Inkwili fleet of Russia: Imbali

Ukudalwa isitya yokuqala kwamanzi kuBukhosi Russian ekunokuthiwa umva ku-1921. Emva koko, ngenxa yomthetho Peter I Russian umchweli Efimom Nikonovym yayakhiwe ngwenya yokuqala, owayengamazi imbali Russia. Kwamanzi fleet of Russia, ukudalwa leyo kwacetywa ngenxa eminyaka, wadala becala ephepheni, kodwa kukho imeko. Ngoko, 50 ngwenya, sungula yi kwinjineli Polish-Russian wakhululwa ukususela ngowe-1879 ukuya 1881 eRashiya S. K. Dzhevetskim, owathi, nangona kunjalo, babesebenza kuphela ukusuka amandla dystrophy. Imbali ngwenya izithuthi Russian njengenxalenye Navy yelizwe ukuqala 1906. Kwaba ngoko ukuba uMlawuli Nicholas II isalelo ezabelwe lona. Ngelo xesha, uBukhosi Russian, kwakukho 10 ii nkwili.

Ukudala imikhumbi ngwenya

Ekuveleni XIX-XX iinkulungwane. kwi kwesikhokelo yoBukhosi baseRashiya baqalisa ukuqonda ngokucacileyo imfuno ukudala ngwenya yayo emkhosini. Oku kubangelwa imfuneko yophuhliso ngempumelelo ushishino olunjalo imikhumbi a eYurophu eUnited States. Iinkokeli Icandelo imikhumbi babekholelwa ukuba ngwenya fleet Russian kufuneka obuyiyile ngeendleko kwemveliso kumazwe angaphandle. Inxalenye ingcamango yokuba uBukhosi Russian kufuneka babe ubuchwepheshe layo kunye namashishini ekuveliseni ii nkwili.

Le yayibaluleke kulawulo imikhumbi, waye ukungaphumeleli intengiselwano sonikezelo US yokulwa nkwili eRashiya. Emva koko isigqibo sokuba imveliso yasekhaya of Russian ngwenya zezithuthi.

Inqanawa ukulwa inkwili yokuqala sisebenzisa injini ipetroli, oko yasungulwa ngo-1904. Le nqanawa yaba ngumtshabalalisi "Dolphin", okwabizwa ngokuba inombolo yayinomtshabalalisi 133. "Dolphin" waba ingenelo phezu noogxa babo amazwe. Yena waba yeetoni ka 113/135 m, ephuhliswe ukuba isantya amaqhina 9 phezu komhlaba kunye neeyunithi 4.5 emanzini. Xa phantsi kwamanzi inqanawa sihamba ngeendleko injini yombane kwaye wenze behlasela uluhlu iikhilomitha ukuya ku-28.

Noko ke, ukususela 1906, ngokutyikitya soMhlekazi ummiselo okhethekileyo ukumiselwa kwiklasi elikhethekileyo iinqanawa - ngwenya, waza wagqiba ukubala imbali yazo. kushishino imikhumbi eli lizwe phambili kakhulu ngokukhawuleza kule minyaka izayo. Kakade ngawo 1917, i-Russian lwaphela kaThixo inkwili fleet yayiquka isitya Subsea 73.

Uphuhliso ngwenya lwezithuthi USSR

Iminyaka Revolution kunye War Civil lanyanzelisa ukuba bonke eshishini imikhumbi yelizwe cishe angaxingi iminyaka ezayo. Kuphela ngowe-1926, eye yayamkela isicwangciso ejolise kukuba ukuvuselela ngwenya fleet someleleyo Russian. Ivela kweli xesha iqala ukubuyiselwa imifuziselo ubudala, kwakunye ekudaleni ezintsha. Ngoko ke, okokuqala zonke enikelweyo ukuba inkwili-udidi "Decembrist" amaphenyane. Ezintandathu zale izikhephe zakhutshwa kule minyaka izayo. Bafaka "neeBhari 'aluphele yaye ngelo xesha iimpawu engabumbeki komsebenzi imifuziselo amazwe. Ngenxa yoko, ngwenya eSoviet unako ukufikelela ngesantya amaqhina-14 yaye ingami uluhlu enesiqingatha ukuya kumawaka amathathu eemayile. Ukongezelela, baba iityhubhu inomzimba ezintandathu kwaye ukubonelela ukuya kubantu 53. Hayi into mncinane kuphuhliso ngempumelelo imikhumbi kweli lizwe, waza wamiselwa kwisikhundla entloko Bureau yoyilo injineli onesiphiwo B. M. Malinina.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba eSoviet Union iye intsebenziswano esebenzayo kummandla imikhumbi kunye eJamani. Ngoko ke, ukuze kuxhotyiswe lweenqanawa ezintywilayo "Decembrists" baseJamani wakhulula diesels. Ngaphezu koko, iingcali isiJamani ibe seyinike uncedo lobugcisa kwinkqubo yokudala inkwili-uhlobo S. Bona babe neempawu yokulwa ephakamileyo, kokubonakalayo owaziswa Soviet Navy. Ukongeza ukubana enkulu - ukuya kwiitoni 1073 - lweenqanawa ezintywilayo ze yeklasi C akwazi ukufikelela ngesantya 19.5 kwiqhina kwaye wenze ingami uluhlu iikhilomitha 8.200. Kananjalo izicwangciso ezintandathu inomzimba.

impumelelo ekhethekileyo imikhumbi ekhaya ngelo xesha uyilo kunye nolwakhiwo uhlobo inkwili K. It has nendawo yokugcina umxhelo, eliquka iityhubhu inomzimba ezilishumi kwisikhululo sikanomathotholo kakhulu ezinamandla. Ukongeza, ngwenya K-uhlobo waba inkqubo yolawulo ngokuntywiliselwa ngokuzenzekelayo kude kunye emersion. Oku uyakwazi ukufikelela ngesantya amaqhina ukuya ku-21, kwaye uluhlu yokudada yayo khamnqa iefa bade abanamava - iikhilomitha 14.040.

ngemva kwempi

Kuphuhliso lwamashisini imikhumbi kweli xesha kwemfazwe iphawulwa Jump esikhulu izixhobo lobugcisa ngwenya, ukuphucuka okubonakalayo komsebenzi wabo. Lweenqanawa ezintywilayo imveliso post-imfazwe, ophethwe ngezantya kakhulu emanzini ubunzulu banda, inani elikhulu kweetyhubhu inomzimba. Ukongeza, iitoni eyandisiweyo lweenqanawa ezintywilayo kunye nobude navigation elizimeleyo.

Noko ke, ingxaki enkulu yaba izikhitshana isixhobo diesel-zombane. Ngamanye amazwi, abayili kwafuneka ukwakha injini enye kuzo zombini yokudada freeboard kunye kwamanzi.

Noko ke, kule xesha saqalisa ukuphuhlisa ngwenya ngokubanzi yolwandle. Bona, kunye kolwandle iintlobo ezimbini iimpahla ngwenya ezikhoyo. lweenqanawa ezintywilayo Soviet bakwazi zinikwe nayiphi na indawo elwandle yeli hlabathi, aze aqhube imisebenzi intelligence apho.

Kodwa ke, kusekho ingxaki kusonjululwa noko kolu ukukwazi ukuba ijelo isikhephe ngesantya ephakamileyo, kwakunye nemfuneko yokuba amawa rhoqo ukuze imali ibhetri uze ulawule umoya. Ngaphandle koku, emva kwemfazwe, eSoviet Union yaba inzuzo ekhethekile phezu kwezinye amagunya, kuquka nezo eUnited States, umgangatho kunye semithambo kwamanzi eyenziwe. Ngoko ke, lo ukongama sizenze ngempumelelo iimpawu ezibalulekileyo ezifana isantya, ubunzulu emanzini, ubuchule kunye nabasebenzi nonyamezelo.

Ekubeni Kwisiqingatha sesibini 50. eli lizwe iqala kwinqanaba elitsha kuphuhliso ngwenya imikhumbi. Ke kaloku injongo engundoqo kwishishini imikhumbi le kukudala kunye nophuhliso lweenqanawa ezintywilayo enomjukujelwa yenyukliya ocean-ngaphi. Ezi imikhonjana, naphi phakathi elwandle zehlabathi, ukuba ukuhlasela enomjukujelwa enyukliya kwizithuba abaluleke utshaba. Kwakhona yafakwa iindlela zokukhusela inomzimba.

Olunye uhlobo inkwili isitya emininzi, leyo sidalwe ukwenzela ukwenza imisebenzi kwesimo kunye besikolo, kwakunye ukujongana ngwenya zenyukliya, ukuba enze ukutshatyalaliswa iinqanawa yotshaba nempahla zothutho.

Ukudalwa lweenqanawa ezintywilayo nuclear-kuxhaswe

Ukudalwa a inkwili yenyukliya ngo-1958 wavula kwinqanam entsha kuphuhliso ngwenya imikhumbi. Ngenxa ingxaki imikhumbi Nuclear ngokuphathelele ukungakwazi isitya kwamanzi ngaphantsi kwamanzi ixesha elininzi iye ngokupheleleyo isonjululwe. Ukongeza, uphuhliso lweenqanawa ezintywilayo enyukliya iye yavumela ukunyusa isantya inkqubela yabo kakhulu nje phezu kwamanzi phantsi kwamanzi.

Ukutshintsha amandla lwemoto esikhepheni sele utsha ixesha elide. Lweenqanawa ezintywilayo babengakwazi ukwenza abaninzi diving kwamanzi ngenxa yamandla eliphantsi Motors ayo zombane, nangona ukuba ahlale ngcono. I-injini ipetroli hayi aba sisebenzayo emsebenzini wabo. Kwaye ngaphandle, imfuno amawa rhoqo kwabangelwa kwakhona imfuno yokuba nizalise umoya.

Okokuqala inqanawa inkwili zenyukliya wadala yiSoviet Union ngowe-1958, yaba K3 "Leninsky Komsomol". isitya Bookmark kwenziwa ngo-1955. Lanikwa inani elikhulu iziphene. Uninzi amacandelo eyilwe kuye kwenziwa ngakumbi ngenxa yakhe. Ngoko ke, lo umgangatho iye ayisetyenziswanga ngwenya igobhogobho, kodwa zakhiwe ngayo ukuze ukuba nkulu iimpawu zayo iinqanawa yona. Ngenxa yoku, kwakunye, Kakade, esi reactor zenyukliya, ukuvavanya isikhephe lifikelele kwisantya amaqhina 28. Ngaphezu koko, le result wayengekho eyona, njengoko imithombo isikhephe yayisetyenziswa kungekhona xa umthamo ngokupheleleyo. I kukanina, njengokuba kuye kwaphawulwa, kwaye iziphene, kunye neempawu unreasoned. Ngoko ke, ngwenya kungekho iiankile, umbane idiesel spare kunye namathuba ukuze bazikhusele. Kwaye ngaphandle, waba eqondisa kakuhle.

Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ngokukodwa zidalelwe lobeko bakhe ukuba ukuqeqesha amalungu elizayo abasebenza engaphambi kokupapashwa kwayo kwaye ukulenza libe iingcali, ukuze inkwili zenyukliya-enikwe wakwazi nangoko emva kokudalwa azalisekise imisebenzi yawo. Russian inkwili yenyukliya kwezithuthi kusebenze ukugcina indawo ehamba phambili ehlabathini kwi USSR ubambane ukuzimela kwayo 90.

Kuphuhliso lwamashisini kwi imi--70-90.

In 60 kweye-- ekuqaleni sharing-70. Saqala ukuphuhlisa lweenqanawa ezintywilayo-isizukulwana yesibini. Bona lubonakala ngokuba ngesantya esiphezulu, nokuphuculwa komsebenzi bukhona. iimpahla kwamanzi isizukulwana yesibini lweminwe nezixhotyiswe nenkqubo air umoya electrochemical endaweni kweekhemikhali eziphelelwe eyingozi. Kananjalo i izixhobo ezingcono elektroniki.

Kweli thuba ukususela ngowe-1967 ukuya 1992 izityalo ezintathu kwakhiwa 48 lweenqanawa ezintywilayo zenyukliya eli lizwe. Ukususela 1973 ukuya 1982 eSoviet Union aveza 18 lweenqanawa ezintywilayo diesel-yombane, ukuba isandi-okubamba zerabha lwezindlu camera. Le ezintsha kuye kwanda kakhulu ukungazithembi zabo. Ukongeza, ukuba uhambe kuwo mihla ngemilinganiselo ngelo xesha, iinjini diesel zafakelwa.

Ukususela ekuqaleni-imi- 80 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, saqalisa lokuyila nokuphuhlisa isizukulwana sesithathu beempahla kwamanzi. Hlukile neempawu eziphambili zezi izixhobo nobunzima kakhulu, anda kakhulu iitoni benqanawa. Ukongeza, umsebenzi kuthwalelwa phandle, kunye nokuphucula lweenqanawa ezintywilayo lahlukile, kunye nokuphucula ozibonayo yotshaba. Isantya lwezikhephe enjalo ingaba amaqhina ukuya ku-35. iimeko zokuphila eziphuculweyo le nqanawa. Kwakhona lweenqanawa ezintywilayo bebexhotyiswa kunye namagumbi nokuhlangula, leyo ukuba kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo ukuze sifeze ngobungxamo elipheleleyo crew emkhombeni, ibekwe ngurhulumente kwamanzi.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula inkwili Project 941 "akula", nto leyo iimpahla ngwenya inkulu ehlabathini. Production yaqala ngo-1981, kwaye yi-90 ekuqaleni 'inani lawo iziqwenga 6. Isiseko izixhobo abo 20 inkulu imijukujelwa yayo uhlobo esiqinileyo-fuel. Ukongeza, ezi lweenqanawa ezintywilayo bebexhotyiswa strong izindlu-level multi.

yesine-isizukulwana ngwenya, enziwe ukusukela ekupheleni nenani-70., ngo 90. zange ziphuhliswe kakuhle ngenxa Ukuwa kweUSSR kunye yemali nengxaki ka-1998 Ubundlobongela Noko ke isakhiwo yabo zinezibonelelo ebalulekileyo, ezibe kwabonakala enzulwini ngokuntywiliselwa (ukuya kutsho kuma-400 eemitha) kunye nokusebenza eziphantsi ingxolo.

Modern Russian ngwenya fleet

Russian inkwili fleet okwangoku ibandakanya 76 lweenqanawa ezintywilayo lweendidi ezahlukeneyo kunye neenjongo. Kule ndawo zezicelo zabo njengenxalenye ukutshatyalaliswa ekujoliswe zasemanzini iinqanawa atshabalalise umhlaba ngobuchule iingongoma ezibalulekileyo yotshaba. Oku kuquka lweenqanawa ezintywilayo idizili, ngwenya emininzi yenyukliya, kwaye weave ngwenya, kwaye injongo ekhethekileyo ngwenya.

Isiseko apho ilungu le ngwenya fleet Russian, yenza izikhephe ezazakhiwe ngexesha leSoviet. Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba emva kwexesha kunzima kweli lizwe de ekuqaleni kowama-2000 iqala ukuvuselela Russian yenyukliya ngwenya izithuthi.

Enomjukujelwa cruisers yenjongo yeqhinga

Inxalenye ebalulekileyo amandla empi, nto leyo emele ngwenya fleet Russian, ukuya lweenqanawa ezintywilayo zenyukliya 667BDRM project "Dolphin". Kwinkonzo kunye lizwe ngoku izitya ezinjalo ezintandathu. Bonke bangamalungu nakuMntla Fleet. Kwakhona usongo omkhulu izikhephe lutshaba 667BDR Iprojekthi "Kalmar". Ngelishwa, ngoku ezikhalini Russian, kukho amathathu kuphela lweenqanawa ezintywilayo ezinjalo, eyona yakutshanje apho wakhululwa lwamanzi lwehlabathi jikelele ngo-1982. Ezi lweenqanawa ezintywilayo efakwe kwi ezinezinga wePasifiki.

Russian inkwili lwezithuthi ngo-2014 kwaye inama ubukho kubume bayo, ubuncinane ngokomkhethe ibekwe kwi reserve, lweenqanawa ezintywilayo enyukliya iiprojekthi 941 kunye 941UM "Shark." Umzekelo, eMntla Fleet uye TC-208 Cruiser "nguDmitry Donskoy".

ngwenya zenyukliya nomgangatho woposo ye

Ukubunjwa ngwenya fleet Russian nayo iquka multi-injongo lweenqanawa ezintywilayo zenyukliya kakhulu yokulwa ezininzi. "Pike-B 'eqaqambileyo abameli zabo lweenqanawa ezintywilayo of Project 971. msebenzi wabo kutshabalalisa ngwenya, iinqanawa komhlaba kunye neethagethi komhlaba. Le kwezikhali iqulathe torpedoes zabo kunye imijukujelwa iza. Ingaba ezi lweenqanawa ezintywilayo eMntla Fleet (iziqwenga 6) kunye Pacific (amaqhekeza 5).

Ebonakalayo amandla emininzi lweenqanawa ezintywilayo enyukliya ye-Russian Federation ukwenza iprojekthi ngwenya 949F "Antey" up. Okwangoku zisasazwe phakathi Northern kunye mabutho Pacific. Inani labo ifikelela iziqwenga 8.

Ukujonga ezi izikhephe oyinyaniso ebuhlungu zitshone 2000 inkwili K-141 "Kursk". Yaba le ntlekele inkulu kwezi zithuthi ngwenya, leyo owaziyo imbali entsha Russian. Russian ngwenya fleet, ngethamsanqa, ngexesha langoku nqanaba ubalule a ngamandla kakhulu ngaphezu kwi kowama-2000. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iimpazamo iintlekele zexesha elidlulileyo akayi kuphindwa.

Northern Fleet, phakathi kwezinye izinto, unawo lweenqanawa ezintywilayo Project 945 "Barracuda" kunye 945F "Condor", ukuncedisana amandla omkhosi, nto leyo Navy Russian. 2014 wabona ngokubhengezwa mihla K-560 "Severodvinsk". Le projekthi isikhephe 885 "Yasen" yaba kwimpumelelo ezintsha imikhumbi zasekhaya. Ngokutsho izicwangciso zobunkokeli lizwe ngo-2020 kwezi izikhephe icetyelwe ukuvelisa amaqhekeza-8.

lweenqanawa ezintywilayo Non-nuclear

I inkulu ngu Inani iimbono ye diesel-electric lweenqanawa ezintywilayo yeProjekthi 877 lweenqanawa ezintywilayo "Halibut". Ba kwinkonzo kunye Northern, Pacific and Sea Black zisa izithuthi. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi kule projekthi. Kwakhona, le lweenqanawa ezintywilayo Black Sea Fleet uceba makasizalise projekthi 636,3 - B-261 "Novorossiysk" siquka lamaqhosha-5.

Ngaphambili, kwakukho izicwangciso ebalulekileyo ukuqaliswa kwenkqubo yokulwa izikhephe uyilo 677 "Lada". Nakuba kunjalo, iimvavanyo wabonisa izikhewu ezinkulu kuyilo ngwenya, kangangokuba ziingcali kwafuneka benze utshintsho olukhulu.

Ezinye iindidi ngwenya

Underwater US Navy neRashiya, njengokuba sisazi, yikhompawundi le lweenqanawa ezintywilayo zinamandla ehlabathini. Noko ke, kuwo omabini la mazwe, ingqalelo kakhulu ihlawulwe kuyilo kunye nokudalwa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo kwamanzi. Ngenxa yoko, Russian ngwenya fleet entsha nokuhlangula submersibles Project 1855 "Prize". Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba kuphela fleet North iquka submersibles ezilishumi kumacala ahlukeneyo, nto leyo baphathwa njengoko izixhobo nokusindisa kunye nophando.

Phakathi isikhephe kakhulu kakuhle yaziwa izixhobo ezo kuchazwe AS-12 "Losharik" okwaziyo ukufikelela kubunzulu kakhulu ukuya kwiikhilomitha ezininzi. Ngoko ke, lo isixhobo ngo-2012 wenza umsebenzi wophando kwi Arctic kubunzulu kweekhilomitha ezili-2.

Amathuba nophuhliso kolu shishino

Nakubeni ukwehla kweli lizwe kwi '90, echaphazela inkoliso ngamandla imikhumbi kwamanzi, singatsho ukuba ekuqaleni kowama-2000. Le meko waqala ukutshintsha kancinci. Ukongeza, kukho popularization le zithuthi ngwenya, yabhiyozela imihla ekhumbulekayo. Ngoko ke, ngo-2006, eneminyaka engama-100 ubudala Russian ngwenya fleet, emva koko kwizixeko ezininzi zabanjwa mibhiyozo yaye yavulwa Ufa ngwenya Monument. Ukongeza, eli lizwe ngonyaka ibhiyozela inkwili Russian nge-19 Matshi. Imbali yezi zithuthi Russian yathandwa kwaye lube zoluntu. Umsebenzi Diver ezitsala abafundi abaninzi.

Nangona kunjalo, uphuhliso kushishino luphela kufuneka ngokuyintloko kusekelwa kuyilo kunye nokudalwa iindidi ezintsha ze ii nkwili. Ngoko ke, ngo-2020 sihlelwe ukwenza ukuya abaninzi ezininzi ngwenya ezintsha. Kucetywa ukuba ekuyileni kuguqulelo oluhlaziyiweyo Project 677 "Lada" kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezityalo amandla mihla. kuya kuba linyathelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso non-nuclear ngwenya imikhumbi.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba okwakufudula yiSoviet Union ngokohlobo lweenqanawa ezintywilayo endala ngcembe icinyiwe kwaye kufakwe zokwakha entsha. Ngenxa yoko, kweli phulo lolondolozo lwembali weenqanawa inkwili Russian layilwa ngokutsha inkwili B-396 CDB KUM "uPhillip". Yena waba yinxalenye Russian Northern iFleet bakhonza de 2000.