Socialism kaStalin: iimpawu eziphambili neempawu

socialism kaStalin ebizwa inkqubo yentlalo-zezopolitiko, kwasekwa kwaye olwalukho xesha Iosifa Stalina kulawula kwisiqingatha sesibini 1920 de 1953. Ngeli xesha, eSoviet Union abanamava kwemizi-mveliso, collectivization, amaza eziliqela orhwaqelisayo. Socialism Stalin era - urhulumente classic yileyo koqoqosho umyalelo kunye nezixhobo ibanzi yengcinezelo.

kuqoqosho olutsha

Into yokuqala enokuthanani socialism kaStalin - oku ngezoshishino okukhawulezayo, eyayibanjelwe i-USSR ngo-1930. Kanye ngamandla, kwiBolsheviks wafumana ilizwe bayangcungcutheka kweminyaka yemfazwe yamakhaya kunye kwingxaki enkulu kwezoqoqosho. Ngoko ke, ngokuba nokuzinziswa beqela elikhokelwa nguLenin ndagqiba ukuya kwi ukulalanisa yembono laqalisa nep. Igama inikwa-nkqubo omtsha zoqoqosho, nto leyo ithetha ukuba ubukho yeshishini yorhwebo.

Nep ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka kukhokelele kuvuselelwa lizwe. Ngelo xesha, ngowe-1924, uLenin wafa. Power ngexesha elithile abe ehlangeneyo. Ehlabathini eqeqesha beqela swi ye'Bolsheviks Mbasa imi ukuba umbutho ka-Oktobha Revolution kunye uloyiso kwiMfazwe Civil. Stalin kancane kancane zonke kontanga yayo. Ekuveleni 1920 kunye 1930 wamisa amandla kuphela yileyo. Wilderness ilungelo layo kuphela ukulawula urhulumente enkulu, uNobhala Jikelele laqalisa kwi mveliso. Yaba isiseko ngoko kuya kuba kungekudala eyaziwa ngokuba socialism kaStalin.

Five-Year Plan

Plan of mveliso yayiquka iingongoma ezingundoqo. Yaqala kukufakwa kwicandelo yoluntu kuqoqosho. Uqoqosho lwesizwe ngoku kwafuneka ukuba siphile ngokuvisisana kwizicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu. Wavakalisa "imo yoqoqosho". Zonke izibonelelo lizwe baphoswe nokwakhiwa mveliso ezintsha.

Ekugqibeleni, socialism kaStalin kwakuthetha kanye mveliso - indalo lwemveliso umatshini kushishino kunye namanye amacandelo ezoqoqosho. Injongo baso ukunxaxha iintsalela yoqoqosho kwezolimo. Ilizwe akanayo abasebenzi ngokwaneleyo abanamava, yaye yiSoviet Union waba amazwe. Ngoko ke, i Politburo wafuna ukunika bazimele kwezoqoqosho kunye nobugcisa kwi-West.

Forced mveliso lwaqhutywa ngenxa uyadakumba izibonelelo lali, mboleko zasekhaya, abasebenzi cheap, abasebenzi entolongweni nehlombe sabasebenzi. "Indlela Saving" ibonisa yonke into - yokuhlala, ukutya, umvuzo. Urhulumente wadala inkqubo okuxhaphaza nangokubandezela labemi umda ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Ngowe-1928-1935 gg. kweli lizwe kwakukho amakhadi pheko. Forced mveliso pushes ideology. amandla eSoviet ke nangoku waphupha of revolution ihlabathi, wayethembe ukuba ithuba lokuphefumla olufutshane ukuze uqoqosho entsha, ngaphandle apho bekuya kuba kumzabalazo akunakwenzeka nxamnye impiriyali. Ngoko ke, iminyaka mveliso kwi-USSR (1930) kubangele kungekuphela ukuvela koqoqosho ngokomgangatho ezahlukeneyo, kodwa kwanokuqinisa ukuziphendulela eli lizwe.

ukwakhiwa athuke

Isicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu yokuqala eza 1928-1932 gg. izakhiwo ezintsha mveliso kweli xesha wabonakala becala endle lwamandla, yokunyibilikisa isinyithi nobunjineli ngoomatshini. kwezicwangciso zomntu ngamnye uya uzilungiselele kwicandelo ngalinye kwaye ezinye neengingqi zoqoqosho ebaluleke kakhulu (umz, Kuzbass). Mfuziselo iprojekthi Dnieper, apho ezazakhiwe isikhululo samandla ngamanzi kunye edamini kwi Dnieper.

socialism kaStalin wanika ilizwe ilahle elitsha kunye neziko metallurgical kwiindawo iidiphozithi eSiberia kunye Urals. Phambi uninzi lwamashishini ibekwe kwinxalenye yaseYurophu ye-USSR. Isicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu-wokuqala ukutshintsha izinto. Ngoku, ishishini eSoviet yasasazwa ngomhla kummandla kwilizwe enkulu ephangaleleyo. Ukudluliselwa amashishini ukuya ngasempuma kwaye lilawulwe kakhulu noloyiko inkokheli zopolitiko imfazwe West nemibutho yabasebenzi.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha Stalin wayelapho Dalstroy-wajika nokombiwa kwegolide kwiMpuma Ekude (ingakumbi kwi-Kolyma). Kulo mmandla, oko aza kusetyenziswa Ukuxelenga amabanjwa Gulag. Aba bantu baye bakha amashishini ezininzi zokuqala ezintlanu. Kwakhona emba odumileyo White Sea Canal, leyo wajoyina nezitya umlambo yaseYurophu USSR.

Utshintsho kwezolimo

Kunye mveliso collectivization - loo nto isebenza socialism kaStalin onke kowokuqala. iinkqubo ezimbini ezinxuseneyo kunye synchronously. Ngaphandle omnye wayeza kuba akukho wumbi khona. Collectivization - ukutshatyalaliswa kwiifama zabucala kuloo lali kunye nokusekwa kwiifama eziqhelekileyo esihlanganyelweyo, abathe bona baba omnye wabalinganiswa ephambili kwinkqubo entsha yali.

Elishumi yokuqala yiSoviet, utshintsho kwicandelo lezolimo karhulumente phantse akukho imvubu. iifama Collective yayikhona kunye namashishini abucala ngamanqindi - enyanisweni, amafama elizimeleyo uhlobo Koloni. Baye izama abo babe zuza le lali ikomkhulu avareji. Ngokuba lixesha lokuba socialism kaStalin abazange ukunciphisa imisebenzi yabo.

Ngowe-1929, isikhumbuzo elinesibini Oktobha Revolution, jikelele unobhala zeqela ikhuphe inqaku ezaziwayo-kakuhle, "A Unyaka of Great Change". It Stalin isaziso isiqalo sesigaba esitsha sophuhliso loqoqosho elalini. NgoDisemba, naye wacela esidlangalaleni ukuba icuthwe kulaks, itshabalale njengento iklasi. Ngoko nangoko emva la mazwi kulandele ebizwa ngokuba "collectivization".

cannibalization

Ukuze ugqibezele abasemagunyeni collectivization usebenzise indlela efanayo ukuya emkhosini. Iiyunithi lali abaphembeleli ngamaKomanisi hamba. Ukuba yonke yezibheno uxolo umlimi akazange aye efama kwaye zange ashiye uqoqosho ayo, ukuba zinganakwa. Kwenziwe kokuthathwa kwepropati.

Emzonda babegqalwa abanini ukusebenzisa yezemisebenzi zemivuzo ifama, bakurholela iimveliso, ahlale eziphantsi okanye iphendukile. Bonke "ukuqhubekekiswa" malunga ne-15-20% lwabalimi engafuni ukuya kwiifama ehlangeneyo. Abaninzi babo kunye neentsapho zabo bathunyelwa kwiinkampu ekusetyenzwa, entolongweni ekuthinjweni. bahlali ezizodwa ezifana zabandezwa amalungelo oluntu.

"Uyagula ne Success"

iminyaka emininzi yemodeli kaStalin socialism yahlukile inkohlakalo olukhulu. amalungu iqela Local kunye iphephandaba ebizwa ngokuba "asset" ukuthandabuza ukuba usikhwezele intiyo nxamnye iklasi engekho kulaks kunye nezinye sokubala-mbuso. abalimi oluphakathi kunye nabamelwane babo befumile, ngokufuthi wamelana zocindezelo. Baye ngokubulala amakomanisi kunye nabaququzeleli wathumela collectivization abalekela kwisixeko kwaye umlilo kwiifama ezihlangeneyo, wonqanyulwa, imfuyo yabo. Uthotho amanyathelo axhobileyo kwaba kulogo. Akuzange kube zohlobo, yaye kungekudala le wokulwa karhulumente.

Village kwi leSoviet, utyiwa socialism kaStalin kuphela. Ukwaziswa kwe surplus ngexesha Civil beMfazwe, xa kunyanzelekile abavelisi bezolimo ukuthatha inxaxheba lokuvuna yabo kurhulumente, hit kanzima yi kumafama. KwiBolsheviks ngamaxesha mzuzu uxinzelelo kunye buthathaka zaphembelela elalini.

Ngentwasahlobo yowe-1930, Stalin, esoyika uxhathiso abaxhobileyo kulaks, wabhala inqaku liyachitha "Uyagula ngempumelelo". collectivization Tempo thile ubuthongo. Inxalenye enkulu abalimi washiya kwiifama nemibutho. Noko ke, ingcinezelo uqalwe ekwindla. Isigaba esebenzayo of collectivization ngo-1932, yaye ngowe-1937 kwifama nemibutho wawuquka 93% zeefama.

Ekufunxeni izibonelelo ukusuka kwidolophana

iimpawu ezininzi socialism kaStalin baba imveliso ezimbi totalitarianism nogonyamelo. Ingcinezelo kuvunyiwe ukuba kwakhiwe uluntu elitsha kunye ezilindelekileyo nekamva eliqaqambileyo. Enye iisimboli ezingundoqo kuqoqosho yali kule lali baqalisa MTS - umatshini seetrektara izikhululo. Belikhona kwi 1928-1958 biennium. MTS ngaphandle iifama kunye izixhobo ezitsha.

Umzekelo, embindini etektala eSoviet waba Stalingrad, ogama mveliso ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II iye redeveloped yaba itanki. Urhulumente nemibutho ihlawulwe indlela iimveliso zabo. Umzekelo, MTS ngempumelelo ngomtshini ngaphandle kwezibonelelo ilali. Kwiminyaka yokuqala emihlanu USSR ngokubonakalayo kwamanye amazwe ingqolowa aphesheya. Trade akazange ayeke nkqu ngamaxesha indlala kwiifama nemibutho. Iinzuzo evela kwintengiso okuziinkozo kunye nezinye izityalo, ubunkokeli eli lizwe echithwe ukuqhubeka okukhawulezileyo mveliso kunye nokwakhiwa kwisakhiwo esitsha emkhosini-mveliso.

Impumelelo yenkqubo nokuvuselelwa uqoqosho ngexesha elifanayo kwakhokelela kwintlekele kwezolimo. yatshatyalaliswa kakhulu umaleko ezintsha, amafama abanezakhono esebenzayo ngelixa intshukumo obutsha kuqulathe esibulala zaba balimi. Kuphephe ngenqindi usike 26 ezigidi iinkomo (malunga nama-45%). Abantu ukubuyiselwa engama-30. Nditsho oomatshini amatsha ezolimo akavumelekanga ukuba ndingumntu ovuna ubuncinane de kube lixesha nep. La manani nakwabangapasanga umsebenzi umgangatho ophezulu, kunye nokwanda ozozogidi.

Kokudibana karhulumente kwaye iqela

Ngeminyaka yee-1930 eSoviet Union ekugqibeleni kwasekwa socialism yileyo. Iminyaka nkqubo ingcinezelo ziye zatshintsha ngokupheleleyo uluntu. Noko ke, uvuthondaba zocindezelo yafika kwisiqingatha sesibini sika-1930, yaye yaphela ke ubukhulu becala ngenxa imfazwe ezayo kunye eJamani.

Inkalo ebalulekileyo ulawulo yileyo yaba kudityaniswe iqela kunye norhulumente amalungu - iqela unolawulo olugqityiweyo lwe umsebenzi mthetho kunye nenkundla, kwaye iqela ngokwayo ibambe alibambe kumntu nje omnye. Total Stalin waba amaza eziliqela ukuhlanjwa lwangaphakathi. Maxa wambi, wagxila iqela okanye abasebenzi zomkhosi, kodwa elimele futhi abemi abaqhelekileyo.

Ukucoca phathi kunye nomkhosi

Le ingcinezelo wenziwe ukutshintsha igama iinkonzo zokhuseleko (NKVD-MGB) izihlandlo eziliqela. Le uhulumeni ukulawula zonke iinkalo msebenzi ekuhlaleni kunye nobomi, kusuka kwezemidlalo nobugcisa ukuze ideology. Ukudala "umgca single" Stalin gqolo kusetyenzwa bonke abachasi bakhe phakathi kweqela. Zizo ezo ye'Bolsheviks isizukulwana abadala, owayeyazi uNobhala Jikelele kusekho revolution mthethweni. Abantu abafana Kamenev, Zinoviev, Bukharin ( "Kulumkele Lenin kaThixo") - bonke baye baba izisulu izilingo zibonisa, apho wavuma esidlangalaleni abangcatshi le lokhokho.

Kwincopho zocindezelo nxamnye kwamajoni iqela wangena ngo-1937-1938. Ngelo xesha kwakukho ihlanjululwe ye-Red Army. yatshatyalaliswa yonke isakhiwo wakhe umyalelo. Stalin boyika imfazwe, bewagqala isoyikiso igunya lakhe. Akavumela nje omdala, kodwa abasebenzi umyalelo eliphakathi. ziingcali kunye namava War Civil, ukuba phantse shwaka. Konke oku kakubi umkhosi, leyo nje kwiminyaka embalwa kwafuneka ukuqala neemfazwe zakhe ezinkulu.

Lwezitshabalalisi iintshaba zabantu

Eyokuqala bonisa neemvavanyo, waduma kwilizwe liphela, kwenzeka ekupheleni 1920. Ngabo aba "Shakhty umcimbi" kunye ukuqotywa "Industrial Party". Ngeli xesha, ingcinezelo banikwa iingcali zobugcisa kunye zobunjineli. Iosif Stalin, ebudeni bolawulo apho lwenzeka kuthotho campaigns, wayeyoliswa kakhulu clichés elikhulu kunye iilebhile. Bethobela yakhe kwakukho kwemiqathango kunye neempawu ngexesha njengoko "maphela", "Iintshaba zabantu", "cosmopolitans".

Ukhankanye ukuba ingcinezelo yaqala ngo-1934. Phambi ukuba urhulumente ukuba udushe labemi, kwaye ngoku sele buthatyathwa amalungu party lenkundla. Loo nyaka sele kudlule XVII Congress, eyaba eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Congress of the shot." Kwathabatha ivoti unobhala omtsha jikelele. kokuba baphinde bonyulwa-Stalin, kodwa ezininzi zange ukuxhasa candidacy yakhe. Into nani ebalulekileyo Congress zonke Sergei laseKirov ingqalelo. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva wadutyulwa bafa ekhulelwa abasebenzi party Nikolaev e Smolny. Stalin basebenzisa inani womfi ka laseKirov, okwenza loo nto luphawu engcwele. iphulo nxamnye bonke abanginizayo kunye nabavukeli kwabhengezwa ukuba, njengokuba echaza ubuxoki, wabulala ilungu ebalulekileyo iqela ukuba balonakalise.

Kwakukho iilebhile elikhulu yezopolitiko: abamhlophe, Zinoviev, Trotskyists. agents Intelligence "wavula" umbutho omtsha imfihlelo, ukuzama ukuba ziwonakalise lizwe kunye iqela. umsebenzi Anti-eSoviet yayisayanyaniswa kubantu ngequbuliso, njengoko luck ange Ziwe phantsi kwe ice salo umatshini yileyo. Kwiminyaka abanobubi ukwesaba NKVD evunyiweyo imimiselo inani zazinza kubulawa, nokuba noorhulumente beengingqi, kufuneka ukuba ngenkuthalo enze. Le ingcinezelo eyenziwa phantsi kwebhanile lomzabalazo yeklasi (i ithisisi sele phambili kukuba ngempumelelo ngakumbi iya kuba ulwakhiwo olobusoshiyali i yondele kakhulu uba umzabalazo eklasini).

Musa ukulibala ukwenza zokucoca kunye Stalin ngokwabo kwiinkonzo ezizodwa, ogama izandla baqhuba abulawa eziliqela kunye neenkundla. NKVD wasinda amaphulo aliqela ezinjalo. Ebudeni babo kakhulu kwesigele wabulala intloko eli sebe - kwaye Yagoda, Yezhov. Kwakhona, urhulumente uthathe amehlo akhe nya nezazi. Baba ke ababhali, ifilim yeqonga (Hope, iBhabheli, Meyerhold), kunye nabasunguli, zesayensi kunye nabayili (Andau, Tupolev, Korolev).

socialism kaStalin baphela kokufa inkokheli ngo-1953, kuze kulandele i-Khrushchev nobudlelwane kunye Brezhnev kuphuhliswa socialism. Kwi-USSR, ukuvavanywa iziganeko ohlukahlukeneyo kuxhomekeka meko. Khrushchev weza kwamandla XX Congress of the CPSU wabalahla ukunqulwa ubuntu kuStalin kaThixo kunye zocindezelo yayo. Phantsi Brezhnev, nomfuziselo yinkokeli kwiimbono esemthethweni iphathwa kakuhle.