Ukubunjwa, Imfundo Secondary nezikolo
Acid: imizekelo itafile. iimpawu asidi
Asidi - ezi zihlanganisi imichiza leyo ezinako enika ion kagesi (zesiqinisekiso) hydrogen, uze wamkele vzaimodeystvuschih ezimbini elektroni, ngaloo ndlela bakha bond covalent.
Kweli nqaku siza kuqwalasela le asidi ezingundoqo, nto leyo ufundiswayo kwiiklasi zasesekondari kwizikolo eziziisekondari, size sifunde izinto ezininzi ezinomdla malunga asidi ezahlukeneyo. Uqhubeke.
Asidi: Iindidi
Xa chemistry kukho ezininzi ezahlukeneyo asidi, leyo kufuneka iipropati ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Bemithi ukwahlula asidi equka ioksijini, phezu hexa, ukunyibilika emanzini, amandla, uzinzo, ukubayinxalenye udidi iikhemikali organic okanye ezingaphiliyo. Kweli nqaku siza kujonga kwitafile lizisa edumileyo acid. Table nga kukunceda ukhumbule igama acid kunye nefomula yayo ngemichiza.
| chemical ifomula | Igama acid |
| H 2 S | emanzini |
| H 2 SO 4 | sulphuric |
| HNO 3 | nitric |
| HNO 2 | igaya |
| HF | hydrofluoric |
| HCl | Salt |
| H 3 PO 4 | phosphorous |
| H 2 CO 3 | amalahle |
Ngoko ke, bonke ibonakale ngokucacileyo. Le tafile yamanani ibonisa indlela yeyona yaziwa kwi acid kushishino imichiza. Le theyibhile iya kunceda kakhulu ngokukhawuleza ukuba ukukhumbula amagama kunye neefomula.
hydrosulfuric acid
H 2 S - hydrogen emanzini asidi. peculiarity lwayo usendleleni yokuba kwakhona yigesi. Emanzini kuba rastovoryaetsya embi kakhulu emanzini, ngokunjalo kukho ulwalamano kunye nesinyithi ezininzi kangaka. Emanzini acid bobabo kwiqela 'asidi ", imizekelo apho siza kuxubusha ngayo kweli nqaku.
H 2 S na incasa elithozamisayo kancinane, yaye ivumba elitsarhayo kakhulu amaqanda abolileyo. Kwindalo, ingafunyanwa kwi igesi yendalo okanye mlilo, kwaye ukhululekile xa ukubola protein.
Iipropati asidi zahlukahlukene kakhulu, enoba le asidi buyafuneka kushishino, kunokuba engeluncedo lwanto kakhulu kwimpilo yabantu. Le asidi yityhefu gqitha emntwini. Xa inhalation nje encinci emanzini endodeni ivusa yintloko luqala isicaphucaphu kakhulu kunye nesiyezi. Ukuba umntu ephefumlayo izixa ezikhulu H 2 S, oko kunokukhokelela cishe, angabikho zingqondweni, okanye kwanokufa ngesiquphe.
sulphuric acid
H 2 SO 4 - yinto sulphuric acid enamandla, apho abantwana ebiqaliswe kwiiklasi chemistry nkqu kwiklasi 8. asidi yemichiza ezifana sulphuric acid, ezi iioksidenti enamandla kakhulu. H 2 SO izenzo 4 njengento oxidant elinamatye ezininzi kunene, kunye oxides esisiseko.
H 2 SO 4 kwisikhumba okanye impahla ibangela ukutsha imichiza, kodwa ayikho yityhefu hydrogen emanzini.
nitric acid
Kweli hlabathi lethu, kubalulekile esiti enamandla. Imizekelo asidi ezinjalo: HCl, H 2 SO 4, HBr, HNO 3. HNO 3 - yaziwa bonke nitric acid. Kuye ngokubanzi esetyenziswa kwishishini kunye kwezolimo. Isetyenziswa ukwenziwa izichumisi ezahlukahlukeneyo, izacholo, iifoto wokushicilela, ekwenziweni kwamayeza kunye nedayi, kwakunye kwishishini wokhuselo lo.
Ezo chemical acid ezifana-nitric acid na, yingozi kakhulu eziphilayo. HNO 3 ezibini ngasekhohlo izilonda, ukuba ukudumba etsolo kwaye zokuphefumla phecana ubuhlungu.
igaya acid
Oxide acid kudla kakhulu kubhidaniswe nitrogen, kodwa umahluko phakathi kwabo. Into yokuba oxide acid yi nitrogen phi, oko iimpawu ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo kunye neziphumo emzimbeni womntu.
HNO 2 liye lasetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwishishini kwemichiza le.
മണ്ഡലം ifildi
മണ്ഡലം ifildi (okanye hydrogen fluoride) - nesisombululo H 2 O c HF. amide asidi - HF. മണ്ഡലം ifildi lusengelwa kakhulu esetyenziswa kwishishini aluminiyam le. It silicates zichithakala nje, lesilicon kwagxila, iglasi silicate.
Hydrogen fluoride luyingozi kakhulu emzimbeni womntu, kuxhomekeke kwindlela ekwakugquba ngayo ichiza kunokuba lula. Emva zidibene nesikhumba, kuqala akukho tshintsho, kodwa emva kwemizuzu embalwa, nizuzane okubuhlungu nokutsha imichiza. മണ്ഡലം ifildi luyingozi kakhulu kokusingqongileyo.
zehydrochloric acid
HCl - na hydrogen chloride, i asidi enamandla. Hydrogen chloride acid ugcina iimpawu ngoweqela elinamandla. Kule fomu asidi icacile kwaye enemibala emihle, kwaye engena umoya. Hydrogen chloride sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi nensimbi kunye ukutya.
Le asidi ibangela ukutsha, kodwa ingakumbi yingozi iliso lakhe zoqhagamshelwano.
phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4) - na iimpawu zayo asidi. Kodwa asidi thathaka ukuba iipropati olomeleleyo. Umzekelo, H 3 PO 4 asetyenziswa kushishino zokunciphisa irusi yentsimbi. Ukongeza, forsfornaya (okanye phosphoric) acid lisetyenziswa kwezolimo - ukuba senziwe ezahlukahlukeneyo izichumisi.
Iipropati asidi ziyafana kakhulu - kakhulu elowo kubo yingozi kakhulu emzimbeni womntu, H 3 PO 4 Akukho ngaphandle. Umzekelo, oku acid kwakhona kubangela ukutsha kakhulu, wopha impumlo, kananjalo amazinyo eziwayo.
asidi
H 2 CO-3 - asidi. Le efunyenwe ezinyibilikayo CO 2 (carbon dioxide) e H 2 O (amanzi). Asidi isetyenziswa eziphilayo kunye ngamachiza ezinto eziphilayo.
Kwanokuxinana asidi ezahlukeneyo
Ukuxinana asidi kudlala indima ebalulekileyo iindawo ithiyori kwaye aluncedo of chemistry. Ngenxa ulwazi loxinano nga kuqinisekisa ukufumaneka a esithile acid, kubalwa ukusombulula iingxaki kwemichiza kwaye udibanise umlinganiselo onguwo acid lokwenza basabela. Density nayiphi acid kuyahlukana nedlela xi. Umzekelo, kokukhona uyondelelwano lwee- ipesenti, kokukhona lexinene.
Iimpawu jikelele asidi
Ngokupheleleyo zonke izinto acid zintsonkothile (ngamanye amazwi, iquka izinto ezininzi lwezakhi), ngaloo ndlela ngokuyimfuneko kuloo H yayo composition (hydrogen). Okulandelayo, sicinga iimpawu eekhemikhali asidi, eziqhelekileyo:
- Zonke acid nomoya (zikhoyo kwi ifomula O) imiswe phakathi yokubola kwamanzi, kwaye kukho oxide asidi. Ngoko A anoxic ibolile zizinto ezilula (umz, 2HF abole abe F-2 kunye H 2).
- Acid-iioksidenti basabela bonke isinyithi phakathi msebenzi iintsimbi (kuphela ezo ibekwe ekohlo kwe H).
- Dibana iityuwa ezahlukahlukeneyo, kodwa abo benziwa buthathaka kakhulu asidi.
Iimpawu ezibonakalayo ye asidi kwahluka kakhulu enye kwenye. Ngapha koko, ukuze ube livumba, kwaye unayo loo nto, kodwa abe States ezahlukeneyo udibaniso: ulwelo, sukube okanye okuqinileyo. Loo nto inika umdla gqitha ukufunda asidi okuqinileyo. Imizekelo asidi ezinjalo: C 2 H 2 0 4 no H 3 Bo 3.
yoxinaniso
Xi na angamthengisela imisela ukwakhiwa ubungakanani nasiphi na isisombululo. Umzekelo, ekhemisi badla kuyimfuneko ukumisela indlela esidi yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano H 2 SO 4 sulphuric acid ecocekileyo. Ukulungiselela le njongo Achaphaze ngemali encinane yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano asidi kwitoti, azilinganise nokuxinana sizimisele itafile ingqalelo. yoxinaniso acid ezihlangene kancane kunye nokuzimisela mninzi kontsetratsii Babedla ngokudibana imisebenzi yokubala apho kuyimfuneko ukuba amisele ipesenti acid nimsulwa isisombululo.
Classification ngenani athom H asidi ifomula yemizimba yethu
Enye zokuhlelwa kakhulu ethandwayo kokwahlulwa asidi, monobasic, dibasic kunye, ngokufanelekileyo, asidi tribasic. Imizekelo asidi monobasic: HNO 3 (nitric acid), HCl (zehydrochloric), HF (hydrofluoric) kunye nabanye. Le asidi kuthiwa monobasic, ekubeni ukwakhiwa kwawo kukho mnye kuphela atom H. Kukho asidi ezininzi, ngokupheleleyo akunakwenzeka ukuba ukukhumbula ngamnye. Nathi simele sikhumbule kuphela ukuba asidi ihlelwa kunye nenani athom H kubume. Ichazwe ngokufanayo kunye diacids. Imizekelo: H 2 SO 4 (sulphuric acid), H 2 S (emanzini), H 2 CO 3 (amalahle) kunye nabanye. Tribasic: H 3 PO 4 (phosphoric acid).
Le asidi ephambili Ukuhlelwa
Enye zokuhlelwa uthandwayo asidi kukuba ukuba bazohlule babe mpilo kunye neoksijini-free kubo. Indlela ukuze ukhumbule, bengazi ifomula eekhemikhali into leyo ioksijini aqulethe acid?
Sonke asidi hydrogen ekwakhiweni ayikho into ebalulekileyo O - ioksijini, kodwa kukho inxalenye H. yoko, igama labo isoloko kuthiwa igama elithi "hydrogen". HCl - is zehydrochloric acid, i H 2 S - hydrogen emanzini.
Kodwa kwakhona yi amagama kislosoderzhaschih asidi uyakwazi ukubhala ifomula. Umzekelo, ukuba inani O atom kwi eziphathekayo - 4 okanye 3, ke ngoko kusoloko idityaniswe -n- igama nesimamva kunye nesiphelo -aya-:
- H 2 SO 4 - sulphuric acid (inani athom - 4);
- H 2 Sio 3 - lesilicon (inani athom - 3).
Ukuba nto athom ngaphantsi kwe ezintathu ioksijini, okanye emithathu, isihloko -ist- nesimamva isetyenziswa:
- HNO 2 - igaya;
- H 2 SO 3 - kabi.
iipropati Common
Zonke asidi babe incasa ezimuncu, yaye ngokufuthi into ebuntsimbi bit. Kodwa kukho ezinye iimpawu ezifanayo, ngoku cinga thina.
Kukho izinto ekuthiwa indicators. Iimpawu ukutshintsha umbala, okanye umbala lihlala, kodwa litshintsha nombala wayo. Oku kwenzeka ngexesha xa ii-LED na ezinye izinto ezifana acid.
Umzekelo ukutshintsha umbala emalisebenze hlobo eziqhelekileyo nemveliso ezininzi ezifana iti, kunye citric acid. Xa uzilahle tea lemon iti ngoko ngcembe oko waqalisa lula kakhulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-lemon iqulethe citric acid.
Kukho nezinye imizekelo. Litmus, leyo bomvu kwi cala umthombo umbala omsobo, wongeza zehydrochloric acid.
Xa indlela asidi kunye isinyithi kolu thotho electromotive ukuya egesi hydrogen ezabiwa - H. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ityhubhu yabekwa kunye nentsimbi asidi leyo kwempixano emva kumgca H, ngoko akukho reaction liya kwenzeka, izinto zazivelela igesi iya kuba. Umzekelo, ubhedu, isiliva, imetyhuri, platinum negolide azithethelele asidi abekho.
Kweli nqaku, senza wajonga asidi edumileyo imichiza, kwakunye neempawu eziphambili kunye nomahluko.
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