Amandla we Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP: ingozi, ukubuyisela

Umthamo we-Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP ngowona mkhulu eRussia. Kwakhona yintandathu yesityalo esikhulu samandla ombane kwihlabathi. Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP itholakala eKhakassia, kuMlambo waseYenisei, kungekude ne Sayanogorsk.

Ulwakhiwo lwezakhiwo zesikhululo

Into ephambili yesitishi yidama elidityanisiweyo elenziwe ngekhonkrithi, elinokuphakama kwamamitha angama-245 kunye nobude bee-1066 zamitha. Ububanzi bodama kwisiseko ngowama-110 emitha, kwaye kunye ne-ridge 25 metres. Idama linokuhlulwa kwiindawo ezine. Izixhobo eziyimpumputhe zebhanki zisekhohlo kunye ne-right-bhan ziyi-246 m kunye ne-298 m ubude ngokulandelanayo, inxalenye yamanzi ingamamitha angama-190 ubude, kwaye icandelo lesitishi lide ngamamitha angama-332 ubude.

Idama likufuphi nesakhiwo samadesi esiteshini samandla esele amanzi.

Isakhiwo esingagqitywanga sisigxina sogxobhozo olunxwemeni ekwakhiwa (senziwe ngo-2011).

Ulwazi jikelele

Ngaphambi kwengozi ka-2009, i-Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP ivelise i-15% yamandla kagesi aveliswa kwiindawo zaseJussia zendalo kunye ne-2% yombane wonke welizwe.

Umthamo we-Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP ngu-6400 MW. Isityalo sogunyaziso - i-flagship ye-hydropower yasekhaya. Ukuba ucinga ngeyunithi yamandla amakhulu, amandla e-Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP ngu-6721 MW. Ngokomyinge, unyaka isikhululo sinika ilizwe i-24.5 billion kWh. Isiphumo esiphezulu siphumelele ngo-2006, xa isikhukhula esikhulu sehlobo senza ukuba isikhululo sikhiqize i-26.8 billion kWh zombane.

Idama le Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP yenye yezona ziphezulu kwihlabathi. Ukuthembeka, okukuvumela ukujamelana noxinzelelo lwamanzi, kufezwa ngamaphesenti angama-60 ngobukhulu bayo kwaye ngama-40 ekhulwini ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwebhanti eliphezulu lamatye, apho idlulisela umthwalo kwilawa elunxwemeni. Ngenxa yale nto, idama ngethuba lwakhiwo lucutshulwe edwaleni lebhanki lasekhohlo ngamamitha ayi-15 kunye nebhanki elifanelekileyo ngeemitha ezili-10. Ngesiseko sendlela, idama idibaniswe ngetayiti-ukuya kwi-5 meters. Uyilo olutsha olwenziweyo lwenzeke ukuba lusebenzise ngaphantsi kwe-20% ubuninzi bekhonkrithi, xa kuthelekiswa nezakhiwo zolu hlobo.

Iiyunithi ezilishumi zee-hydropower ezinezixhobo ezingama-640 nganye zifumaneka kwisityalo se-hydropower. Idama iyingqayizivele, efana nohlobo oludityanisiweyo lwezakhiwo zaseRashiya kukho enye yeGergebilskaya HPP, kodwa amandla ayo ayabonakali ngaphantsi kwe-Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. Umlambo we-Yenisei wenza ukuba ukwazi ukufumana amandla amaninzi kunomlambo waseKarakoysu.

Okwangoku, i-spillway yamanzi ine-13 600m3 / s. Ukususela kumanzi amaninzi angena kulo mzila ubhalisiwe kwisixa sama-24,400 m3 / s, kwagqitywa ekubeni kwakhiwe umgca owongezelelweyo. Esi sikhungo senzelwe ukwandisa amandla okukhupha amaninzi e-spillways ngama-8,000 m3 / s.

I-Sayano-Shushensky i-hydropower complex iquka iMaynskaya HPP, enegunya elinama-321 MW kunye nemisebenzi njengomlawuli wecala.

Umthombo, owenziwe ngamadama, unomthamo opheleleyo wee-31 cubic metres. I-Km (efanelekileyo-i-cubic km km). Ummandla wayo u-621 square metres. Km. Umgangatho wamanzi walo mjelo uphakamileyo kakhulu, owenza ukuba kube lula ukulungelelanisa kuyo iifama zentlanzi ezikhulayo. Ukudalwa kwendawo yamanzi kubangele ukukhukula kwamahektare angama-35 000 welizwe lezolimo. Kwafuneka ndifuduke izakhiwo ezingama-2700. Isitoreji se-biosphere sisekuhlaleni kwendawo yamanzi.

Isikhululo senziwe yiziko "Lengidroproekt".

Kubaluleke koqoqosho

Ukususela ngo-2001, indleko yombane kwi-Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP yayingu-1.62 kopecks. KWh. Inqanaba lentengo yokuveliswa kwamandla kagesi kwi-Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabini kunenzuzo yezityalo zomoya. Ukongezelela, yindlela enamandla kunazo zonke yokuhlawula ukungafani kwemilinganiselo kwisizukulwana samandla kagesi kwisistim sombane saseRashiya.

Umthengi oyintloko wombane oveliswe sisixhobo samandla (75%) isityalo se-aluminium e-Sayanogorsk (iqumrhu elithi "i-Aluminium yaseRussia"). Isityalo sithunywe ngo-2006 ngokukodwa ukuba sisebenzise amandla esitshixo samandla, okwakungekho mfuneko ngenxa yemigca yokudlulisela amandla emandla.

ZoKhenketho

Isikhululo ngokwaso kunye negumbi lejinjini lithandeka njengendawo yokutyelela. Kwakhona, isityalo esinamandla sinomyuziyam. Ekubeni into yombuso, inokutyelelwa kuphela ngabaqhubi bezotyelelo zendawo.

Isithili apho i-Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP ifumaneka khona (imephu ilapha ngezantsi) yindawo eye yazuza ukuthandwa phakathi kwabakhenkethi. Ngaphambili, kwaye kukho indawo ephambili yokubukela, apho kwakunokwenzeka ukuba ubone ngcono isiteshini. Ngoku kule ndawo kufuphi nedama yakha isikhumbuzo esinikezelwe kubakhi beesitulo samanzi. Ebhankini ye-Yenisei kukho intlanu ye-Borus, ebizwa ngokuba yi-shrine ye-Khakas, kunye ne-Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. Imephu yeKhakassia ikuvumela ukuba wazi kakuhle ukuba zezi ndawo ziphi.

Isiteji sokubukela kwibhankini lasekhohlo likuvumela ukuba ubone i-cliff emhlophe imitha engamakhulu amabini ephakamileyo. Imelela inxalenye yedibizi ye-marble ye-Kibik-Kordon, ethatha iikhilomitha ezimbalwa kummandla waseYenisei. Enye yeenxalenye zendlela ehamba phambili esuka kwi-Sayanogorsk ukuya eCheryomushki ilele ngqo kwi-deposit. Kwaxutywa ngeemeko ezinzima zeendawo kunye neengqumbo zamatye, okwenza kube yinto ebiza kakhulu kwihlabathi.

Ukwakhiwa

Isigqibo sokugqibela sokuqala ukwakhiwa kwe-Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP senziwe ngo-1962. Ukumiswa kwaqala ngo-1968. Ngowe-1975, ngexesha lokwakha isikhululo samandla kagesi samanzi, umlambo woMlambo waseYenisei wawuvinjiwe, kwaye sele uvele ngo-1978, ngokuqaliswa kweyunithi yokuqala yamanzi, isikhululo sanikezela okokuqala. Ukususela ngo-1979 ukuya ku-1985, iiyunithi ezithandathu zee-hydroelektric zagqitywa. Ngowe-1988, ukwakhiwa kwesitishi bekugqityiwe. Ngo-2005, umsebenzi uqala ekumiseni umzila wecala lonxweme, oya kuphucula ukuthembeka kwesitishi. Ngo-2011, i-spillway yaqalisa ukusebenza.

Ukusebenza

Ngonyaka ka-2006, ukugqithisa okungaqhelekanga kufumaneke kwigumbi lomatshini kunye nomthombo wesitishi. Ngo-2007, ukuhlolwa okucwangcisiweyo kubonakalise ingubo ebalulekileyo yamabhobho, aneminyaka engama-20 ubudala. Akukho mpu melelo kakhulu, eyongezwa ukunyuka kwenyuka, yayiyilo lwakhiwo lweeyunithi ze-hydraulic apho i-Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP ifakwe khona. Iifoto ezishicilelwe emva kwengozi, zivumelekile ukuba zigwebe ubuninzi beentshabalalo zabo.

Inkqubo enkulu yaphuhliswa kwi-modern-day ne-technical re-izixhobo zesitishi, ukuphunyezwa kwayo okwaqala, kodwa ingozi esiteshini samandla yenza izilungiso kwizicwangciso zabakhi.

Ingozi

Isityalo se-Sayano-Shushenskaya sityalo samanzi, ingozi eyenzeka ngo-Agasti 17, 2009, yabangela ukubhujiswa okukhulu.

Ngexesha lokusa ngo-Agasti 2009, kwenzeka ingozi yesityalo. Iyunithi yesibini yamanzi yamanzi yatshatyalaliswa, kwaye igumbi le-turbine lakhukhula ngamanzi amaninzi. Iinqununu ze-7 kunye ne-9 ze-hydroelectric zonakaliswe kakubi, inxalenye yesithathu, yesine neyesihlanu yamachiza e-hydrolectric. Oku kwakhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni kweholo le-turbine, apho i-Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP ilawulwa khona. Ingozi yabangela ukufa kwabantu abangama-75.

Inkathazo yaphandwa ngokupheleleyo. Ingxelo yophando yashicilelwa ngo-Oktobha 2009.

Ukubuyisela

Iiyunithi ezintsha ze-hydraulic units instead of the damaged were ordered by Power Machines. Ekuqaleni kuka-2010, iiyunithi zeNombolo 6, uNombolo 5, uNombolo 4 kunye no-3 zazisetyenziswa, okwenze ukwandisa amandla okuvelisa isityalo kwi-2,560 MW-40% yamandla okutyunjwa. Ngendlela efanayo, umsebenzi wenziwa ukuxhatshaza i-unit No. 2 kunye nokumisa ummandla wecala, ufikelele ekuphumeleleni ukuhlolwa kwamanzi. Isikhululo sikhiqize i-kWh ezili-10 zegesi.

Ngaloo ndlela, isigaba sokuqala sokwakhiwa kwakhona sagqitywa, ngenxa yokokuba iiyunithi ezine zamanzi zesikhululo esiteshini, ezithintela ubuncinci, zithunywe.

Ngo-2011, isigaba sesibini sokwakha kwakhona saqala. Isigaba sesibini se-spillway sagqitywa, kwaye ekupheleni konyaka lonke i-spillway complex yaqalisa ukusebenza.

Ukongezelela, iyunithi entsha yamanzi (i-1) yayithunywe.

Isizukulwana sombane ngo-2011 sasingu-18 billion kWh.
Ngo-2012, iinqununu ezintsha ezintathu zamanzi zaqaliswa: I-No. 7, No. 8, No. 9, emva koko amandla e-Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP angama-3840 MW.

Ngomhla ka-2013, iiyunithi ezintsha ezitsha zemizi-mveliso zithunywe: iNombolo 10, uNombolo 6, uNombolo 5, eyakuvumela ukwandisa amandla okutshala ama-4,480 MW.

Ngo-2013, isitishi sakhupha i-kWh engaphezulu kwezigidi eziyi-24.

Ngo-2014, isigaba sesithathu sokuvuselelwa kwesitishi saqala. Njengengxenye yokuphunyezwa kwayo ngo-2014 yanika i-unit ye-hydroelectric unit No. 4.

Kwi-Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, iiyunithi ezintsha zamandla ze-OJSC Power Machines zaxhotyiswa ngokupheleleyo, ezineemigangatho efanelekileyo kwaye zihlangabezane neemfuno ezinqabileyo zokukhusela nokuthembeka. Umthamo we-Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP wawulingana no-6400 MW. Ubungakanani obuphezulu bee-turbines ezintsha zafikelela kuma-96.6%, kwaye ubuninzi benkonzo boomatshini bonyuka beminyaka engama-40. Ngoku isiteshi se-Sayano-Shushenskaya samandla ombane, esithombeni sakhe ngokukhawuleza emva kwengozi ehluke kakhulu kule mihla, isebenza ngokugcwele.