Ulawulo lukarhulumente: ingqiqo. izintlu zeenkqubo rhulumente

Ingcamango olawulo karhulumente yenye ixakayo kwinzululwazi mihla kwezopolitiko. Imiba enxulumene lulwahlulo siseko engundoqo ukuphunyezwa amandla negunya kurhulumente kunye imodeli yomthetho kunye eziphambili kuphuhliso loshishino, waba ngunobangela mpikiswano kakhulu. Ngokunxulumene noko? Kutheni izazinzulu indlela ekumiseleni ubume imiqathango emalunga nokusebenza amaziko ezopolitiko, abasoloko masihambelane nto?

definition

Yintoni ukunika inkcazo elithi "indlela yoluntu"? Ezininzi izazinzulu namhlanje kwezopolitiko bakuchaza nje luluhlu lwemigaqo zokuqonda i-amandla. Abanye abaphandi bakhetha ukwahlula ingqikelelo "imo karhulumente" lwezepolitiki, abanye umyinge amagama amabini. Noko ke, kufuneka ngokwesiseko ukwahlula ezinjalo njengoko ifom karhulumente kunye norhulumente. Ukuchongwa kwe imiqathango ayikhumbule impazamo. Kutheni? Ulawulo karhulumente yahlukile imilo lesixhobo kunye nenkqubo yezopolitiko urhulumente?

Indlela kunye nefomu izixhobo karhulumente: kucaciswe imiyinge kweekhonsepthi

ke cinga, yintoni umahluko osisiseko phakathi zeekota ezintathu (iimeko ngexesha elifanayo ukuba ingqikelelo karhulumente kunye nezopolitiko nkqubo zinokudityaniswa). Enyanisweni, bonke zontathu - lo mkhuba ngendlela efanayo. Ngako oko ke kukho ukudideka ekusetyenzisweni kwabo, kukho inkululeko ethile ukutyhilwa kwephupha elo. Maxa wambi kukho, umzekelo, ibinzana elithi "uhlobo kulawulo karhulumente", nangona, ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo, ukusebenzisa ayikho echanekileyo kakhulu ngokwalo isimbo.

Enye indlela okanye omnye, zonke zontathu ngezenzeko - yolawulo, uhlobo karhulumente kunye norhulumente - ziimpawu ezisebenza ekuqondeni ngamandla. Ke ukuba, ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo, urhulumente yezopolitiko - ezi imigaqo uhlobo urhulumente kunye norhulumente - enyanisweni, kwizixhobo ezibonisa ukusebenza okubonakalayo kweli amaziko ezopolitiko. umkhondo Ngokweliso umahluko kuya kusinceda kunye ukuhlelwa ntlobo zombini.

iintlobo ngeendlela

izazinzulu zopolitiko Modern ukwahlula ezi ndidi ziphambili zilandelayo zeenkqubo zikarhulumente: wentando yesininzi, ngegqudu yileyo. Iikhrayitheriya ngalo umntu ukuba ngubani kwenkqubo yezopolitiko, kunokuba zahlukile kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke yesikolo yenzululwazi. Kodwa ukuba uzama uchonga izimvo eziphambili, baya kujonga njani.

Ukuze kubekho ulawulo lwentando yesininzi luphawulwa zilandelayo: ukufumaneka yamkela siseko, esidlangalaleni umgaqo yokuzahlula kwamagunya zibe amasebe eziliqela, inkqubo ebandakanya amaqela ngamaqela, unyulo amagosa karhulumente kumanqanaba ngamanqanaba, ukuthobela amalungelo angundoqo oluntu nenkululeko yomntu nommi, ukufumaneka kwezibonelelo zoluntu malunga nophuhliso buqu, inkululeko ishishini.

Ziintoni iimpawu kolawulo yileyo? Abo iingcali ziquka ezi zilandelayo: ukungabikho inkqubo lentlaninge, ubuncinane inkululeko yeshishini, ukuhluza iindaba zezopolitiko, ukungabikho kwezibonelelo kokuvakaliswa izimvo zoluntu kunye noluntu, kwiimbono karhulumente, umgaqo-siseko wamkelwa ngaphandle inxaxheba abantu, okanye azikho kwa-ukubakho, akukho yokwahlukana kwamagunya.

Ziintoni iimpawu ulawulo? Ngokutsho ngendlela eyodwa, phambi kwayo ingalungiswa, ukuba abasemagunyeni kweli lizwe buzinze ezandleni umntu othile okanye iqela elincinane kakhulu, njengoko umthetho, akuthethi ukuvakalisa indlela ovakalelwa eziphambili abemi abahlala kweli lizwe. Abanye abahlalutyi bezopolitiko bakholelwa ukuba imo amandla ngegqudu ingalungiswa kwimeko de jure kweli lizwe kukho amaziko ukuvumela ukuba bathethe malunga ubukho iindlela wedemokhrasi, kodwa ulawulo de facto karhulumente liphunyezwa ikakhulu kwimigaqo loozwilakhe.

Kakade ke, indlela ngasentla aziyi kuqwalaselwa alupheli. Qaphela kwakhona ukuba kakhulu ukuba babonakalise ngokupheleleyo iimpawu kweenkqubo mihla kwezopolitiko. Ukuba lokumba imbali, unako ukufumana ezinye iimpawu yenkululeko, totalitarianism okanye authoritarianism. Asikwazi ukuba ezi nqobo ahlale ngokucacileyo mlonyeni kwaye kwixa elizayo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kukholelwa ukuba kolawulo lwentando yesininzi, ngegqudu yileyo, xa kusenziwa, kakhulu nzima ukulungisa likwimo ecocekileyo phakathi izazinzulu. Ulwahlulo kwangaphambili kakhulu theoretical component. Kujongwe ukuba ukunika isikhokelo ethile ukuze ubone imigaqo ezikhethekileyo ukusebenza ngamandla lwezopolitiko kuMbuso. Oko kukuthi, ethelekisa inkqubo kumaziko karhulumente ka lithi ababini kwemiqathango ukubona nguwuphi kubo lwentando yesininzi ngakumbi kwaye ubukhulu becala yileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho phantse ngokuqinisekileyo amazwe lwentando yesininzi okanye yileyo. Ngoko ke, ukuhlelwa neenkqubo zobupolitika kumazwe ahlukeneyo zonke isalamane kakhulu kwimeko yezopolitiko ngoku kunye nembali.

Iintlobo iintlobo karhulumente

Ekubeni licacise eziphambili iintlobo kolawulo zezopolitiko cinga ukuhlelwa iintlobo karhulumente, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ukuba aqonde umahluko phakathi imiqathango. Njengokuba besesitshilo ngasentla, indlela likarhulumente - ezi-siseko ukusebenza ngamandla. Form isakhiwo lizwe kunye norhulumente - isixhobo epraktikhali ukuphunyezwa amagunya afanelekileyo ngamaziko sigqibo. Zesayensi mihla kwezopolitiko kubo lusenokungabonakali Ukuhlelwa uqhelekileyo ezi fom zilandelayo karhulumente:

- esihlangene;

- federal;

Xa uhlobo yokuqala kweli lizwe a, iyunithi equlunqiweyo koburhulumente, hayi yahlulwe kwiindawo zolawulo, babe namandla ezibalulekileyo. Imizekelo ithi ubukhulu becala ecalanye: France, UK, Finland.

States Federal, yena, ihlelwe kwi siseko kwamagunya enkulu igunya kwezopolitiko. Ilizwe yenziwe izifundo ncam ezahlukahlukeneyo imbumba (njengoko eRashiya), uthi (US, Mexico), umhlaba (eJamani), njl Ngalinye iiyunithi yolawulo-ndawo babe mali yayo, inkqubo yezopolitiko, yaye umgaqo-siseko.

Kwinzululwazi yezopolitiko zabanjwa imbono ukuba encinci karhulumente bakhetha ukuba balungiselele lwemfundo yabo yezopolitiko imigaqo qela liphikisayo. Abo ummandla voluminous, eziphumela nefomathi federal. Russia - ilizwe phakathi yokugqibela. Njengoko kwakunye nabanye abaninzi kunye indawo enkulu, ezifana USA, Brazil.

Iintlobo iintlobo karhulumente

Yintoni na uhlobo lorhulumente, ulawulo kwezopolitiko, safunda. Kufuneka kwakhona aqwalasele iimpawu ezikhethekileyo into enjalo njenge "uhlobo karhulumente". Zesayensi mihla kwezopolitiko ukuba selikho, yamkeleka ukwabela lunee ntlobo zilandelayo:

- neNgonyama;

- Republic;

Okokuqala, ke, ihlelwa (epalamente) neNgonyama ngokwenene siseko. Republic abe uhlobo lukamongameli, imithetho okanye oxutyiweyo. NeNgonyama - luhlobo oluthile lukarhulumente apho igunya elongamileyo ezopolitiko ilifa yokumkani omnye komnye. KwiRiphabliki amaziko eziphambili kwezopolitiko akhiwa okuthandwayo. Xa kunjalo, ukuba kukho neNgonyama ebonakalayo iziqalelo lwentando yesininzi (umz, ukubunjwa lwamaziko owiso lwenzeka ngabemi yokuvakalisa), kuyabonakala siseko okanye ePalamente. Ukuba akunjalo, phelele.

Republic kamongameli isixa esikhulu amandla buzinze ezandleni intloko karhulumente (i-ofisi iphakamileyo isebe elawulayo). Njengomgaqo, yena abanyulwe okuthandwayo ngqo. Russia - ilizwe apho, ngokutsho abepolitiki abaninzi, kuquka boqobo kaMongameli.

Xa republic zepalamente amagunya ezibalulekileyo nomba kwamandla yezopolitiko lithweswe izakheko mthetho kunye neQumrhu. Imizekelo yamazwe ezinjalo - eJamani, Austria. Kananjalo abe ngumongameli, ngubani na ngokusesikweni yintloko yesebe elawulayo, kodwa amagunya alo ezincinane non-zokuhlawula ezinokuthelekiswa kunye nezo elifunyanwa yiPalamente.

Kukho omnye njengekhrayitheriya ukwahlula iingqiqo of kamongameli kunye yepalamente. Akupheleli kakhulu umgangatho igunya buzinze ezandleni umongameli, okanye indlu yowiso-mthetho njengendlela wesiseko-Institute of abasemagunyeni aphezulu olawulo (njengoko umthetho, abo baxhasa urhulumente). Kule republic umongameli yokugqibela zidla akhekha inxaxheba ngqo nguMongameli ngokusekelwe ingongoma yakhe imbono malunga nabasebenzi kunye nemiba bombutho. Umfuziselo esepalamente ephambili indima igunya lowiso.

Xa uhlobo republic olungumxube imithetho karhulumente kunye namaqumrhu igunya lesigqeba malunga efanayo. Indlela ocacile wokuba ukugqiba ubunzima babo kunzima ukuba anikezele. Kodwa umthetho, zisasazwe kwi amasebe awohlukeneyo karhulumente, iqhosha kurhulumente - mali, emkhosini, ezentlalo, ishishini. Le hybrid kwakhona zibalulwe imfuneko yokulungelelanisa okuqhubekayo izigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo karhulumente. Kule nkalo, kukholelwa ukuba ayisekho akakho omnye okanye omnye uhlobo republic karhulumente ngendlela ecocekileyo. Oko kukuthi, enoba ephawulekayo amagunya umongameli kaThixo, ingqiqo yayo enxulumene nolawulo lizwe, ngendlela enye okanye omnye, uya kuba ingqinelane ngokoluvo wePalamente. Ngenxa yoko, igunya lowiso ukuqinisekisa ukuba bangene amandla ezenzo ezithile zomthetho, njengoko umthetho, bavumelana kunye nezakhiwo olawulo.

Imowdi ratio, iifom isixhobo kunye nobukumkani

Kwaye ngoku ubumnandi. Njani iindidi kolawulo karhulumente, yakha isixhobo kunye ibhodi? Ingaba kukho unxulumano phakathi kweentlobo zabo ezahlukeneyo? Impendulo engagungqiyo zale mibuzo ayikwazi kunikwa. Nantsi nto.

Khumbula imiqondiso kolawulo yileyo: yokusilela kwenkqubo lentlaninge, ubuncinane inkululeko zobuqu, ukuhluza, njl Cinga nje ngomzekelo ka-enye ithi ezimbalwa ukuba izazinzulu zopolitiko mihla badla bakuzibalela njengoko yileyo. Lo China. Eneneni, kukho into ilawulwa liqela elinye kuphela - Communist, ke inkululeko kwabantu abambalwa xa uthelekisa, ukuhluza iindaba eyomeleleyo (ingakumbi ephawuleka kwimeko uphazamiseko karhulumente kwisithuba Internet, leyo ichazwa uvalwe ngamaxesha social networks Western).

Indibaniso ezingafani

Ngokwemiqathango uhlobo karhulumente, China - kwiRiphabliki. Oku kubonakala nokuba egameni esemthethweni lizwe --Peoples Republic. Isakhiwo sezopolitiko, ngoko kukho yindlela ngawo abasemagunyeni anyulwe ngabantu. Ngaphezu koko, asinakukwazi nithi China kukho ulawulo karhulumente ngegqudu. Nangona into yokuba amandla buzinze ezandleni Communist Party, izinto zabantu, ngokweendaba abahlalutyi abaninzi kwezopolitiko, thaca umthamo ngokwaneleyo. Kubonakala ukuba China, ngokungathi oko kuvakala engaqhelekanga, - riphablik yolawulo lwentando yesininzi phantsi kolawulo yileyo.

Xa inkalo uhlobo urhulumente PRC - umbuso qela liphikisayo. Oku nangona indawo enkulu, ubukho megacities-imizi, ongekho ngaphantsi ngokwemiqathango labemi kunye nophuhliso loqoqosho kwikomkhulu - Beijing. Ngaphezu sibonile ukuba imigaqo federal iimpawu njengokuba ixesha lithi kunye indawo enkulu. Ngokuphathelele eTshayina, lo mgaqo akusebenzi.

Noko ke, abanye abahlalutyi zezopolitiko bakholelwa ukuba China - ke ukuba batye. Oko kukuthi, kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuba ulawulo kwezopolitiko ngegqudu yileyo, ukuphunyezwa kwe siseko republic kweli lizwe iya kuba nzima kunene. Kwelinye icala, kulawulo lwentando yesininzi, kunyulwa amaziko kunye umsebenzi ummeli, ukuba ulandela ingqiqo ngokuchane ngakumbi. Oku kuphunyezwe ikakhulu ngenxa ukhuphiswano awongezelelekileyo kwi kwezopolitiko. Kukho amaqela ezifundisa iiprogram ezahlukeneyo, aze awele amandla abo baxhasa kufutshane inkoliso yabemi. Democratic Republic, ngokwale ithiyori, kufuneka mfuneko yokuba abe multi-wesithathu, musa i yokuhlolwa urhulumente ukuba abonelele lonke uluhlu amalungelo angundoqo kunye nenkululeko.

ulawulo zezopolitiko nezoshishino

Khawuqwalasele enye inkalo umdla ngokuphathelele kubudlelwane olawulo kunye namashishini amathuba ezopolitiko. Ngaphezu sibonile ukuba omnye iimpawu yedemokhrasi - ubukho kumaziko yelizwe lweshishini free. Zeziphi iindlela ezilandelwayo? Okokuqala, oko ubuncinane imiqobo kule nkalo ukubhaliswa kwamashishini amatsha. Le umthwalo ephantsi irhafu. Nguwo lowo ubuncinane yommiselo karhulumente.

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba ukulungisa iinqobo zovavanyo zoko data uzifake ishishini ezingqonge amazwe mihla ukuba zithathwa ngokuqhelekileyo lwesininzi - i-US, France, Germany? Ngandlel 'ithile, Kakade ke, ewe. Noko ke, xa sithatha ezithandwa kuluhlu lwabadlali ehlabathini lweshishini ezamahala, kuye kucace ukuba akhokele zabo Hong Kong kunye Singapore. Urhulumente lokuqala de jure yinxalenye "yileyo" China. Elesibini unenkqubo lezopolitiko ngokusondeleyo omalunga ukuba yileyo. Ngokukodwa, kuba enyanisweni ayikho into multi-party - eliphikisayo, kodwa ifuthe layo ngamandla kuncitshiswa. Singapore owaziwa yimithetho engqongqo elawula kwinqanaba loluntu yobomi.

Ngenxa yoko, ezopolitiko (chaza) iindlela azisoloko ukugqiba isidanga inkululeko yoshishino. Nakuba, ngokutsho kwincopho eqhelekileyo ngayo kunye esetyenziswayo njengangoku kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, ulwalamano ethile phakathi imigaqo yolawulo kunye nokusingqongileyo yeshishini lisekhona.

ulawulo ezopolitiko kunye nelungelo

ZezoPolitiko (chaza) neenkqubo zinokwahluka, njengoko sele sibonile, iindlela ukuya ekuphunyezweni kwamalungelo womntu nommi. Phantsi totalitarianism, ukuba ulandela ingcamango eqhelekileyo theoretical, umgangatho wenkxaso esemthethweni ngaphantsi kwi demokrasi. Nangona kunjalo, inani izazinzulu ezaziphila kwezopolitiko lo angakhetha ukuya ngqo uvavanyo kwiinkalo ezifanelekileyo ngononophelo. Kutheni?

Kukho imizekelo echaza ulawulo lomthetho - i-US, Jamani, UK. Ziziphi iindlela kula mazwe sele iphunyelelwe umgangatho ofanelekileyo kwenkqubo yezopolitiko? Ngokutsho abahlaziyi emininzi yezopolitiko, oku kwenzeka ngenxa inkangeleko (kwaye ngoko nangoko, kodwa ekuhambeni uphuhliso oluqhubela) yenze leeNkundla elizimeleyo. Oko kukuthi, ubukho iindlela ezisemthethweni, ekufuneka ngokwenkcazo kusengaphambili ulungelelwaniso inkqubo ukuqondwa kwamalungelo oluntu kunye noluntu, hayi kwanele. Ufuna isiko, elamkeleke kuluntu njengesiseko yokuziphatha.

Imizekelo karhulumente ngokomthetho kutshiwo ngasentla, ukuze abonise ubukho isiko elinjalo kwezi States. Naye, ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali, kuloo mazwe apho imisebenzi iimpahla kwimeko yezembali ayikho asisoloko sithetha ukuzimela lenene, urhulumente uza kunyanzeleka ukuba bavale kukunqongophala nakubungqongqo eyimfuneko izithethe komthetho. Ke kuni mhlawumbi ngaphandle nibonakala njengoko ukungananzi amalungelo oluntu. Nangona enyanisweni urhulumente uzama ukunikezela kubo, kodwa ayikwazi kuwunikezela kubaboneleli balo umsebenzi olufanelekileyo kwiinkundla ngenxa yokuswela kwabo geqe.

Ulawulo lwezopolitiko baseRashiya

Yintoni na uhlobo kwezopolitiko (zikarhulumente) uncuma eRashiya? Lo ngumba enika eyakhokelela ekubeni kwenziwe mpikiswano kakhulu ixesha. Siya kuzama ukuba sivandlakanye iingongoma ezimbalwa kwimboniselo kuwo.

Kukho kwinguqulo ngokwembali bazilungise yolawulo karhulumente eRashiya akazange wadibana iikhrayitheriya ezingundoqo, uphawu lwentando yesininzi. Kukho amaxesha kobukhosi ngokupheleleyo phantsi uBukhosi, totalitarianism eSoviet Union. Ngoko ke, nangona eRashiya, kukho kakhulu yamkela umgaqo-siseko, kunye neendlela wedemokhrasi yonyulo, igunya de facto kweli lizwe ukuze zisondele concepts ngegqudu okanye yileyo. Amaqela aphikisayo, ngokwale mbono, nangona kukho eRashiya, kodwa ngenxa yoxinzelelo evela kwabasemagunyeni, akakwazi ukudlala indima ebonakalayo kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Business eRashiya kukholelwa abaxhasi kolu luvo ayikwazi ayinakuchazwa free: inqanaba irhafu liphezulu ngokwaneleyo, ingakumbi kwinkalo umthwalo zentlalo, ubhaliso kule nkampani elide ngokwaneleyo, iqondo eliphezulu yommiselo karhulumente.

Kukho omnye umbono. Ngokutsho kwakhe, eRashiya yanamhlanje - yinto idemokhrasi zabanjwa. Ukungaphumeleli zamaqela aphikisayo, xa siqwalasela iziphumo zonyulo kutshanje zepalamente, ezinxulumene ikakhulu kungekhona kwezithandani umsebenzi wabo, kunye nento yokuba ngabemi musa ukwabelana kakuhle iinkqubo abasifundisa.

anemiqathango ukuba noosomashishini ngenxa imbopheleleko eliphantsi zentlalo zamashishini, ukanti inkcubeko eliphantsi ngokusemthethweni abantu ababandakanyekayo kwishishini. Kakhulu iinkampani ezininzi bafuna, kuqala, ukuba enze into kuba wena, ngazo zonke iindlela ukuze ukuqhatha abathengi, amaqabane, kunye abathengi. Ngenxa yoko imfuno nakubungqongqo le mithetho ungenelelo aspect karhulumente. Kodwa ke, ngokutsho iingcali nethemba, njengoko ukukhula endalo ukhuphiswano kuqoqosho Russian, ulawulo urhulumente uza buthathaka. Endaweni kwemithetho engqongqo ukuba iindlela zorhwebo. Abo babucala ezo ukhetha ukuqhuba yokudlala intlonti, inkonzo ukungahoywa nokunyaniseka, ukuncipha abadlali.