Battle of Narva Novemba 30, 1700 ( "Narva ukuphoxeka"). Intsingiselo yembali edabini

Idabi Narva yaba uvavanyo lokuqala kakhulu ukuba Army Russian eMntla War. Ngowe-1700 akukho namnye babecinga ukuba eli phulo liya kuthatha iminyaka engamashumi amabini. Ngoko ke, "Narva ukuphoxeka" babebonakala ezininzi ukusilela obulalayo.

IMVELAPHI ukulwa

IMfazwe Enkulu Northern yaqala ngenxa yokuba uPetros uzama ukufumana izibuko elula kuLwandle lweBaltic. La mazwe kanye ababekolo kummandla Russian, Noko ke, ziye zasishiya ebudeni Iimbandezelo kwenkulungwane XVII. Apho unyaka kwakukho "Narva ukuphoxeka"? Ngowe-1700 m. Ngeli xesha, i tsar oselula Russian wayakha ezininzi izicwangciso ukuba ukuguqula eRashiya ibe ezona ihlabathi.

Ngowe-1698 uPetros ndakwazi kwimpumelelo ozakuzo. King of Poland kunye Elector of Saxony, Augustus II waqukumbela naye umfelandawonye ngokufihlakeleyo nxamnye Sweden. Kamva esi sivumelwano ujoyine savela Frederick IV of Denmark.

Kunye namasebe ezinjalo emva kwakhe, uPetros wayenethemba ukuba ngokukhululekileyo nxamnye Sweden. UKumkani Karl XII kwelo zwe kwitrone eselula kakhulu babonakala iqela buthathaka. Injongo yokuqala uPetros waba Ingermanlandia. Ummandla ummandla iLeningrad yanamhlanje. Le nqaba likhulu lo mmandla Narva. Emva koko waya amajoni Russian.

February 22, 1700, uPetros wathi imfazwe kwi Sweden, ngoko nangoko emva kokufumanisa isivumelwano soxolo ne Ottoman, okuyinto usindisa kuye evela ungquzulwano kwi miba mibini. Sekunjalo, akazange azi ukuba ulindele Narva nantloni.

Isimo umkhosi Russian

Ukuba imfazwe ne ummelwane wayo kumantla zalungiselelwa kwangaphambili. Noko ke, oku akuthethi akusosiqinisekiso impumelelo. umkhosi Russian nangoku wahlala ngenkulungwane XVII nangasemva nemikhosi exhobileyo yaseYurophu ngokwalo zobugcisa. Nje kwayo babalwayo malunga amajoni 200,000, nto leyo baba baninzi. Noko ke, bonke bephela akazange abe ukhuseleko eziphathekayo ezaneleyo, imfundo kunye ingqeqesho oluthembekileyo.

UPetros wazama ukuba alungiselele umkhosi ipateni yasentshona mihla. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, wamema evela kumazwe aseYurophu leengcali ezahlukeneyo - ikakhulu baseJamani kunye Dutch. Kumda wesangqa ekhethiweyo ngokuchanekileyo, kodwa 1700 amabini kuphela regiments athobele yonke imigangatho kunye neemfuneko. Kwanokuphucula kunye noqeqesho kwakhona kufuneka xesha lininzi, yaye uPetros ezikhawulezayo ukugqiba iintshaba zabo ngethemba lokuba uya kumnika ukugqithisela ngumothuko.

Ngu ekuqaleni Enkulu Northern War, Russia nangoku ongavelisi musket layo. Ukongeza, umkhosi ukusuka ekuqaleni ujongene nengxaki efana inkqubo yothutho ngokwaneleyo. Xa indlela yemozulu embi kwimimandla esemantla ngumceli-mngeni ngokwenene amajoni, ekwafuneka soyise ngaphezu kwewaka kweekhilomitha. Ezi zinto kwakhona negalelo isenzeko, leyo waziwa ngokuba Narva lihlazo.

Isimo umkhosi Swedish

ummelwane Northern Russia, ngokuchaseneyo, wayesaziwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu womkhosi yayo kakuhle. Loo wenguquko odumileyo kaKumkani Gustav Ii Adolf, ngubani ndikhwankqiswe iintshaba zakhe ngexesha leMfazwe Years Engamashumi (1618-1648).

kwamabutho Swedish yayiba zeekontraki abafumana umvuzo enkulu. Elihamba kugaywa zokugaya ezinyanzelekileyo kwiphondo elithile, kodwa nomkhosi kunye kakuhle ndayizuza. Lo mkhosi yahlulwe squadrons kunye ithathele, leyo eyiyo basebenzisane kwi edabini. ijoni ngalinye oqhele ukuba esiqatha, nto leyo eyamnceda ngexesha edabini. Kule leminyaka elidlulileyo umkhosi Swedish iphumelele kuphela uloyiso, kwaye ngenxa kwilizwe lakhe waqala ukwanda yayo e Northern Europe. Yaba iqela loyikekayo, lo underestimation kwamandla elijikajikayo impazamo obulalayo.

Iziganeko ngobusuku yedabi

November 17, Boris Sheremetev waxelela ukumkani ukuba balwa ezizayo kunye bayavana. Akukho mntu uqhuba ubukrelekrele eqhelekileyo, kwaye eminqubeni Russian kufuphi Narva wayengazi imali ngqo amabutho esitha. Peter I, ndakuqonda malunga nendlela lutshaba, ekhohlo ukuya Novgorod kunye Alexander Menshikov kunye Fedor Golovin. Umyalelo waba Field Marshal Charles-evgeniy Krua. Duke (ukuba isihloko sayo) bazama ukuxhathisa isigqibo kakumkani, Noko ke, akazange akwazi ukubonisa uPetros.

Kamva, umlawuli wachaza isenzo sakhe ngenxa yokuba kwakufuneka ukudibana uKumkani Poland, kwakunye ethwala nizalise oovimba. Ngelo xesha linye i balwa emva lokuphumelela kwabo, wazama ukuba ningalicaluli lona eli siganeko njengoko ubugwala yokumkani. Narva ukuphoxeka Russian yaba siganeko ukukhululwa iimbasa zokubhiyizela ebonisa Peter nemini.

Ukwakhiwa yomkhosi Russian

Imikhosi ephantsi kolawulo Croix wenza konke ukuze bafumane zintshula kwi elunxwemeni Narva River. Ukuze wenze oku, ngecala lasentshonalanga wakha iinqaba. Yonke loo mkhosi uwahlule ube zahlulo zithathu. Ephangweni lasekunene ezinabantu Avtomonov Golovin abantu malunga ne-14 amawaka. Embindini wema Prince Troubetzkoy neqembu lakhe. Phantsi umyalelo bakhe ngabantu 6000. Osekhohlo amahashe, abo bathobela Sheremetev.

Xa kwacaca ukuba balwa sele sisondele kakhulu, de Croix wayalela umkhosi ukuba lukwazi ukungena kwizikhundla. Communications zaye Wasolula ayi ezisixhenxe. Ngoko ke babemise komcu obhityileyo. Ngaphaya kwabo kwakungekho bucala okanye reserve butho.

qhinga uKarl

Ngentsasa ka November 30, 1700 umkhosi Swedish wasondela izithuba Russian. Narva esondela discomfiture. Umhla imfazwe uyaziwa imithombo ezintathu. Ukuba ubhekisela kwikhalenda pre-guqula, idabi wathabatha kuqhubeka nge-19 Novemba in Swedish - 20 Novemba kwi yangoku - nge-30 Novemba.

Imbonakalo balwa ndandingasakulindelanga, nangona onke amalungiselelo yangaphambili. Sheremetev kwi kwibhunga yasemkhosini ecetywayo ukwahlula emkhosini. Inxalenye ngayo ukuya kuvalwe iindlela Narva kunye nezinye - ukunika kwidabi ukuba balwa entsimini. Duke akazange avume lo isindululo kunye wagqiba ukushiya inyathelo nokumkani oselula Swedish, ngubani yena wakhokela umkhosi wakhe. Croix de wayekholelwa ukuba umkhosi Russian yi yokulwa-ukulungele, ukuba uhlala phezu kwezi zithuba endala.

I balwa babeyazi kakuhle le meko lotshaba, ukuze bakwazi ukuphuhlisa isicwangciso kakhulu ngempumelelo. Karl XII wagqiba ekubeni cinezela nelisemihlubulweni ka Russian njengoko amajoni Centre yaba enqatyisiweyo yaye unako ukuyoyisa ukumkani. Kwaba njalo Narva lihlazo. IMfazwe Enkulu Northern, kusenokwenzeka ukuba iziphumo ezahlukeneyo, ukuba kungekhona strategists best Swedish - uKarl Renshild kunye Arvid Horn. Banikela isiluleko izilumko lokumkani oselula, wayengumntu, kodwa wenze impazamo ngaphandle kwenkxaso kweenkokeli zomkhosi.

uhlaselo balwa

Narva hloni - ayikho kuphela amalungiselelo Russian embi imfazwe, kodwa ukuhlasela Nombane yotshaba. I balwa ayefuna cofa utshaba lwakhe inqaba. Ngoko ke kusebenza wanyamalala igumbi impendulo kushenxa. Indlela kuphela ukubaleka abandayo kwakhokelela emlanjeni Narva.

Elihamba kwakugcwele yi zokudubula, apho balwa esekwe phezu kwentaba ekufuphi, nto leyo inika imbono kakuhle ngengingqi. Lipholile nesinye isizathu sokuba yenzekile Narva lihlazo. Yaba lucky balwa. Le kwakuvuthuza umoya ebusweni yamajoni Russian. Ukubonakala akazange ngaphezulu amanyathelo elinesibini ukuba wenzakele ukubuyela umlilo.

Ngentsimbi 2 emva kwemini ezimbini nesinqumka enzulu Swedish wabetha nelisemihlubulweni wolula umkhosi Russian. Kungekudala kakhulu kwakukho imingxuma kwiindawo ezintathu apho uKarl wabetha zasilela ukubonisa. ukubumbana balwa alubonisa, Narva waba ukuphoxeka kunqandwa. ukubaluleka kwayo kunzima ukuba zazi, kuba emva kokuba isibini iiyure, utshaba atyhoboza, angena kwinkampu Russian.

Ndaqalisa ukuphakuzela uze okungaziwa. Abasabileyo nyanzelekile ukuba azame ukuya sase Narva. Amanzi ehambisana batshoniswe abantu malunga liwaka. Ngaphambi koko, lo mlambo ishukumisa encinane umchankcatho owawuza, leyo akwazi ukumelana ukumelana abasabileyo waquleka, ukuba kuphela landa inani lamaxhoba. Narva ukuphoxeka, apho umhla yayilusuku emnyama yembali Russian emkhosini, kwacaca.

iinjengele amazwe wabeka uPetros intloko yomkhosi, nabo iqalile athothe, leyo ucatshukiswa izikhulu Russian. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho ngokwakhe de Croix, kwakunye Ludwig Allart. Baya azinikela balwa, ukuba abaleke amajoni abo.

Uxhathiso olukhulu labhalwayo nephiko ekunene. Apha elucingweni amajoni Russian evela catapults utshaba kunye neenqwelo. Noko ke, oku akusayi ukutshintsha isiphumo edabini. Xa Ngokuhlwa, le meko iye isiba mandundu. Yinto eyaziwa episode xa ezimbini squad Swedish ebumnyameni wathabatha enye yi-Russian yazivula umlilo phezu efanayo zabo. olwaludiliziwe Centre, ngenxa yoko cala ezimbini lokuziphendulela nako kungena ukudibana kunye nabanye.

ukuba uzinikele

Oko kwakukho kwasekuqalekeni Northern War. Narva ukuphoxeka kwaba mnandi kodwa lisenze nto. Kusasa Ezinye kwizithuba eentloko ezaxhobela Russian, wagqiba ukuba ziqalise iingxoxo ukuba uzinikele kuye. Kuthula eliyinhloko Prince Yakov Dolgorukov. Walungiselela kunye balwa kwi lokuphumelela simahla kunxweme olungaphesheya. Kwangaxeshanye, umkhosi Russian umnakekeli wempahla kunye zokudubula, kodwa yena wahlala iibhodi kunye nezixhobo.

Balwa waya edliwe kakhulu: 32 amawaka engange ukusuka ebutyebini bokumkani, 20,000 muskets. Ngaba ilahleko engahambisani. Ukuba balwa elichithwe wababulala abantu 670, i-Russian - 7000. Amajoni 700 wahlala ekuthinjweni, echasene imiqathango uzinikele kuye.

inani

I-Russian waya Narva ukuphoxeka? Ukubaluleka yembali yalo mcimbi imiphumo ixesha elide. Eyokuqala hit igama eRashiya. umkhosi wakhe wayeka ukujongelwa eYurophu. Phezu uPetros wadlala ngaye ngokusekuhleni, ngenxa udumo noCarl mkhosi yawo ngamakroti.

Noko ke, ixesha iye yabonisa ukuba kukho uloyiso Pyrrhic for the balwa. Carl wagqiba ukuba iRussia ingeyongozi, waza waqalisa ukuya kulwa Poland kunye Denmark. UPetros wasebenzisa le isiqabu. Wayichola kubuyiselo emkhosini kwi kurhulumente, iinguqu umkhosi uze ufake kuyo imali kakhulu kwezibonelelo.

Oku kuye wayizalela iziqhamo. Kwisithuba iminyaka embalwa, ihlabathi eva ngokuphumelela Russian kuLwandle lweBaltic. Idabi engundoqo kwenzeka kufuphi Poltava ngo-1709. I balwa wachithwa, uCharles wabaleka. Kuye kwacaca ukuba lonke Russia, Isimanga, waba luncedo Narva lihlazo. Grengamskoe ukulwa ngenqindi phantsi, ndayihluthwa Sweden ubume localu amandla ebhudla kuLwandle lweBaltic. isivumelwano soxolo esayinwe 1721, phantsi apho eRashiya lafumana umhlaba omninzi kunye namazibuko kule ngingqi. Apha eyasekwayo St. Petersburg - ikomkhulu elitsha lizwe. Idabi Poltava, Narva ukuphoxeka Grengamskoe imfazwe - zonke ezi ziganeko ziye laba uphawu eliqaqambileyo kwaye umngeni Petrine kwexesha.