Le yobudala yomhlala ehlabathini, ingakumbi pension, elisezantsi kunye yobudala eliphezulu umhlala-phantsi

Xa imeko nganye, umhlala-phantsi eyahlukileyo. Ukuze ufumane off ukuze baphumle hola kakuhle, abemi amazwe kufuneka iphumele nkqubo efanelekileyo. Le yobudala yomhlala ehlabathini ibalwa ngokwale mgaqo - ukuthathela ingqalelo umlinganiselo wokuphila kwabantu.

yokubala inkqubo yomhlala ehlabathini

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi iinkqubo ngaphezulu kwe pension ethe. Kodwa inkcazelo ubudala umhlalaphantsi yehlabathi ngokufanayo.

Iinzuzo ukuze efumanekileyo ngamnye imali sicwangciso, inkqubo unikezelo yerhafu.

Age abantu

Imithetho kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini yobudala yomhlala-phantsi amadoda nabasetyhini ezahlukeneyo. Amazwe apho babezizwa na ngexesha elinye ukuya eholideyini, mncinane ngokwaneleyo. Ngokusisiseko, ubudala ehlabathini yomhlala yahlukile amadoda kunye nabasetyhini.

Amadoda ithathwa iindlela eziphambili mgodini sokutya, ngoko ke wasinika umhlala-phantsi kamva. Le theyibhile ingezantsi ibonisa yobudala yomhlala phantsi abantu ehlabathini.

Age abafazi

Ngokutsho komthetho kumazwe amaninzi ekuvumele abafazi ukuba umhlala ngaphambi kunamadoda. Njengoko le theyibhile ibonisa, umhlala-phantsi kwihlabathi kubafazi eyahlukileyo kwinkoliso States.

umhlala-phantsi

karhulumente ngamnye izama ukugcina inkqubo pension ukwimeko ngokuthe ngcembe, kodwa rhoqo ukuba ayigcine kwihlabathi lanamhlanje kunzima. Ngoko ke ndaqalisa ukuba ukuvuka yobudala yomhlala phantsi ehlabathini. Kwezinye imiba ephakanyiswe yobudala kuxoxwe ngenkuthalo.

Le ntlekele iye ngayo yonke lizwe. Emva kokuba uhlalutyo kwafunyaniswa ukuba amazwe awuna mali yaneleyo kuzo zonke iindleko. Oku kukhokelele ekwandeni yobudala yomhlala-phantsi. Ngapha koko, kulula ukufumana abantu ukusebenza ixesha elide, ngeli ukufumana abasebenzi abongezelelweyo kunye nokunciphisa inkcitho karhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuba abemi.

Ngenxa yesi sizathu, sinokugqiba ukuba kwilizwe yonke iminyaka yomhlalaphantsi akanayo imilinganiselo ecacileyo ingahluka.

Iimpawu zeenkqubo ukubala kunye umhlala-phantsi

iinkqubo pension ubalo ezahlukeneyo ziyasetyenziswa kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nkqubo omnye isetyenziswa kumazwe angaphandle, ukudityaniswa ababini okanye abathathu.

1. Inkqubo ngabanye-ngemali. Le yinkqubo ukuqokelelana mali yomhlala abemi uluhlu-mali yomhlalaphantsi. Kusenokwenzeka nabo umqeshi. Ukususela isixa emfono esibala isixa sentlawulo yenyanga.
2. inkqubo Distribution esekelwe kwirhafu yomhlala. Olu hlobo ibandakanya ukudluliselwa imali kwingeniso umhlala. Ngenxa yokuba le nkqubo ukubala, abadla umhlala post-umhlala kufumana iintlawulo zabo ngeendleko yabantu abasebenzayo.
3. inkqubo Distribution, ephuhliswe ngokusekelwe irhafu ekwabelwana. Olu hlobo kufuna accrual kweentlawulo, ezo zifunyenwe kwi-mali yerhafu.

izicwangciso umhlala

A Inani States baye bagqiba ukwenza utshintsho kwimithetho pension. Ukraine iceba ukwandisa umhlala-phantsi amabhinqa ukuya kominyaka imashumi mathandathu. Ezi utshintsho ngenxa kuza kuqala ukusebenza ukususela 2021. iindidi ezithile labemi Russia kwaye ngoku umhlala kamva. Oku kusebenza abasebenzi bakarhulumente kunye nabezopolitiko. Phantsi isicwangciso esitsha ukususela 2025 baya umhlala phantsi ekupheleni kweminyaka engama-60 no-65. Umahluko phakathi ubudala umhlala-phantsi amadoda namabhinqa ziza kuqhubeka.

E Kazakhstan ngo-2018 sihlelwe alinganayo kweminyaka amadoda nabafazi abaye bagqiba ukuya eholideyini ukuya kwiminyaka 63. Urhulumente US uceba ukunyusa iminyaka ukusuka kwiminyaka engama-65 ukuya 69. Kweli lizwe amadoda kunye nabafazi umhlala kunye.

Latest umhlala

Kwamanye amazwe, ukwanda eliphezulu yobudala yomhlala-phantsi. EJapan, amadoda kunye nabasetyhini umhlala-phantsi iminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe. Kweli lizwe, umgangatho olude ophezulu wokuphila kunye ixesha elide avareji yobomi. Ezi zizalathisi encomeka kangaka kade ukuya kwi iholide.

Hayi kude emva eJapan, Albania. Apha, abantu umhlala-phantsi kubudala 69,5 kunye neminyaka 64,5. Ukuze ixesha elide kufuneka isebenze eDenmark. Kweli lizwe, abantu umhlalaphantsi kuphela iminyaka engama-67. Akukho ukwahlukana phakathi kwamadoda nabafazi, bonke yiya kwi ekhefini ngexesha elifanayo.

Ubudala liphantsi yomhlalaphantsi

Iinkqubo pension kwilizwe ngalinye qho ilungiswe. Kuba 2017, iminyaka yomhlalaphantsi liphantsi ehlabathini kumazwe afana eRashiya, eUkraine, Belarus, Turkey. Kula mazwe, abantu kwi kwikhefu kominyaka imashumi mathandathu, nabafazi - nge-ezintlanu amahlanu. Noko ke, eTurkey, abafazi bavumelekile ukuba umhlala engama-56.

umhlalaphantsi lingekafiki akathethi kuloo mazwe ukuba kumazwe anoqoqosho phambili kakhulu. ERashiya, Belarus, Ukraine kunye namanye amazwe ehlabathini apho kuvumelekile kusasa ukuya kubethwa ngumoya, kukho ukuhla kweminyaka yokuphila. Oku kubonisa ukuba amazwe esingenamali.

Ubungakanani kweentlawulo

Ehlabathini lonke, isixa iintlawulo eyahlukileyo. Uninzi umhlala, babehlala eFransi, eJamani, eJapan, eUnited States. Kula mazwe, bahlawula imali engange-25 ukuya ku-45 amawaka (xa iguqulelwe kwi engange Russian).

Mncinanana kubo bonke Georgia, Uzbekistan umhlala, Moldova, Argentina. Kula mazwe, abantu ahlawulwa ngaphantsi kwe amawaka amahlanu. Kancinci nje ukufumana abemi Russia, Belarus, Ukraine Azerbaijan.

Wonke lizwe awohluke yayo umhlala-phantsi kunye novavanyo lwexabiso. Kuba abathile, inika ukufikelela kwi-50, kwaye kwezinye iimeko abantu banyanzeleka ukuba ukusebenza ukuya kwiminyaka engama-70.