I-International Court of Human Rights. Court International of Justice. enkantolo kulamlo lokugqibela International

Nje ambalwa eminyaka eyadlulayo, iindlela eziphambili zokusombulula ungquzulwano ngamazwe kunye neminye imiba baba amazwe kunye imfazwe. Ngaphezu koko, indlela yesibini isetyenziswa rhoqo ngaphezu kweyokuqala, ngenxa yokuba ngoncedo kwayo kube lula ukufezekisa iziphumo kakhulu kwimeko lokoyisa. Kodwa njengokuba ekuphuhliseni uluntu iye yaguquka inkcubeko yalo esemthethweni. Kuye kwacaca ukuba imfazwe kuyingozi zombini wayengekayeki boyisileyo. Ngenxa yoko, le nkampani baqalisa ukufuna indlela obutofotofo kakhulu yokulungisa iingxabano yezizwe ngezizwe. umfutho omkhulu yokucinga enjalo ukuvela ngqo kushishino ngokomthetho, eyayilawula ubudlelwane phakathi izifundo kunye nobume ithi.

Umthetho International ubukhulu becala kwanceda ukuphuhlisa indlela eya ingxoxo phakathi kwamazwe, ngayo umntu ukusombulula phantse nayiphi na ingxaki. Ukuze kuphunyezwe ukuphunyezwa kwemimiselo yezomthetho ngamazwe, siye wadala amaqumrhu ezizodwa ezifumene iwonga iinkundla. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iinkundla ziye warhola inani elikhulu enjalo lezifundo bobabini umthetho karhulumente kunye nawabucala. Kweli nqaku siza ukuchaza iwabonakalalise iinkalo eziphambili nezamazwe ndlela ezahlukeneyo.

Ingcamango kweenkundla ngamazwe

Kuba wonke ummi eqhelekileyo phantse isoloko umbuzo imfihlelo into kwinkundla ngamazwe. Enoba iwonga kunye nolwalathiso lenkundla ngamazwe kukho ummiselo enye esemthethweni umsebenzi wamaziko anjalo. An into umdla kukuba nayiphi na inkundla ngamazwe - ngenxa kwisivumelwano esithile esiphakathi States. Njengoko oku kunye nezinye iimpawu, ungakhetha i ingqiqo enye. Ngenxa yoko, inkundla ngamazwe - umzimba wadala kuphela ngokusekelwe umnqophiso ethile ngamazwe ukuhlangabezana yokujongana neembambano phakathi kwamazwe endalo ezahlukeneyo kwaye kwezinye iimeko abantu. Namhlanje kukho ziinkundla ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, ngalinye elinoxanduva kwicandelo elithile umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Iphepha iza thaca eyona idumileyo.

Isimo ngokomthetho nezigqibo zeenkundla ngamazwe

Kukho imibuzo emininzi malunga nokuba kusekwa kanjani na umthetho kweenkundla ngamazwe. Ingxaki yeyokuba akukho yindlela enye ngalo izisombululo thaca kweli nqaku, abasemagunyeni asetyenziswa kwinqanaba likazwelonke kwamanye amazwe. Imfundiso komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe yaqulunqa ingqiqo, ocacisa ukuba isigqibo senkundla ngamazwe iqalisa-sikhokelo yesivumelwano, ngenxa ngawo zadalwa. Ngenxa ingakumbi kwezi mibutho thaca umba yi kusengqiqweni. Ngoko ke, le meko kwinkundla ngamazwe naluphi na uhlenga kulawulwa ngesivumelwano ethile ngamazwe phakathi kwamazwe ezithile.

Court International of Justice

Enye imizimba edume kakhulu futhi ebaluleke ngokwenene kummandla wolawulo ingxabano yezizwe yiNkundla of Justice. Le nkundla yasekwa ngokuhambelana kunye neZizwe eziManyeneyo Charter ngo-1945. Eli lungu yenye arhente ezintandathu engundoqo of the Organization. Ngokutsho Charter, uMthetho ingxabano zomthetho ngamazwe ngokungqinelana nemigaqo yobulungisa kunye nokusonjululwa ungquzulwano ngendlela enoxolo. Court International of Justice yayisekelwe inxalenye enkulu ngenxa yeMfazwe yeSibini yeHlabathi, xa abantu baqonda ukuba kwenzeke ingozi ngokupheleleyo olu hlobo ingxabano. imisebenzi yayo ilawulwa ngumbutho uxwebhu yolawulo eyahlukileyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ummiselo enjalo weZizwe eziManyeneyo International Court of Justice.

Isimo Court of Justice kunye nemithombo yomthetho esebenza kubo

Isimo ngokomthetho wenkundla baxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwi weZizwe eziManyeneyo amaxwebhu emisiweyo. Njengomgaqo, amalungu alo amalungu part-time ze-International Court of Justice. Wamisa lo mzimba ngokwesiseko ngemeko soMbutho. Kwimisebenzi yayo iNkundla of Justice usebenzisa inani elikhulu ngemithombo komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokutsho Inqaku 38 woMthetho, kuba isisombululo kweembambano ezithile ezingokomthetho ezilandelayo kwimithombo zomthetho asetyenziswa:

• Convention, isivumelwano samazwe ezikumila yomthetho;
• iinkqubo zomthetho ngamazwe ;
• Imigaqo ngokubanzi yomthetho ezikhoyo zonke iinkqubo zomthetho;
• izigqibo yeengcali ngamnye kwakunye ezininzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle imfundiso yomthetho ngamazwe.

Kwezinye iimeko, inkundla basekele izigqibo zayo imigqaliselo yobulungisa, hayi kuthintele ukuba ngokusesikweni imithetho komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.

kolawulo

Court International of Justice uya kuthi abe nolawulo kuphela ezo zifundo baye banikwa imvume express ukuba wazama kwesi sihlandlo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-UN ilungu ithi, kukho iindlela ezininzi ezingundoqo apho bakwazi ukubonisa umnqweno wabo inxaxheba kulingo phantsi kokukhokelwa kwinkundla ngamazwe. Phakathi ndlela ziquka ezi zilandelayo:

1. Isivumelwano abasebenzisi abakhethekileyo (amaqela kwimbambano bengavumelani malunga ugqithiselo lwakhe kwi-International Court of Justice).
2. Kwezinye izivumelwano, kukho amanqaku ukuba ekuqaleni ngokunyanzela Amaqela ukusombulula zonke iingxaki zabo kunye nabanye States kwi-International Court of Justice.
3. Maxa wambi ilungu State uyakuqonda wolawulo wenkundla ngokwayo ibopheleleke declaration ngomoya omnye.

Ngokwesiseko iimeko ze-International Court of Justice liqhuba imisebenzi yayo inkqubo yokusombulula iimbambano phakathi kwezizwe.

I-International Court of Human Rights

Kumazwe amaninzi oluphucukileyo lixabiso engundoqo modernity, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, abantu. Ngoko ke, amalungelo nenkululeko akhuselwe inani ngezenzo zomthetho, zombini iinkqubo zomthetho yesizwe neyamazwe ngamazwe.

Kodwa kunye nophuhliso lwenkcubeko esemthethweni yabemi behlabathi kaninzi amalungelo oluntu anyhashwe. Nale into embi xa uzama ukulwa, kodwa kufuneka uye enkundleni kwezinye iimeko. Iqumrhu iphambili kule ndawo yi-International Court of Human Rights. Esi sihloko ayikho kakhulu ilungile, ngenxa yokuba umzimba unalo igama elahlukileyo kancinane - ezizezi, iNkundla YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu, owasekwa ngo-1953. Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho inkundla lwenziwa kuphela ngokuphathelele kumazwe ilungu weNkomfa ukuba woKhuseleko yamaLungelo oluNtu kunye nokubaluleka kwenkululeko.

Kolawulo European Court of Human Rights

INkundla YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu ayikho ngaphezulu umzimba instantsionnym ngaphezu inkqubo yenkundla iphela zeLizwe. Noko ke, ukuba uthathe umzekelo thina aba, Russian Federation, nto leyo ilungu le-European Convention yokuKhuselwa yamaLungelo oluNtu kunye neenkululeko ezisisiseko, isigqibo senkundla ngamazwe zibandakanywa kwinkqubo yomthetho wesizwe njengento enyanzelekileyo. Kulo mzekelo, amandla ngokusemthethweni izigqibo ngaphezu izenzo olumisiweyo yomthetho wesizwe Russian.

Ngokuphathelele umba ukuqonda weNkundla ngamazwe wamaLungelo oLuntu, ukuba imbali kulo mzimba baye akukho amatyala non-inzaliseko izenzo zakhe. Xa izigqibo zayo inkundla unelungelo ukwanelisa kakuhle iimfuno zamaqela kunye ukuze kubuyekezelwe umonakalo, umonakalo non-pecuniary kunye neendleko zomthetho.

Iimeko wokungeniswa izikhalazo kwi-International Court of Human Rights

Inkundla wamkela isikhalazo ukuze ziqwalaselwe, oko kufuneka ihlangane iimeko ezimbini, ezizezi:

1. Ungakhalaza kuphela kwalawa malungelo neenkululeko ezinikezelwa ngokucacileyo ngokuba yi-Convention. Not kuthathelwa ingqalelo amalungelo awodwa kumiselwe kuphela siseko ze ithi ngamnye. An into umdla kukuba ezinye inkululeko wazibala kwi iNgqungquthela States ezininzi Amwagela inoveli, kodwa loo nto ayithethi ngaphandle uxanduva ukuhlukunyezwa kwabo.
2. Ngokungqinelana neSiqendu 34 se-European Convention yokuKhuselwa yamaLungelo oluNtu kunye neenkululeko ezisisiseko, inkundla ukufumana izikhalazo ezivela kubantu, amaqela abantu kunye nemibutho engenzi nzuzo, apho, ngokwembono zabo, baba ngamaxhoba mthetho ngqo.

I-High Court le meko umbutho ngamazwe, ngoko ungayilungisa umntu ongelilo ngummi kwilizwe lilungu leBhunga laseYurophu. Enye imeko kubalulekile ukuba isikhalazo ukuze ziqwalaselwe yiNkundla of Human Rights yinto yokuba umntu kufuneka achithe zonke iindlela ukukhusela amalungelo abo kwinqanaba likazwelonke, yaye kuphela emva koko isicelo kwinkundla ngamazwe.

imvumo commercial International

Namhlanje, ingqalelo kakhulu inikwa yorhwebo yamazwe ngamazwe kuba kwiimalike zehlabathi ivela njenge phantse yonke yesibini. Njengoko kuzo zonke ezinye iinkalo zobomi babantu, oku kwakhona eliphikisa ukuba umele ukuba ngandlel 'iqwalaselwe. Ukuze wenze oku, kukho yinkundla yamazwe ngamazwe kulamlo lokugqibela yorhwebo. Le umzimba yenzelwe ukujongana nokusombulula iingxabano ngqo phakathi kwamaqela transactions yorhwebo yamazwe ngamazwe. Kulo mzekelo, abantu okanye amaqela kwimbambano inokuba imibutho eyahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo besive izakhiwo zikarhulumente. Court Commercial International kufuneka yohlulwe kwezinye iinkundla ezigqibe iimbambano ngqo phakathi States.

Iimpawu of International yoLamlo

Kunye inkundla iinkundla karhulumente ngamazwe yolamlo yorhwebo yindlela ethandwayo ukusombulula iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela kwisivumelwano, izivumelwano, njl Oku kukuvumela ukuba ukhethe i Eyona nto iphawulekayo lesi sitho, ezizezi ..:

1. Ukwenziwa kwezigqibo ulamlo ngamazwe - eli lixesha elide kunye impikiswano. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho indlela enye yokwenza izigwebo omzimba ngezizwe eyayiza iphunyezwe ngokupheleleyo kuwo onke amazwe. Le into embi kwezinye iimeko, kwenza ukuba amaqela kakubi amalungelo abo yavota komyalelo wenkundla.
2. Court International yoLamlo isebenzisa oko kungafuneki kuthiwe pahaha ovumela amaqela ukuba ziyimfihlo yonke impikiswano zabo.
3. Ngenxa yokuba inkqubo nolamlo zinakho kakuhle tsala ku iminyaka, olu hlobo nokukhusela amalungelo abo luphawulwa iindleko eziphezulu, ikakhulu iimali zezomthetho kunye nezinye iindleko eziyimfuneko (yokuqesha abacebisi, amagqwetha, njalo njalo. N.).
4. Court International yoLamlo - liqumrhu cala eya kubanika izinto esizithandayo lilo naliphi na iqela le mbambano.

kwinkundla ngamazwe Criminal

Enye impumelelo ebalulekileyo entsimini ubulungisa ngezizwe ukusekwa kwinkundla mthetho ngamazwe. Phantsi Rome woMthetho (umzimba umzali uxwebhu kaThixo), i-International Criminal Court yi umzekelo we umlinganiswa lonke yobulungisa yolwaphulo-mthetho. Xa linobuchule ngqo ukutshutshisa abo benze izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zilandelayo: mthetho imfazwe, ikolo, izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho nxamnye noluntu.

isimo Court

I-International Criminal Court liziko osisigxina, njengoko kuchasene aveze iinkundla ukuba ingqalelo ulwaphulo ezahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, ICC - kwinkundla eyahlukileyo, ngokusekelwe kwi The Hague. Oku engafakwanga isakhiwo UN, nangona kwiimeko ezithile ukuze siqalise inkqubo ngokwesiseko ntetho komzimba. Amatyala Benza emqukumbelweni kwisiqinisekiso Senkqubo Yomthetho Rome woMthetho, nto leyo eqhelekileyo ukuba namhlanje asebenza kummandla kumazwe 123. Kukho amanye amazwe ukuba phakathi nxaxheba ezingummiselo, kodwa ngokubonakalayo incedise ekuphunyezweni inkundla yolwaphulo-ngamazwe kunye nezigqeba zalo noshowo. Amanye kula mazwe ziquka i-Russian Federation.

isiphelo

Xa ndiqukumbela, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba okusesikweni ngamazwe - ayikho kuphela nawasezincotsheni ebalulekileyo amalungelo zehlabathi ngokubanzi, kodwa linyathelo elikhulu ekuphuhliseni ingxoxo phakathi kwezizwe. Makhe Ndiyathemba ukuba kungekudala yonke imiba ebalulekileyo phakathi kwamazwe amabini ziya kuqwalaselwa kumaqumrhu amazwe ngamazwe.