Gentry izindlu: ingqiqo and definition

Ngokomyalelo uKumkanikazi uAnny Ioannovny eSt Petersburg zenzeka ukusekwa kwezindlu iindwalutho. Unyaka-1732 yaba kwixesha lokuqala uqeqesho kulo. Le umthetho ehambelana yakhutshwa 1731, ngomhla wama-29 Juni. ngakumbi Cinga ukuba lwezindlu Gentry engqondo.

ngonyaka 1732

Kumanqanaba okuqala ukusekwa utitshala yamkelwe ngaphandle kokuhlola. Ukususela ku 1736, imfundiso waqalisa ukutsala abafundi engcono. Gentry Corps yavulwa ngo-1732, ngomhla we-17 Februwari. Ngale mini, ukumiselwa wathabatha-56 abafundi. NgoJuni, baba elide yaye 352. Zonke zaye zohlulwa iinkampani ezintathu. Ngowe-1734, Juni 8, ukukhululwa kuqala. Lokuqala Land Gentry Corps ibekwe ngendlela oyithandayo endlwini Petra Velikogo Menshikov. Xa isakhiwo efanayo kwafuneka ukuba siphile abalindi, ootitshala, amagosa kunye nombingeleli. Ngowe-1752 lenzeka Marine Corps Gentry kwi the Academy

ukuqashwa

Ukusekwa lwezindlu iindwalutho kwakufuneka uqeqesho kuphela emkhosini, kodwa imfundo jikelele. Yena libe lijoni kunye namagosa ezithwala. Lo zezindlu lokuqala Russian iindwalutho yayahluke kakhulu ukusuka yaseYurophu. Kumanqanaba okuqala siqhuba utshintshwano ezahlukeneyo kunye ezahlukeneyo. A igalelo elibonakalayo iziko kufuneka I. I. Betskoy kunye MI Kutuzov.

isayensi secondary

Phakathi izinto ezifundisiweyo izindlu iindwalutho baba:

• geography;
• imbali;
• zokudubula;
• nemathematika kunye;
• ukubiya;
• inqaba;
• ikhwele owaya;
• IsiLatini, isiJamani, French;
• mpendulo;
• negrama;
• olubhalwe;
• heraldry;
• ingqungqa;
• yokuziphatha kunye nabanye.

Ukongeza, ubekwe iiklasi mihla le "Ekzertsev lijoni" - ukuphindaphindwa emininzi kwisakhono esithile. Noko ke, kamva kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukubabamba kanye ngeveki, ngoko musa ukuphazamisa ukufunxeka kwezinye iinkalo zezifundo. Umzimba kwamkelwa abantwana, namatshawe, abaye bafunda ukufunda nokubhala, ngoko ke kuthiwa iindwalutho, okt. E. The izikhulu. Age of abafundi eli-13 ukuya kwi-18 iminyaka.

siliziko elifundayo

Land Gentry Corps yahlulwa iinkampani ezimbini. Ngamnye kubo abafundi 100. Amagumbi waphila abantu 6-7. Omnye wabo watyunjwa "ustavshchik e kamradstve" (senior). Ukongeza, umsebenzi umzimba uphela (sombutho kunye nomphathi) amisiweyo. Yokuba balelwa ziphume kwisakhiwo. Ukusekwa lwezindlu iindwalutho kunye neengxaki ezithile. Lwaphumelela kwinkqubo yophuhliso yi Munnich ukufunda. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kude ogqibeleleyo. enqabile Ootitshala ziyacaca okanye loo nto. Ngokubanzi, zidinga amacandelo ukuwakhumbula. Kunjalo ukuba basebenze ngokuzimeleyo. Inkqubo yemfundo babedikiwe kwaye obungabangeli mdla, musa beqikelela umdla phakathi kwabafundi. Noko ke, kukho kufuneka iinzame kwaba diversify kwiiklasi yi ukuqaliswa izinto ezibonwayo. Ukuze accustom abafundi ukuba angaphandle iilwimi yeCadet, unina wayo, umzekelo, yaba waseJamani, wabekwa kwigumbi elilandelayo Russian yenkosi. Abafundi yahlulwe ngamaqela lwamacandelo ezithi efunda. ikhondo luquka iiklasi 4: 1 yaba omdala, kunye 4 - oyena mncinane. Imfundo ngo 1-3 iiseli. Ubukho kangangeminyaka 5-6. Graduate, kuxhomekeka kwiklasi eyanikelwa aqeqeshwa, uluhlu yomkhosi okanye isikhundla emkhosini.

imfundo yokuziphatha

Kuvulwa iindwalutho kwafuneka izindlu ixesha post-Petrine. Uninzi ootitshala namagosa ukhumbule umyalelo ebekwe yi umlawuli. Ngako oko, bathunyelwa kunye Gentry (amanene) emzimbeni. Yenza abafundi baye iphathwa njenge "ezintlwini asezantsi". Iimfuno ezaqhutywa kubo, enyanisweni eyahlukileyo akukho kwabo eziye zaqulunqwa ukuba amajoni. Abafundi nabo kohlwaywa ngokwaphula imithetho nemiyalelo. Le meko yaqhubeka de kwiLizwe Gentry yeCadet lweSizwe akuxhomekekanga elikhokelwa I. I. Betskoy.

biography emfutshane Intloko entsha

I. I. Betskoy wayengunyana ongumgqakhwe ka Trubetskoy - Prince, owawa ngexesha Northern Imfazwe, i balwa kwikhompyutha. Ngokutsho kwizithethe, leyo ezazikho ngelo xesha, uyise womntwana wamnika yinxalenye yentsapho yabo. Ngelo xesha, unyana odumileyo Prince wafumana imfundo esemagqabini kwaye intywenka enkulu. umsebenzi Betsky umkhosi waqalisa eDenmark. Noko ke, kamva waya kuhlala eRashiya. E Moscow Betskoi waseka leenkedama yokuqala iinkedama. Ukususela ngoko waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe njengomfundisi. UCatherine II kunye imvume olukhulu kusebenza ingcinga yakhe yokufundisa abantu "uhlobo entsha". Ngelo xesha wokuqeshwa yentloko izindlu iindwalutho e Betsky I sele yamava okufundisa enkulu kangangoko kwaye ukwenza izimvo. Ukongeza leenkedama, yena umlawuli we-School Commercial kwaye i-Institute for Noble eziNtombini. UCatherine kuxhaswa ngamandla amaphulo akhe, ekholelwa ukuba abantwana yezikhulu kufuneka baqeqeshwe ngokufanelekileyo, abalungiselele kurhulumente kunye nabezomkhosi.

A nqanaba entsha umsebenzi

Betskoi wakhokela Gentry yeCadet Corps ngo-1765, ngomhla we-7 Matshi. Sele 1766 sasifana kwi-Charter. Ngokungqinelana uxwebhu olutsha iyapheliswa inkampani. Charter yaziswa abaneminyaka 5. Ngamnye kubo amasebe-5 apho abantwana bafunda kunye izidwangube, kunye abaqhelekileyo. Le yokugqibela bekufanele ukuba aqeqeshe ootitshala. On ngokulinganayo ke uqeqesho kunye kabini. Ngoko Betskoi wazama kumlinganiselo othile ukuze bazise kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo, ukwenzela ukuthintela umahluko phakathi kwabo kwixesha elizayo.

isebe yamacala

I Gentry Corps waqalisa ukuba amakhwenkwe iminyaka 5-6. ubudala nganye emiselweyo kwakufuneka prouchitsya iminyaka emi-3, ke, baye bakhululwa kwiminyaka engama-20. Ngelo xesha iminyaka engaphezu kwama-15 ekumiselweni abazali balelwa lokufuna imbuyekezo umntwana. Noko ke, abo banqwenela ukuba ukuthumela abantwana babo ukuba imfundo ngoyena inani elikhulu. Isibakala sokuba Amanene xesha abazange baqaphele nokuba Academy of Sciences okanye i-Academy isiGrike-Latin, okanye elinye iziko lemfundo. Baya ingqalelo ukuba anibufanele abantwana babo. Kodwa Betskoi waqalisa ukuba zincede zikhethe namakhwenkwe babazali baye benzakaliswa okanye wabulawa emfazweni, kwakunye lihlwempuzekileyo ayikwazanga ngeendleko zakhe ukuze anike umntwana imfundo ephucukileyo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba i-siseko abafundi ulwamkelo kunye igcinwe emva koko. Eyokuqala (minor) ubudala phantsi kweliso basebukhosini. Bahamba kunye nabafana, ngempilo yabo, oqhele iilwimi ezininzi zasemzini, abantwana zitofwe izimilo ezilungileyo. Eli sebe kwakhona eyayizinyaswe umbingeleli umdikoni. Ukongeza ukwalathisa enkonzweni, bathi leeklasi umthetho kaThixo. Saba kwisebe njengomfundisi wolwimi Russian, esina, umzobo. amabanjwa zolutsha wahlala kwisakhiwo eyahlukileyo.

yesibini Age

Wawuhlanganisa abantwana iminyaka 9-12. Bafundi phantsi kweliso tutors eyindoda. Abazange babe ukuyenza nabantwana kakhulu. imisebenzi yabo zibandakanya izinto zokufundisa abantwana self-nkonzo ngokwabo, ecetyiswa "uthando lobuhle kunye nembeko." Ukususela ootitshala tutors ezifunekayo ukubhiyozela amandla abantwana kunye nengqondo babo notyekelo. Lokujongwa lwaqhutywa omabini ngexesha leeyure zesikolo kunye veki nangeeholide. Oku bekuyimfuneko ukwenzela nokuzimisela elandelayo yeendawo apho kuya kuba lula ukuba usebenzise omnye okanye omnye umntwana. Ukongeza iinkalo zezifundo, izifundo okwasungulwa ebudaleni oselula, abantwana iminyaka 9-12 wafundisa imbali, ukulandelelana kweziganeko, ukuma, geometry nasekubaleni, neentsomi, Old Slavonic ulwimi.

Abantwana iminyaka 12-15

Umbutho yale sebe phantse akukho ezahlukeneyo kowangaphambili. Ngokwesi sicwangciso Betsky, le kabini kule ubudala simelwe kungakhokelela kwimfezeko ingqeqesho, izifundo apho kwaqaliswa ngaphambili. Ukongeza, zazifundiswa Latin, isiseko esisiso izakhiwo yoluntu emkhosini, accounting. Xa isebe wesithathu yemfundo jikelele igqityiwe.

yesi-4 no-5 ubudala th

Kule ofisi, kwaye bafunde ubomi abafundi batshintsha. Iminyaka eli-15 abantwana babukela izikhulu. Kwakufuneka ukuba baqinisekise ukuba abafundi musa ukuchitha ixesha sobuvila. Kwakufuneka ukujongana ngokuqinileyo kunye kabini, kodwa ngokwenene kubo luloyiko. Umyalelo 4 kunye amagumbi 5th Colonel bawuzame. Abathetheli - abancedisi bakhe - abafundi baqeqeshelwe izifundo zomkhosi. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho iinqaba, ukuziphendulela kunye zokungqinga iinqaba, imimiselo gunnery. Ngokumba lwaqhutywa amagosa non-ethunywe. Ukususela ngo 1775, enjengezifundo ezinyanzelekileyo neyezinto zemvelo ziye zaziswa. Kuba ukufunda zabo baxhotyiswe kunye namagumbi ezikhethekileyo. Ukongeza apho, ingqwalasela wanikwa izakhiwo zomthetho kunye yoluntu, nzulu ulwazi German, Latin (okanye Italian) kunye nesiFrentshi. Abafundi nabo benza ngokukhwel, ukubiya.

theatre

I Gentry Corps wamema ootitshala ukuphindwa. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho amagcisa Russian (Plavilshchikov, umzekelo), kunye basemzini. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ubuciko kakhulu ekusekweni lanele ithandwa enkulu. Ku wamfikela i Society of Lovers of Literature. It wahlelwa Alexander Sumarokov, owaphumelela evela zokudubula Corps Engineering iindwalutho ngo 1740. Emva kwexesha elithile, yena Tal umbhali enkulu. Enye wabaseki theatre yobungcali Russian Fyodor potter, nayo ibe njengokhozo ityala yaba lilungu le-Society of Sumarokov.

iimviwo

Baye okwenziwa njalo kwiinyanga 4. Ekupheleni kwalo nyaka iimviwo zokugqibela. Kuye kwabanjwa esidlangalaleni phambi kokuba ukumkanikazi okanye abalungiseleli, iinjengele,, abantu ezikhethekileyo civil zonqulo. Kamva, yaba yeyimbi umyalelo. Ngaloo ndlela, saqalisa ukuchitha-2 kuphela iimviwo sikarhulumente - phakathi kuMatshi nangoSeptemba. Kwaba khona ngomnye eNdlu yeeNgwevu, ezinye oonjingalwazi kunye nootitshala. Kwinkalo yesifundo nganye kucwangcisa inani kwelona qondo amanqaku - ukususela 1/8 ukuya 128. Umzekelo, ngokuba "ileta Russian" umfundi akwazi ukufumana ukusuka 1/8 ukuya 2, kunye negrama - ka-1 ukuya 96, yokalo emileyo - ukusuka ku-1 ukuya 32 kunye njalo njalo. Emva kokuphumelela kuzo zonke izifundo amanqaku amatsha. Isiphumo ujongwa abafundi engcono. Bona bawongwa iimbasa, zonke iintlobo iincwadi, izixhobo zokuzoba. Yonke impumelelo neembasa ziya wangena kule fomu. bethathwa ingqalelo ekwabiweni ekupheleni yoqeqesho.

anika umdla

"Udonga Ukuthetha" yadalwa izindlu iindwalutho. Wabhala aphorisms ezahlukeneyo, iingcinga bamandulo. Emva kokuphumelela iiklasi Bala Anhalt, ehamba nabafundi epakini, wabacacisela lo intsingiselo esibhaliweyo, kuphikiswana kunye kabini, ukuzama ukuqinisekisa ukuba kuphela ekhumbulekayo, kodwa kakuhle intsingiselo amazwi. Iziko ithala enkulu yoncwadi angaphandle kunye lwasekhaya nazo eziqokelelweyo. Kokuba isidumbu igadi yayo ngezityalo. It yayihanjelwe izityalo kuphela eRussia kodwa evela kwamanye amazwe. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwimfundo wancokola zobuqu kunye inkulu yoonyana. abafundi abanobuchule Betskoi yaye kamva Anhalt wamema kwikhaya lakhe ukuze iti. kabini zizibandakanye watyelela uCatherine II.

uqeqesho lobubi

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kangangeminyaka eli-15 abafundi phantse zibe phantsi kweemeko gases. Ngenxa yoko, enyanisweni baphume ngendeb 'endala na. Abantu abatsha bafumana imfundo egqwesileyo kunye noqeqesho, senze izinto ngokungenamkhethe zimbi wobukhosi Russia. Ngokufuthi balahlekile, esazi ukuba ukusebenzisa indlela zonke izinto baye bafundiswa iminyaka emininzi kangaka. Nangona uninzi lwabo washiya inkonzo phakathi baphumeleleyo kwakukho iinjengele ezininzi, amagosa, abalawuli, babuyele yokwenza nempahla zabo.

ngumlawuli Kutuzov

Ekupheleni iziganeko kwinkulungwane XVIII ngaphaya kwemida Russia ukunamathela kakhulu. Xa abenzi bemilingo ka uNapoleon wafikelela uzuko emkhosini, kwakhanya amaphulo e-Europe. Abantu abaninzi eRashiya uqonde ukuba kuya kufika ixesha xa eRashiya yaye ndiza kusikhusela imida yayo efunekayo. Ukuze benze oku, iimfuno ilizwe sele ufundile abaqeqeshiweyo amagosa ekwaziyo ekukhokheleni amajoni. Wazinandipha ngoxa ethandwayo izindlu Gentry uyayisombulula le ngxaki inxalenye kuphela. Ngowe-1794 indawo Count umfi Anhalt (ezihlangwini Betsky) weza M. I. Kutuzov. umsebenzi wakhe, waza waqalisa kunye ngokuhlanganisa ziko. Endaweni kweminyaka emi-5 4 no-1 neenkampani musketeer Grenadier ziye zaziswa. Ngamnye abafundi 96. Iiseshoni zoqeqesho ziye irhoxisiwe kwisebe yabantwana. Kutuzov wacinga kakuhle ukufunxa ulwazi ukuba bakhonze umkhosi inokuba namandla kakhulu, amadoda abasempilweni emzimbeni. Kulo mba, bungacinywa ngexesha ekuhambeni, ngaphandle imidlalo esebenzayo kwisebe amakhwenkwe junior 'nangayiphi ngemihla yemozulu.

isiyalo

Ukudala umzimba iindwalutho ekuqaleni ekujongwe ukuba aqeqeshe abantu kwi miba mibini - yomkhosi emkhosini. Noko ke, emva kokuba le meko itshintshe. Ngexesha lilungu ka Kutuzov isayensi zomkhosi iye yafumana practical abahlukene. Iiklasi ofisi abadala zadluliselwa iinyanga 2 enkampini. Emva koko, baye babe namaziko emveli kunye nezinye zemfundo emkhosini. Abafundi nkampu zasehlotyeni wavuka 6 ekuseni amagubu. Uphawu ikwafanayo iyasetyenziswa ukuvakalisa ekuqaleni nasekupheleni wezifundo, isidlo sasemini, isidlo sakusasa, isidlo sangokuhlwa. Eminqubeni, siye sasebenza ngaphandle iintlobo ngamaqhinga, olwenziwe iiklasi lokudubula izixhobo zokudubula nemipu. Abafundi bafunda ukwenza imaphu ngesimo sendawo kule ndawo, ukusebenza kunye neemephu, ukuze kubongwe imiqondiso ahlukeneyo ngokutsha kwi ibala lomdlalo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha yakhe nanceba, kabini Sizibandakanye uqeqesho ngokwasemzimbeni, iqula, behlel. Xa umzekelo abaphumeleleyo ngomasipala. Kutuzov waphawula odolo zazo. Abo benza kakubi kwi-iinkalo zezifundo, izifundo kwafuneka lijongane ngexesha leeholide. Kutuzov wasebenzisa iindlela kuphela bokucenga, kodwa ngenkani.

Lo mbutho entsha inkqubo yemfundo

Ngexesha manual Kutuzov esekwe inkqubo udidi-isifundo. Amaqela baqalisa ukuhlanganisa abafundi malunga umgangatho ofanayo ulwazi ubudala. Ukuya kwibanga elilandelayo kwenziwe ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zeemviwo ngempumelelo kwizifundo ezithile. Iziko kweeholide ehlotyeni nasebusika ziye zaziswa. Iminyaka emininzi, udidi kuphuhliswa kwintsapho lobuhlobo. Le ingqondo bambiswano ebonakalaliswe aqhubeke esebenza. Xa kutyunjwa kabini emva kokukhutshwa wayalelwa ukuba bakhokelwe buso.

isiphelo

Kwintlanganiso yethu yokuqala kunye nabafundi ze Kutuzov wathi wayeza kubaphatha babe ngamajoni, hayi nje abantwana. Eli binzana wabakhokelela lihlazo. Noko ke, emva kokukhululwa, esithi ndlela-ntle kubo, wathi nangona yokuba akazange akuthande oko ekuqaleni intetho yakhe, yena unqwenela ngokunyanisekileyo kuzo luck kwaye esiyidlalayo ngenxa yothando lwakhe kubo imbeko yabo, ubuqaqawuli kanye nokuzinikela iLizwe loobawo. Kutuzov wakwazi ukusombulula iingxaki ezininzi kwimfundo noqeqesho amagosa elizayo. Wayesebenza lokuphunyezwa imisebenzi engundoqo yaba ukulungiselela kweenjengele abaqeqeshiweyo, abanobuchule ala mabutho kunye nomkhosi, ngaba ke bameleneyo nawo emkhosini sele efunde amava kunye namandla umkhosi uNapoleon kaThixo. Kamva Kutuzov abafundi babonisa zindakhele uluhlu lokulwa imfazwe ka 1812