mhlawumbi, ukuba isicatshulwa, ingakumbi ekubeni kungekho bungqina zakudala kwisayithi, apho wafunyanwa uTroy.

Kukho kwakhona necebiso ihashe isikhupheli seTrojan Homer wayecinga ukushaya yegusha, okanye ke wabonisa isimilo iinqanawa weza kwabulawa le dolophu.

Ukuze sitshatyalaliswe uTroy

Imbali umzi, eyabhalwa kaHomer, uthi kokutshatyalaliswa mzi kuthiwa ihashe isikhupheli seTrojan - isipho engenamsebenzi yamaGrike. Ngokutsho legend, amaGrike bathi ukuba ihashe liya kuba sisezindongeni mzi, ngoko ke uya kukwazi ukuzikhusela ngokwabo kuphangwa.

Uninzi abahlali yagqiba kule, nangona ukuba umbingeleli Laocoön wabinza ngentshuntshe ihashe, kwaye kwacaca ukuba lomntu lulilize. Kodwa ke, kuyabonakala ukuba, ukuba nengqiqo Trojans ubunzima, kwaye bagqiba ukwenza isipho kwisixeko lotshaba, awusebenzeleyo neembila zithutha. Nangona kunjalo, oku nje kaHomer guess, akuthandeki ukuba ngokwenene eyenzekayo.

multilayer Troy

Kwimaphu mihla umzi-karhulumente ngaphakathi kummandla yenduli Hissarlik eTurkey. Ngexesha bemba ezininzi zokuhlala eziliqela ziye yafunyanwa, ezibe apha kumaxesha amandulo. Abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumana maleko ezisithoba ezahlukeneyo, ziphantsi kwiminyaka ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ke lilonke udibaniso la maxesha kuthiwa uTroy.

Ukususela yokuqala ekwahlala ikholosile baba ezimbini kuphela ezinde. Ufundo nwebu yesibini nje ukwenza Genrih Shliman, bekholelwa ukuba enye Troy, apho ayehlala aculwa uKumkani Priam. uphuhliso okukhulu, njengako ngeziphumo yafikelela abahlali yeendawo zokuhlala yesithandathu kwintsimi. Ngokutsho iziphumo kwimingxuma kwafunyaniswa ukuba ngeli xesha kuthwalelwa phandle ngokurhweba esebenzayo kunye namaGrike. Esi sixeko satshatyalaliswa ziinyikima.

Abembi bezinto zakudala Modern bakholelwa ukuba umaleko yesixhenxe ezifumanekayo - lo Homeric Ilium. Ababhali-mbali bathi isixeko wabulawa umlilo eqaliswe yimikhosi zamaGrike. maleko yesibhozo - zokusonjululwa bezithanga Greek ababehlala apha sele emva uTroy yatshatyalaliswa. Bona, phezu izityholo bezinto zakudala, wakha apha itempile ka-Athena. Owokugqibela zomaleko, yethoba bobabo ukuya Ixesha uBukhosi baseRoma.

Modern Troy ke intsimi enkulu, apho zamaqula ziqhutywa kube namhla. Injongo yabo - ukufumana ubungqina wembali, ezichazwe lo amaqhawe enkulu Homeric. yamabali amaninzi emveli kunye neentsomi ukutyhubela iinkulungwane eziliqela ukukhuthaza izazinzulu, abembi kunye izama entsha yenza eyakho - phofu amancinci - igalelo ukufunyanwa eemfihlelo kulo mzi mkhulu, apho kwake enye engundoqo shopping kwemithambo yehlabathi lamandulo.

Kule ndawo apho uTroy yenziwa ezifunyaniswe ezininzi, ezaye kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba yinzululwazi yale mihla. Kodwa akukho qashi ngaphantsi banikwa zamaqula okwenziwa inani elikhulu izenze abaziingcali. Ngomhla langoku, singakwazi silinde de, ubungqina entsha eyomeleleyo ziganeko ziza kufunyanwa ezichazwe kwi "Odyssey" yaye "Iliad". Okwangoku, siza kuphela bakholelwa ngeziganeko eziyinyaniso ezenzeka kwisixeko esikhulu samandulo uTroy.