Eugenics: oko kukuthi, inkcazelo iingxaki kunye neenjongo nenzululwazi

Ekupheleni XlX ekuqaleni XX inzululwazi ngenkulungwane kuyanda. Ukubolekisa "The Origin of Species," Darwin wabhala emva ngo-1859, wathengisa ngayo kumcimbi iintsuku, yaye ingxoxo malunga ngendaleko iindlela kunye namathuba ukuphembelela ukuba andiyekanga okomzuzwana. Kuba amashumi eminyaka, izazinzulu ziye ngokunzima bafunda indlela yendaleko, kukho iindawo ezininzi eziphilayo, ezinye oluveza nempembelelo inxaxheba ephambili kule khosi ngendaleko yabantu.

Eugenics - ntoni na?

Ukutyhubela imbali yayo, uluntu iye yasebenzisa ukhetho ukuphucula izivuno zezolimo kunye nemveliso yezilwanyana. Ngoko ke, imbali eugenics enemvelaphi yayo banomnqweno kakhulu nkulu ukusebenza kuphela izilwanyana, kodwa iintlobo zabo.

A uqeqesho lunikezelwa nesimilo yezenzululwazi ngenkulungwane XlX akakho, ngoko ke indima ngesiciko engundoqo kunye nemiqobo ukuya phambili iintlobo zabantu wathabatha phezu iCawa, nto leyo ngenkuthalo bagxeka naziphi na iinzame angenelele kwilungiselelo indalo kaThixo.

Ngenxa yoko, eugenics ingcamango kukuba ukwenza ukhetho kujoliswe ekuphuculeni iintlobo zabantu, ukubonisa ulawulo abantwana umtshato.

Ezithandwayo negama ezingaqondakaliyo

Kumashumi eminyaka yokuqala kwinkulungwane XX kwacaca zithandwa kangangokuba amanye amazwe baqalisa ukucinga ekuphumezeni ngokwenene bemiqathango yawo engundoqo. Wayibamba komdibaniso inzululwazi German lwamaNazi kunye eugenics. Oko phantsi kolawulo lwamaNazi bafumene ukusasazeka kakhulu ezoyikekayo amanyathelo njengoko ngenkani imifuniselo nzala phezu kwabantu nokutshatyalaliswa amaqela yonke ezaziwayo nguRhulumente ezingathandekiyo.

Kodwa eugenics mithetho isicelo kude ngaphaya ku Germany. Ngokomzekelo, eUnited States kwezinye States amahlwempu kunye nabantu abane IQ eliphantsi sibonelela linesiqhamo sicatshulwa inzalo ngokuzithandela. Bekucingelwa ukuba abantu abane iimpawu ezingathandekiyo kungonakalisa gene lidike kanye into yokuba abantwana.

Okokuqala, eugenics - isayensi lifunda ukukhethwa ngumntu, injongo ephambili apho umntu. Kukho iindlela ezimbini lokulawula le ukhetho: i eugenics ekuthiwa-HIV swi ekukhuthazeni zemitshato nesiphumo abantwana bazalwa kunye iimpawu ethandwayo; yemfuza ezigxekayo isekelwe phezu amakheswa kwabantwana abazalwa kunye iziphene zophuhliso okanye imikhwa emibi ukuze uluntu. Kunye nophuhliso lobugcisa zonyango nasinye isixhobo sokuxilonga eugenics iindlela ezifana zolawulo wokuzalwa, ezifana iimvavanyo yemfuza uxilongo ultrasound.

kokubuyela eugenics

Yintoni na imigaqo eugenics, oko kucaca xa sijonga le ngxaki ngokubujongela kude. Olokuqala ukuqonda ixabiso gama. Liguqulwe lithatyathwa kwigama lesiGrike elithi kalukhuni njengoko "azalwe igobe." Ngoko ke wazalwa imfundiso eugenics. Yintoni na ukhetho ngumntu, kwacaca ngo-1883, xa Isazinzulu F. Galton wapapasha umsebenzi wakhe angundoqo "Ukufunda ngezakhono nophuhliso lwabo."

Eyona nkxaso-izazinzulu eugenicists yaba ngcinga ukuzimisela yemfuza. Umongo iimfundiso Galton wayeza ukuqinisekisa ukuba imfundo okanye imfundo hayi ngokupheleleyo kuchaphazela indlela yokuziphatha, kodwa indima ephambili kukuba esinazo egqiba kuquka ukuziphatha loluntu.

Nencwadi sale ncwadi, ukuba kumngcelele woloyiso eugenics university eYurophu. nenzululwazi entsha ayisebenzeleyo indawo kokusingqongileyo zemfundo.

Eugenics nje inzululwazi. imithetho

Ngowe-1907, iBritani wadalwa Galton Society, apho iphuhlise imiqathango nenzululwazi entsha kunye ukukhangela izixhobo ukuzisebenzisa practice. Kwi-US, uluntu efanayo wafika ngowe-1921 waza wabizwa American eugenics Society.

Imbali eugenics kuhlangene nengqiqo kaDarwin zentlalo, nto leyo isekelwe kwinto yokuba kuphela iiklasi ezithile kunye neklasi, ngokunjalo abantu imikhwa ethile yabantu bafanelwe ukuqhubeka iintsapho zabo.

ukuziphatha eugenics isekelwe kwinto yokuba abantu bazalwa belingana, kuphela ofanele kakhulu liya kuba nelungelo ukulawula ikhondo kwembali yabantu, nokuphazamisana inkqubo okuzala. Ngenxa yoko, eugenics - isayensi lifunda ukhetho yabantu.

ababephila ukugxekwa

Phezu kwako hambo nokuphumelela nenzululwazi entsha kwiiyunivesithi-ofisi zikarhulumente, asizizo zonke zizifundiswa zigcinwe iindlela zayo. A iqela azinikele kwezenzo eugenics baba umbhali Chesterton, ngezentlalo American uLester Ward, kwakunye zebhayoloji Fisher kunye JBS Haldane, abo babonisa ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukuba inzalo "defectives" kungakhokelela ekutshabalaleni inani labantu uphawu ezingafunekiyo.

Le nkampu abaphikisi kakhulu ezininzi nenamandla engqinelanayo of kokuvala ngenkani kunye nokukhethwa artificial yaquka abameli bemibutho zonqulo. Nangona isibakala sokuba ekuqaleni, ezinye iinkokeli zonqulo ngomdla inzululwazi omtsha emva 1930 inkxaso yaphela. Ekubeni imithetho nxamnye ukusetyenziswa eugenics wathetha nguPopu Pius XL, esasisithi ngokucacileyo ukuba abasemagunyeni awanalo ilungelo lokuba alahle imizimba yabo kwizifundo zabo.

AmaNazi usehlisa kwinqanaba yophando

iingxaki negama e eugenics njenge inzululwazi yaqala ngo-1930, xa zofuzo Nazi Ernst Rudin wathabatha ukulisebenzisa zokuzigwebela zolwaphulo-mthetho Wesithathu. Ngexesha kwaba sele ngokucacileyo imisebenzi yokukhetha indlela zendalo, kunye eugenics. Yintoni na amayeza lwamaNazi iya kucaca kancinane emva koko, kodwa le budlelwane ngendlela eyothusayo ukulonakalisa igama yenzululwazi eugenics.

Ngasekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II eugenics igama yayonakele ngokusisigxina. umfanekiso emangalisayo nasekusungulweni izimvo malunga neendlela zokhetho ngumntu libali ngu HG Wells, ongumxhasi engaguquki kokuvala ngenkani ugqibe iminyaka engamashumi ukulwa azinikele amalungelo oluntu. Ngokukodwa, wayesithi akukho namnye unalo ilungelo lokuba ukukhubaza umntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kunzima kangakanani na sisifo, kodwa, phezu koko, uluntu kufuneka awugcine. Kodwa ke, nangona bechaswa amanye amalungu oluntu eSweden, umzekelo, ngenkani xa kuthenwa "siphene" lwaqhutywa de kwangowe-1976.

Ukuvuselelwa umdla

Emva ukungakhuseleki zolwaphulo ngamaNazi eJamani waphefumlela ngophando eugenics, igama inzululwazi yaba, kwabonakala ibhuqiwe ngokupheleleyo. Noko ke, emva kokuba zisabonakala elide umdla ukuhlola wabuya kunye nophando yeengcingane kwi genome esanda waphila, kodwa yemfuza nangokuhloniphekileyo.

A inqaba revolution eugenics matsha entlalo kwakukho eUnited States, apho kukho inani elaneleyo kwamaziko ophando ophezulu-zobugcisa ezibandakanyekayo kubunjineli yemfuza, ukukhulisa kunye isifo siswini, emi indawo ekhethekileyo kule nkalo zenzululwazi. Ngoko ingcamango eugenics baye baqhubeka kubunjineli yemfuza.

Ngowe-2003, uTania Simoncelli, owayesebenza ngelo xesha UMlawuli oNcedisayo of Crimilogy kwi urhulumente US, wathi yemfuza sifo prenatatsionnaya ivula ixesha elitsha eugenics, leyo, ngokungafaniyo lwamaNazi, singabi sasikhonza njenge ideology misanthropic, yaye ukuphendula imfuno zabantu abaqhelekileyo.

imisebenzi yesiqhelo

kwemvelo British Richard Dawkins wathi kwinqaku lephephandaba ngowe-2006 ukuba eugenics - inzululwazi elizayo. Wathi nokuba ngenxa yokuba inzululwazi kuthatha ithuba iinkokeli lwamaNazi, luthwala ithunzi abalwa eminyaka ukuqhuba uphando njongo kule ndawo.

Le umphengululi wathi ukuba, ngokokubona kwakhe, le ndlela yohlukile kangako ezizalayo kwezolimo. Kakade ke, xa Scientist yakhe isizathu ndlela eugenics isekelwe kwinto yokuba ukususela ngexesha Wesithathu, le izimiso inzululwazi akuthethi, yimani ngxishi, ube nako ukuphendula imibuzo enzima abaninzi ukunceda bafumane isisombululo kwiimeko antsonkothileyo.

Kodwa Dawkins ndlela yohlukile kakhulu ukusuka neyezingaphambili. Yena unika nje ukuba nefuthe kwiziphumo yokukhulelwa, kuquka ukhetho ngumntu, abaninzi wanyanzelisa ukuba eugenics kuya kunceda umntu ukuba ukufunda okungakumbi ngaye. Ngokomzekelo, emva kokwenziswa abazali uvavanyo yemfuza akayi kuchitha ixesha umculo yokufunda komntwana ukuba iimvavanyo nga bonisa ubuchule efanelekileyo. Kulindeleke ukuba ezi mvavanyo ziya kunceda ukuphucula impumelelo kwezemidlalo, ukuba abantu banolwazi amandla kunye nobuthathaka babo. Ngokutsho Dawkins, ngesisombululo iingxaki ezininzi zehlabathi namhlanje kube ufuzo kunye eugenics.

Yintoni na ucalucalulo, oko inikeza ukukhumbula i-International Komzimba yeKomiti, amalungu bakholelwa ukuba indlela enjalo waluvula ucango ucalucalulo kunye amabala, kwaye ziyazalana kwingcamango ukulingana abantu emhlabeni.

Ngaphandle kokuba eugenics mihla ayisebenzisi uthelekiso kunye nezenzo zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, esebenzisa amagama "yemfuza ekuzaleni" yaye "ukhetho germinal", enyanisweni, zonke ezi zifundo ziyinxalenye lweenkomo kwabantu.

Enye namhlanje iinkqubo zixhaphakileyo zonyango - siswini - nako kunganikwa ingqwalasela njengendlela ukuphunyezwa lwendlela eugenics. Ukusuka kwindawo yezonyango lwembono, yokuhluza onjalo kuthintela ukuzalwa komntwana abaneziphene kakhulu yemfuza kunye nezifo njengelifa.

eugenics Modern: iingxaki Performance

Kuba okokuqala malunga ubunzima kunye nokuphunyezwa kweendlela zokuhlola yemfuza eugenicists uthe 1915 Thomas Hunt Morgan, ababekholelwa ukuba ubuntu ayikwazi edlula, ilifa, ezifana abathile ukuba olungaka ubundlobongela nolwaphulo ukuhambisela kubazali kubantwana, waza wabonisa, elo lifa kwenzeka zentlalo ngoqeqesho kunokuba nge sofuzo.

Ukongeza, wacaphula iziphumo kokuma iimpukane eyayibonisa ukuba izinto ezimbi - ezifana njengoko isibini extra ngamehlo kunye ezihamba ngamathupha azo - kuvela iziimpukane kungekuphela nje ngenxa yelifa, kodwa ngenxa izakhi.

Namhlanje, Noko ke, eugenics inzululwazi ithembele ubuchwepheshe obungcono. Umzekelo, iimvavanyo ukuba izibini kuhamba phambi ekhulelwe umntwana akwazi ukufumanisa ukuba ngaba kukho ingozi yokuba umntwana abaneziphene yemfuza, ngenxa yoko, ukuba uzale kwimeko enjalo. Kodwa malunga uvavanyo ophezulu zobugcisa, akunakutshiwo ukuba unika ukhuseleko ngokupheleleyo Imposiso: kukho iimeko apho baye bagqiba ekubeni kusekho ukukhawula umntwana nangona yoko uvavanyo awunayo, wazala abantwana esempilweni.

Nokulahleka kwengxubevange zofuzo

Izakhi kunye neengcali eziphilayo yokuzivelela ukuba isandi alarm ngenxa yokuba overreliance kwi-nkqubo uyakhetha kunokukhokelela ukuthotywa inani labantu, kanye njengokuba abantu yathotywa abahlala kwiindawo ezincinane kakhulu okanye kwi ziqithi.

Edward Miller onyanzela nayiphi sizukulwana kufuneka banikwe ithuba lokwenza igalelo oluncinane uhlobo yendaleko wophuhliso kwaye ibonisa ukuba nkqu nesenzeko oko kubonakala kuthi awunayo, ekugqibeleni zibaluleke gqitha kuphuhliso eziphilayo.

Inkcaso eugenics

Uninzi abachasi eugenics bonisa ukuba enoba lihle iminkqangiyelo abaphandi, ekugqibeleni konke oku kuya kukhokelela ekubeni izenzo ezichasene ukuba nesimilo. Izenzo ezinjalo abachasi eugenics ziquka ngenkani nzala, ucalucalulo yemfuza, yokwahlulwa mhlawumbi kohlanga.

Xa iphepha ayo kwi nasekusungulweni uLori Endryus uthi gwenxa kungenzeka ukuba angenelele ngethuba zazivelela iya kukhokelela ukuvela ekuthiwa-posthuman, nto leyo inokuba nomahluko kwisethi owayephila engalindelekanga iimpawu. Ukongezelela koko, icebisa ukuba ukuphazamisa neenkqubo ezibalulekileyo ezifana ukwaluphala nobomi elilindelekileyo, leyo unomdla nje eugenics.

Yintoni ubomi babantu? Yintoni intsingiselo yalo nokuba umntu onokuthatha ngayo indima uMdali? Le miba ibekwe bioethicists ezininzi. Phendula ngalo mzuzu, zininzi, kodwa akubonakali ukuba ezikholisayo, kwaye oku kuthetha ukuba ukusombulula iingxaki zokuziphatha iza ngokulwa ngaphezu kwesinye isizukulwana ngayo zebhayoloji, ukuba iingcaphephe, zefilosofi nezenkolo. ingxaki eugenics akandifanele kubo uhlawule ingqalelo kakhulu.