Kwiphondo Astrakhan. Ukuvuma Russia nokuguqula

KwiPhondo Astrakhan November 22, 2017 ubhiyozele iminyaka sama- 300. Kuye kwasekwa ngengqibo uPetros Great ngo-1717. On nommandla wayo ukususela 1480 yaba ubukumkani Astrakhan, apho yayikhona kuze 1557, xa saqhotyoshelwa kaRhulumente eMoscow.

History of imfundo

kwiminyaka emithathu ngaphambili, umkhosi eMoscow ekhokelwa Prince Pronsky-Shemyakin wangena ummandla ebukumkanini ngenxa yokuSekwa itrone abathinjiweyo Derbyshev Khan, ngubani wacela uncedo evela eMoscow waza wathabatha isifungo sokuzinikela kurhulumente Russian nemeko yokunika imbeko. Emva kokubekwa kwakhe 1557 amajoni Russian ehlonyelwe i Khanate eRashiya.

Russian izinto zikarhulumente kula mazwe belusoloko enkulu. Waba iinjongo eziliqela. Eyona yokuqala ibalulekileyo - ukukhuselwa kwimida evela iyangena ingxokolo Tatar, leyo hlale uwele umda waya elizweni, nto leyo ebangela umonakalo noqhekeko ukuya labemi, ukuxhwilwa ngamakhoboka abantu. Okwesibini - kuLwandle lweCaspian, ezazikade ukufikelela kwi ukubaluleka sobuchule kurhulumente. Amazwe edge wafudukela ebunzimeni. Oku kuququzelelwa behlasela rhoqo nangezinto nokuhlasela karhataka yi Cossacks okhululekileyo Kalmyks.

Ukususela ngo-1708 ilizwe ubukumkani eyayisakuba yafakwa kummandla kwiphondo Kazan. umdla omkhulu ngohlangothi wabonisa Potr Veliky. Yaba ke wakhupha umthetho 1717 wenza imimandla ilizwe yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Astrakhan owayesakuba ubukumkani yaba yinxalenye njengoko iyunithi yolawulo - kwiphondo, likhokelwa iRhuluneli Jikelele.

nendawo

Ukufumana kwiphondo Astrakhan - kumzantsi-mpuma inxalenye European Russia. Njengenxalenye nommandla wayo, njengoko imida ukwenzela unyaka ka-1914 ziquka ngokupheleleyo ummandla Astrakhan kunye Kalmykia, ngokomkhethe ummandla Volgograd kunye kwiNgingqi Rostov, aseStavropol Territory, Dagestan kunye Kazakhstan Guryev.

Sikhoyo kwi esemazantsi lweCaspian, malunga 500 neekhilomitha kokuhlanjwa kuLwandle lweCaspian. Esezantsi kuyo koMlambo iVolga wabahlula kwiphondo ibe ziinxalenye ezimbini. Ekunene (iVolga) ubizwa ngokuba Bibles emathafeni, Ekhohlo (Zavolzhskaya) - emathafeni Zulu. Yo iVolga kwiphondo Astrakhan yahlulwe izaphetha ezimbini, lwahlukane kwimithombo emininzi, inombolo yakhe kwi ekudibaneni oLwandle lweCaspian 70.

Indlela ukutshintsha ubume kweli phondo

Imbali kwiphondo Astrakhan lizele utshintsho. Wawuhlanganisa ke lithathelwe indawo enkulu. Gubernija phantsi uPetros ezahlukeneyo kakhulu evela entsimini yangoku. imida yayo sandisiwe ukusuka kumathafa kwamagogo ngesiKirghiz ukuya eCaucasus, ukusuka Kuban kunye aseStavropol Territory ukuya kuMbindi iVolga.

Isixeko kwiphondo Astrakhan, ngubani na yokuqala emdeni wayo;

• Astrakhan;
• Guryev - okwangoku e Atyrau (Kazakhstan) ;
• Dmitrievsky - okwangoku Kamyshin;
• Krasny Yar;
• Kizlyar;
• Petrovsk;
• Samara;
• Saratov;
• Simbirsk - Ulyanovsk ngelo xesha;
• Syzran;
• Terek;
• Tsarina - okwangoku isebenze;
• Black Yar.

Emva kweminyaka eli-11, emine imizi iVolga (Samara, Saratov, Simbirsk, Syzran) zasuswa waza wangena kwiphondo Kazan. Emva kwenye iminyaka eli-11, Saratov kwakhona wongezelela kwiphondo Astrakhan. Emva konyaka waba kumbindi Saratov yokubusa.

Ukudluliselwa, lo lwerhuluneli - uhlobo lwe self-government. irhuluneli ezilawulwa oqeshwe Moscow, kodwa, ngokungafaniyo irhuluneli leyo igcinwe kwi ngeendleko zikarhulumente, yaye phezu kusondliwa kwintsimi owayamileyo. injongo yakhe - ukulawula iphondo kunye ukuqokelela irhafu. Yayilulawulo saka ebudeni bolawulo uCatherine II. Olu hlobo urhulumente yaba uphawu nje kuphela Russia, kodwa wathatha indawo kwamanye amazwe, ingakumbi eNgilani.

Kwakukho umsebenzi echuliweyo kodwa ezibalulekileyo lilungiselelo kummandla zikaRhulumente apho kwiPhondo Astrakhan uthathe indawo yawo ibalulekile njengoko enkampini bukhosi yaye ibhulorho phakathi Russia kunye East. kwayo - ukuyilwa amaphondo amatsha, iintambo zolawulo kwezinye iindawo kwezinye iindawo. Ngowe-1752 isixeko sakhutshelwa Orenburg Guryev. iminyaka engamashumi amathathu emva Astrakhan kwiphondo, ngexesha elifanayo kumafa yayo bangena kwisixeko Uralsk. Emva kwethuba Axhtubinsk Black Yar kunye Tsarina wafudukela kwiphondo.

Ukuqhubeka kwiphondo

iindawo ezinkulu ziye gqa iphondo Astrakhan. Sasihlala apha Ubukhulu becala abantu abavela: i-Kirghiz kunye Kalmyks. Inxalenye yale isixeko ekummandla ngasechwebeni iVolga - ubeka esisityebi iintlanzi kunye amadlelo. Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza eqhelekileyo ukuba kuyimfuneko ukwenza abahlali bahlala abaphila nommandla wayo. Iqale kutshanje a kwenye lwehlabathi ukususela inxalenye yaseYurophu ubukhosi kwi Kirghiz emathafeni.

Kuthatha izigqibo eziyimfuneko zokusonjululwa ngokukhawuleza kummandla kwiphondo: ukuba umhlaba ezithengiswayo amagama kakuhle. Ngapha koko, awabasondezayo, baye bavunyelwa ukuba zisetyenziswe simahla. Nokuhlaliswa ke nemizana yonke yenziwe. Kwakukho imizi Cossack entsha. iphondo Astrakhan indawo ekuthinjweni, kwakukho iinqaba. Oku washiya Amakholwa Old nabaxhaxhi. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX inani labemi Orthodox (Russian, Ukrainian) malunga-55%, Kirghiz (Kazakhs) - malunga ne-25%, Kalmyks - 13%, AmaTatar - 6%.

division zokuphatha

Iziko yolawulo iphondo isixeko Astrakhan. Elishumi yokuqala kwinkulungwane XX. kweli phondo, kwakukho 5 counties. County Astrakhan Astrakhan iphondo kunayo ngokubhekiselele kubemi - Abantu 219 760 (1897). Kwafika ke Enotaevsky eyenziwe ntsha, Krasnoyarsk, kunye Chernoyarsky Tsarovsky, Bibles kunye emaqeleni Kirghiz kunye Astrakhan Cossack umkhosi.

Indlela ezakhiwe ngayo counties ezintlanu ziquka:

• uluntu lwasemaphandleni - 157;
• ezilokishini - 47;
• okugaya - 13;
• iindawo uryadnicheskih - 89.

Kalmytskaya emathafeni ziquka ulawulo ezisixhenxe ulus kunye Bazaar. emathafeni naye yayiba amacandelwana ezintlanu kunye counties ezimbini. I Astrakhan Cossack umkhosi amaqela amabini, equka iilali-13, nemizana lemigulukudu. Inani elipheleleyo abahlali waba ngaphezu kwesigidi. Ngomhla kummandla kwiphondo kulo utyando amabandla 167, 4 Orthodox nezigodlo.

KwiPhondo kwi XIX-XX eminyaka

kwiphondo Astrakhan kwinkulungwane ye-19 yaqhubeka inguqu Noko ke, abazange njengento ebalulekileyo njengoko kwinkulungwane XVIII. Ngowe-1832, emva kokuba lahlukene kakhulu kwiphondo Astrakhan neCaucasus bahlukaniswa ngokupheleleyo. Xa intloko yayo wema iirhuluneli ezimbini - 'iliso kunye emkhosini. Isambuku nguquko epheleleyo. Ukuqhubeka amazwe mmandla.

utshintsho zakutsha indawo kwenzeka ekuqaleni XX. Ngowe-1917, emathafeni Kirghiz ukuba uhlelwe kwiphondo Bukeyev ntsha kwaye counties Tsarovsky kunye Chernoyarsky wajoyina kwiphondo Tsaritsyn. Ngowe-1925 uyekwa counties kwaye kwasekwa izithili 12.