Sofya Kovalevskaya: engobomi, iifoto kunye ngempumelelo. uprofesa yokuqala female yehlabathi lwemathematika

Kovalevskaya Sofya Vasilevna wazalwa Januwari 3, 1850 eMoscow. Umama wakhe waba Elizabeth Schubert. Uyise General Korvin-Krukovskiy zokudubula, ngexesha lokuzalwa intombi yakhe wakhonza intloko arsenal. Xa wayeneminyaka emithandathu, umhlala waza wabahlalisa kwilifa usapho. Cinga ngakumbi, ukwenza kwaziwe Sofya Kovalevskaya.

Umbhalo: Childhood

Xa usapho lonke (abazali kunye neentombi ezimbini) ihlaliswe kwilifa usapho kayise, le ntombazana baqesha ootitshala. Into kuphela apho unjingalwazi elizayo zezibalo sele ayiboniswanga nayiphi na inzala ethile, nanto zizayo, kwaba arithmetic. Nangona kunjalo, le meko itshintshe kakhulu ngokuhamba kwexesha. Uphononongo lwe arithmetic lweminyaka 10 enesiqingatha. Kamva, Sofia Kovalevskaya ingqalelo ukuba eli xesha, wamnika isiseko lonke ulwazi. Intombazana olufundwa kakuhle kakhulu into kwaye ngokukhawuleza ukusombulula zonke iingxaki. utitshala wakhe Malevich phambi algebra wamvumela ukuba ukufunda izibalo Bourdon (course volume-mbini, apho wafundiswa ngelo xesha i-University of Paris). Omnye abamelwane, bephawula impumelelo intombazana, uyise ndamcebisa ukuba ayokwenza kuqesha Strannolyubski sombutho yomkhosi wamanzi zokuqhubeka imfundo. Utitshala Entsha Kwisifundo sokuqala calculus umahluko Ndamangaliswa le Isantya oluhamba ngaso Sonia uye wafunda ingqikelelo esukela kunye umda.

umtshato yocingo

Ngowe-1863, xa Mariinsky Gymnasium wavula iikhosi zoqeqesho lootitshala ukuba kuquka isebe ngamazwi zendalo-nakwimathematika. Anna Sofia wayefuna ukuya apho. Kodwa ingxaki kukuba amantombazana abangatshatanga esikolweni ababhalise. Ngoko kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukungena emtshatweni. Nesoka Anna Vladimir Kovalevsky kukhethwa. Nangona kunjalo, lo mtshato phakathi kwabo akazange athathe indawo. Ngesinye yeendwendwelo waxelela Anna ukuba ukulungele ukutshata, kodwa udade wabo, Sonia. Emva kwexesha elithile, yena owayefakwa endlwini waza waqalisa kunye imvume kayise, dade yesibini umyeni. Ngelo xesha wayeneminyaka 26, yaye Sophia - eyi-18.

A sigaba impilo entsha

Akukho namnye baceba ngoko yintoni iingxaki betshatile ukumelana Sofia Kovalevskaya. Biography of umyeni wakhe ukubetha nomdla yakhe nabani ababemazi. Waqala ukuba imali kwiminyaka eli-16, nto leyo iguqulelwe kwi Gostiny Dvor abarhwebi iinoveli amazwe. Kovalevsky ababeyazi memory omkhulu, umsebenzi engaqhelekanga kunye nengqondo wobuntu. Yena ngokucacile wala kwinkonzo ingenalo novelwano, sakhetha endaweni ngemisebenzi yakhe ukushicilelwa eSt Petersburg. Yaba nguye lowo sichwethezwe iguqulelwe uncwadi, nto leyo ethe kwemfuno enkulu yabantu phambili kweli lizwe. Emva ihamba kunye nomyeni wakhe udade eSt Petersburg, Sofia Kovalevskaya waqalisa zobu emfihlekweni. Wagqiba ukunika onke amandla kuphela kwinzululwazi. Ekuphela kwento angathanda ukuzibandakanya eSofia Kovalevskaya, - nakwimathematika. Bephumelele uviwo yaye bafumana isiqinisekiso ukuqola, waphinda wabuyela Strannolyubski. Naye, waba ukufunda ngokunzulu inzululwazi, uceba kamva kuqhubeka ukusebenza kwamanye amazwe.

ukubunjwa

Ekuqaleni kuka-Apreli 1869 Sofia Kovalevskaya kunye nodade wabo kunye nomyeni wakhe baya eVienna. Kwakukho komhlaba ezifunekayo koko Vladimiru Onufrievichu. Nangona kunjalo, e Vienna kwakukho oosonzululwazi eyomeleleyo. Ngoko ke Kovalevskaya ugqiba kwelokuba aye eHeidelberg. Xa kokungeniswa kwazo, kwaba ilizwe ledinga kubafundi. Emva soyise inani kobunzima iKomishini wenza kusekho Nozipho ukumamela izifundo physics nakwimathematika. Kuba izinyanga ezintathu, waya kwikhosi Kenigsbergera, wafundisa imfundiso kwemisebenzi okweqanda. Ukongeza, waya izifundo physics nemathematika Kirchhoff, Helmholtz, oki uRaymond wasebenza elebhu phantsi kolwalathiso yemichiza Bunsen. ngoko Bonke aba bantu babe izazinzulu ezaziwayo-kakuhle eJamani. Ootitshala ubuchule nqa ilifa Kovalevskaya. Sofya wasebenza nzima kakhulu. Wakhawuleza kahle zonke iingongoma isiqalo, nto leyo yabangela ukuba ukuqala uphando lwakho. Yena yadla Rave okwalo yi Koenigsberger utitshala wakhe - umphengululi enkulu xesha uKarl Weierstrass. ababephila Last ebizwa "umhlaziyi enkulu."

Ukusebenza Weierstrass

Sofia Kovalevskaya egameni nenjongo ephakamileyo elikhethiweyo ukoyisa uloyiko kunye neentloni kunye nasekuqaleni kuka-Oktobha 1870 waya Berlin. UNjingalwazi Weierstrass wayengekho ukuzityand 'igila kwaye bahlukane undwendwe yakhe, wabanika imisebenzi emininzi ngayo ukusuka kwindawo zemisebenzi itanjenti, simema naye ngeveki. Ndizilandile ixesha ukulibala malunga nolo tyelelo, ISAZINZULU abalindelanga ukubona Kovalevskaya ngexesha elimisiweyo. Wabonakala womnyango ubhengeze ukuba zonke iingxaki ziye zisonjululwe. Ekuhambeni kwexesha Weierstrass isicelo ukuba Kovalevskaya usiwe ukuva iintetho zemathematika. Noko ke, akuzange kube lula ukuphumeza imvume eliphezulu zebhunga. KwiYunivesithi Berlin nje kuphela aye kubhalisela abafundi abafazi. Baye wayengavumelekanga ukuba beze izifundo njengoko abaphulaphuli. Ngoko ke, Kovalevskaya kwafuneka ukuba kuphela iiseshini zabucala kunye Weierstrass. Njengokuba kuphawuliwe ababephila,-nzulu baziincamisa sidla zicinezelwa abaphulaphuli noludumileyo engqondweni. Kodwa ukwazi banxanelwe ulwazi Kovalevskaya wafuna umsebenzi okwandileyo Weierstrass. Yena ngokwakhe babeye ukusombulula iingxaki ezahlukeneyo, ukuze aphendule ngokufanelekileyo imibuzo ngendlela entsonkothileyo umfundi wakhe. Ayephila waphawula ukuba kufuneka ukuba sibe nombulelo Kovalevskaya, kuba wakwazi ukuba lirhoxe nokuvalwa Weierstrass.

Umsebenzi wokuqala ozimeleyo

Kuphando yakhe ngokuphathelele intsalela umsebenzi osontiweyo iSaturn kaThixo. Ngaphambi ukwenza lo msebenzi Kovalevskaya Laplace (ngeenkwenkwezi isiFrentshi, sezinto kunye wezibalo). Xa iphepha yakhe, yena ingqalelo umsesane uSaturn kwi ngohlobo oluntsonkothileyo ezingcakacileyo eziliqela, musa ukuphembelela omnye nomnye, izinto. Ebudeni isifundo, wafumanisa ukuba cross-sigaba inikwa ngendlela an ellipse. Noko ke, le sisombululo yaba kuphela yokuqala, kalula kakhulu. Kovalevskaya wamkelwa ukufundela umsesane yechaneke ngaphezulu equilibration. Ukuba kubonwe ukuba kwenye kwicandelo cross kufuneka thaca ngokohlobo okweqanda.

thesis

Ukususela ekuqaleni kobusika 1873 nasentlakohlaza ka-1874 Kovalevskaya wayenza izifundo umehluko zibalo avela buso. Kulindeleke ukuba bammise umsebenzi njenge mpikiswano zobugqirha. umsebenzi wakhe kuye kwabangela bomntu kuluntu lwezenzululwazi. Kungekudala emva koko, ke, kwafunyaniswa ukuba isifundo esinjalo sele kubanjwa Augustin Cauchy - umphengululi owaziwayo French. Kodwa umsebenzi wakhe wazinika ifomu theorem Kovalevskaya, egqibelele ngendlela elula, ilifinyeze ngqo. Ngoko ke, le ngxaki yaqala ukuba kuthiwe "Cauchy-Kovalevskaya theorem." Idityanisiwe zonke izifundo ezisisiseko uhlalutyo. Of umdla kakhulu kuhlalutyo yakhe lenxaki ubushushu. Isifundo Kovalevskaya watyhila ubukho kweemeko ezizodwa. Oku kwakubalulekile ukuze ixesha lokuvula. Kweli thuba yokuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi wakhe yaphela. IBhunga of the University of Gottingen wakhe ubugqirha-bulumko zemathematika kunye Master of Arts Fine "kunye ludumo" yanikezelwa.

Yena nomyeni wakhe

Ngowe-1874 Sofia Kovalevskaya wabuyela eRashiya. Noko ke, ekhaya ngelo xesha iimeko ezimbi ukuba wawungenako ukuvumela ukuba babasukele inzululwazi njengoko ifuna. Ngexesha umtshato nomyeni wakhe waba langoku. ixesha kokuhlala okokuqala eJamani, babehlala kwizixeko ezahlukahlukeneyo, babefunde kwizikolo ezahlukeneyo. Unxibelelwano kunye nomyeni wakhe kuqhutywa iileta. Emva koko, ke, ubuhlobo wathabatha ifomu eyahlukileyo. Ngowe-1878, Kovalevskaya wazala intombi. Emva kokuba wazalwa malunga iinyanga ezintandathu Nozipho wachitha ebhedini. Oogqirha akukho themba achache. Kumzimba kunjalo iphumelele, kodwa intliziyo sele wambetha isifo kakhulu.

Ukuwa usapho

Kovalevskaya bendiyindoda, umntwana, Sasikuthanda. Kubonakala ngathi le nto kufuneka ukuba ngokwaneleyo ukuze uvuyo lwenu luzaliseke. Kodwa Kovalevskaya waba maximalism bokuhlala macala. Yona yenza amabango aphezulu yobomi bonke abangeenxa zonke kuye. Yona wawubeva nomyeni wam izibhambathiso uthando, wafuna ukuba lonke ixesha wabonisa imizamo yakhe. Kodwa Kovalevsky akazange. Yena umntu ezahlukeneyo, ngehlombe kangangoko kweyobunzululwazi, kwakunye ngumfazi wakhe. Zalisa ukuwa kobudlelwane xa bagqiba ukuqala ishishini. Noko ke, nangona oku, Kovalevskaya wahlala yinyaniso kwinzululwazi. Kodwa nako ukuqhubeka ukusebenza eRashiya. Emva kokubulawa nokumkani meko kweli lizwe zimbi kakhulu. Nozipho nentombi yakhe baya eBerlin, kunye nomyeni wakhe - to Odessa, umninawa wakhe. Noko ke, Vladimir Onufrievich kakhulu Badidekile kwimicimbi ishishini labo, yaye ngobusuku 15 ngo-Aprili 16, 1883 wazibulala. Kovalevskaya waba eParis xa ndafumana iindaba. Emva komngcwabo, wabuyela Berlin, waya Weierstrass.

Stockholm University

Weierstrass weva kokufa komyeni wakhe Kowalewski, ngubani ngaso Nozipho uceba ukwenza inzululwazi injongo wobomi, wabhala Mitgag-Leffler, umlingane wakhe. Kule leta, wathetha malunga nento yokuba ngoku akukho nto kokumisa ukuvumela umfundi ukuba aqhubeke nomsebenzi. Kungekudala Weierstrass wakwazi ukukholisa Kovalevskaya impendulo eyakhayo evela eSweden. January 30, 1884 wafunda isifundo sokuqala. Ikhosi, leyo sifunda Kovalevskaya German,-mthetho labucala. Sekunjalo, yena wenza ingcebiso kakhulu naye. Ekupheleni kukaJuni 1884, yena wafumana iindaba elimisiweyo unjingalwazi iminyaka emi-5.

umsebenzi omtsha

Okunye nenkazana ngakumbi uprofesa nzulu kuphando. Ngoku sele ukufunda omnye wemingeni emikhulu enxulumene eqine ukujikeleza umzimba. Wakholelwa ukuba wayekwazi nilicombulule, igama layo liya kongezwa kwinani izazinzulu baziincamisa zehlabathi. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi zakhe, iminyaka emi-5 ukuze ukugqibezela umsebenzi.

yokubhala Creative

Entwasahlobo ka-1886 Sofya wafumana iindaba imeko kakhulu udade wabo. Yena waya ekhaya. Kovalevskaya wabuyela Stockholm ngentliziyo enzima. Kule meko, oku ukuqhubeka ukufunda. Noko ke, wafumana indlela ukuthetha ngeemvakalelo zabo ngokwabo, iingcinga zabo. umsebenzi wokubhala yaba yinto yesibini ibalulekileyo, nto leyo ukwenza Sofia Kovalevskaya. Le ncwadi, leyo yena wabhala ngexesha ne-Anne-Charlotte Edgren-Leffler, ngoko ukumbamba oko, ngaphakathi kweli xesha akazange abuye yophando.

eyaba yimbali

Emva nokuphola yokothuka, Kovalevskaya ubuyela emsebenzini lwezenzululwazi. Izama ukusombulula ingxaki ukujikeleza yequmrhu engqongqo ngeenxa ingongoma enzima static. Kunciphisa ingxaki ukuya ukuhlanganiswa kwenkqubo kwizibalo ebisoloko uyicacisile ezintathu ezifunekayo. Le ngxaki isonjululwe ngokupheleleyo, xa kunokwenzeka ukufumana yesine. Uye kabini kwafunyanwa ngaphambi kokuvulwa Kovalevskaya. Izazinzulu eziye zafunda ingxaki ziye आयडेंटीफिकेशन iSazisi kunye Euler. Kovalevska ibhaqwe icala lesithathu kunye noko yesine ezifunekayo. Isigqibo sisonke yawo inzima kakhulu. ukumelana ngokuphumelelayo lo msebenzi wanceda ulwazi olugqibeleleyo imisebenzi hyperelliptic. Kwaye ngoku 4 ebalulekileyo aljibra ikhona kuphela kwiimeko amathathu: आयडेंटीफिकेशन iSazisi, Euler, kunye Kovalevskaya.

Borden Award

Ngowe-1888, ngomhla we-6 Disemba, i-Paris Academy wathumela incwadi Kovalevskaya. Kwathiwa ukuba wawongwa ibhodi umvuzo. Kufuneka ke ukuba yaba umnini kwabantu 10 ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane, ukususela mhla yasekwa. Kulo mzekelo, zonke ezi zihlandlo befu- ukuba abasinikwa ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ke omnye, lo izisombululo ethile. Phambi kokuba ukuvulwa ibhaso Kovalevskaya akukho namnye yanikezelwa iminyaka emithathu ilandelelana. Kwiveki emva kokufumana iindaba, waya Paris. UMongameli Academy of Janssen, ngeenkwenkwezi physics, bamamkela ngokufudumeleyo Sofya Vasilyevna. Wathi ngenxa ubunzulu uphando kuyo, ipremiyamu inyuswe ukusuka 3 ukuya amawaka 5 franc.

Award ye-Swedish Academy

Emva kokufumana ibhaso Borden Kovalevskaya wahlala kufuphi Paris. Apha waqhubeka zophando imizimba ukujikeleza ukhuphiswano ngenxa ibhaso kaKumkani Oscar II Swedish Academy. Ekwindla, ekuqaleni kwesiqingatha kwiyunivesithi, wabuyela Stockholm. Lo msebenzi wahamba ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Kovalevskaya wayefuna ukuba ixesha ukugqiba ukufunda, ukuba bangenise umsebenzi kolu khuphiswano. Ngomsebenzi wakhe wafumana elinesihlanu lamakhulu ngezithsaba.

Izama ukubuyela Russia

Nangona iimpumelelo, Kovalevskaya akazange onwabe nto. Waya ukuba unyango, kodwa zange ayigqibe. Emva kwexesha elifutshane, impilo yakhe kubukela kwakhona. Kule meko, Kovalevskaya ayikwazanga kuqhubeka isifundo iphinde uncwadi. ulangazelelo lwakhe eRashiya, wazama singaliva amabali abantu kwilizwe labo. Wayesele olungaphezu kakhulu ukuba kwilizwe lasemzini. Kodwa nangona nempumelelo kakhulu, kwaba akunakufane kwenzeke kwi neeyunivesithi zalapha. Ithemba xa Novemba 7, 1888 yena wonyulwa esihambelanayo ilungu Physics and Mathematics ye-Russian Academy. Ngo-Apreli 1890, waya ekhaya. Kovalevskaya, wayethembe ukuba uya onyule ilungu le-Akhademi owafa Schwarz endaweni. Ngenxa yoko, oko ukufumana ukuzimela-mali, nto leyo iza kukhuthaza uphando kwilizwe labo.

Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

E St. Petersburg Kovalevskaya izihlandlo eziliqela waba wayetyelele Mongameli Russian Academy. Grand Duke uKonstantin wayesoloko athobekile kwaye nobubele kuye, esithi ukuba kuza kuba mnandi xa yena wabuyela ekhaya. Kodwa xa Kovalevskaya wayefuna ukwenza njengelungu kumnxulumanisi yale Akhademi kuloo ntlanganiso, yena walelwa ngenxa yokuba "Akwenziwa". ukoniwa Greater eRashiya ayenzekanga kumbangele. NgoSeptemba, Kovalevskaya safika e Stockholm. January 29, 1891, wafa eneminyaka engama-41, unyaka ukusilela kwentliziyo.

isiphelo

Kovalevskaya wayeyindoda emangalisayo. Waye kakhulu bafune zonke ezenzeka kuyo. Oku akukho yezibalo eziqhelekileyo Russian kunye engineer, isazinzulu omkhulu, owada wendisela onke amandla akhe kwinzululwazi. Kubuhlungu ukuqaphela ukuba eRashiya ngelo xesha yena akazange ezinikezelwa ngenxa ingqalelo khange lukhankanyiwe ubuhle bayo, nangona ukuthandwa eliphezulu kwizangqa zenzululwazi aphesheya. Hayi kude Enkulu Onion Museum ibekwe Sofia Kovalevskaya. Polibino waba lakubo yesibini, kuloo ndawo apho wabonisa umtsalane yakhe kwinzululwazi.