Ziziphi izityalo ezikhoyo? Ziziphi iindidi zezityalo ezilinywayo?

Ubume buninzi kakhulu, kukho izigidi zeentlobo zeentlobo zonke zezinto eziphilayo ezihlala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba. Ngokwe-taxonomy, zonke ziyahlukana zibe zibini zombuso: i-noncellular kunye neselula. Iyokuqala ziyi-virus kuphela, kwaye iqela lesibini, lidibanisa iiprogram: iiprokaryothi (iilwimi ezingenayo i-nucleus, i-archea kunye ne-bacterium), kwakunye ne-eukaryotes (i-nucleus ikhona). Izilwanyana zesithethe kunye neentyantyambo zivela kwiintlobo zesibini. I-Eukaryoti ihlukaniswe ngezikumkani ezihlanu: i-chromites, i-protisti, izilwanyana, i-fungi nezityalo. Kuye malunga nokugqibela okuza kuxoxwa ngalo kweli nqaku.

Indima yezityalo

Ngaphandle kwabo akunakwenzeka ukucinga ubomi emhlabeni. Izityalo zenza umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu - i-photosynthesis, apho kukhutshwa i-oksijini. Siyabulela kule mihlaba eyenziwa nguMoya weMhlaba njengoko siyazi ngoku ngoku - kunye nomxholo ophezulu we-oksijini kunye nebhokisi le-ozone elikhusela kwimiphumo emibi yemisebe ye-ultraviolet.

Bakhonza njengomthombo obalulekileyo wezinto eziphilayo. Izityalo zingatsho ukuba "zondla" iplanethi yonke, kuba kukho nawuphi na ukotya wokutya ikhonkco yokuqala.

Ulwahlulo lwezesayensi

Wonke umntu unomdla wokwazi ukuba zeziphi izityalo, ngoko masiqale ngokuqwalasela isigaba sabo sesayensi.

Zonke ziyahlukana ngamaqela amakhulu amabini: aphezulu kwaye aphantsi. Olu gqibela luquka i-algae (amaqela amane: obomvu, obomdaka, obomvu kunye nohlaza okomhlaza). Izityalo eziphakamileyo zibandakanya ukwahlula ezintandathu: i-plaiceous, i-horsetail, i-mossy, i-fern-like, i-gymnosperms kunye ne-angiosperms (izimbali). Ukwahlula kwezityalo lululandelayo: isebe-iklasi - umyalelo - usapho - uhlobo lweentlobo.

Imbali yokufunda izityalo

Ziziphi izityalo ezinokuthi, ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, banomdla abantu abaninzi - bobabini isayensi kunye nobuntu obufuna ukubuza.

Ukubizwa ngokuba ngu "ubawo we-botany" kufanelekile ngumfundi waseGrike waseTheophrastus, owayehlala ngo-370-285. BC. E. Wayengomnye wabokuqala owaqalisa ukuhlola ngesihloko santoni zezityalo. Wawahlula ngamaqela ahlukeneyo ngokubonakala, ixesha lokuqhakaza, njl njl.

Kwakhona, isifundo esikhulu esimalunga nezityalo senziwa nguSoscorides wesayensi yasendulo. Wahlala ekhulwini lokuqala BC. E. Unomsebenzi apho iipropati zezityalo ezingamayeza angama-600 zichazwe.

Inzululwazi owadala udidi lokuqala lwezinto zonke eziphilayo ziyiCarl Linnaeus. Ubomi bakhe buhlala ngo-1708 ukuya ku-1778. Ngomsebenzi wakhe "Iinkqubo zeNdalo" kukho izinto kunye nezityalo. Wayeyinkqubo yeentyatyambo ngeenombolo ze-stamens kuzo.

Kwakhona umphandi obalaseleyo ozinikezele imisebenzi yakhe ekufundeni izityalo, nguAgasin Piram Deandol (1778-1841). Unomsebenzi "I-harbinger yemvelo yendalo yemifuno", echaza malunga neentlobo ezi-60 zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo.

U-Adolphe Heinrich Gustav Engler (1844-1930) wenza negalelo elikhulu kwisayensi, wayezibandakanya ekuphuculeni ukuhlelwa kwezityalo. Unayo imisebenzi enjengokuthi "iNkqubo yeNdalo yeeNtsapho zokuTyala", "uBukumkani obuNgciniweyo", "iNkqubo yeMifuno yeeNdawo eziHlangayo", ezadalwa ngokubambisana nezinye iintlanethi. Bacacisa ukuba yeyiphi iindidi zezityalo ezikhoyo. Ukongeza kwi-classification, u-Engler naye usebenza kwi-phytogeography. Imisebenzi yakhe eyaziwayo kweli sebe "Imifuno yoMhlaba" kwimimiselo elishumi elinesihlanu kunye ne "Ihlabathi Lezityalo ZaseMpuma Afrika kunye neeNdawo ezikufutshane".

Uninzi malunga neeklasi ezahlukeneyo zezityalo

Isebe ngalinye lezityalo lihlulwe kwiiklasi. Ifom e-Plain inegama elinye kuphela elifanayo. I-classtail ye-horsetail iquka i-horsetail. I-Bryophytes ihlukaniswe ibe yi-sphagnum, i-leaf-stalk, i-andreev, i-polytrichovye, i-tetraphic, kunye ne-takiakievye mosses. Isebe le-fern- liquka inqanaba elinye, kunye ne-salvinium kunye ne-psilotoid. I-Gymnosperms idibanisa i-ginkgo-shaped, sagovnikovye, yintovidnye kunye ne-coniferous okanye ipine.

Iiklasi zeentyantyambo zentyantyambo: ii- dicots kunye nama-monocot. Oku kubandakanya ininzi yabameli bezityalo. Iklasi yokuqala ibandakanya izityalo, i-rosaceous, i-birch, i-walnut, ithanga, i-Willow, i-umbrella kunye nezinye iindidi. Iyesibini, i-orchid, i-cereal, ibhanana, i-anyanisi, iris, isundu kunye nabanye.

Ukwahlula kwezityalo ngokubhekiselele kwisakhiwo sezityalo zawo

Ngaphambili, ngokwalo mgaqo, amaqela amathathu ahlukeneyo: utshani, iintlobo zemithi kunye nemithi. Ngoku kuyaqhelekile ukwahlula izityalo zibe ziifom zobomi ezisixhenxe. Le mifuno, i-succulents (eneempawu ezinamafutha, eziqukethe amanzi amaninzi, oku kuquka i-cacti, i-alo, i-calanchoe, i-agave kunye nabanye), i-liana, izihlahla, i-half-shrubs, imithi.

Ezinye iindlela zokuhlenga izityalo

Bangakwazi ukwahlukana ngokwentlalo, ukukhula kwendalo kunye nokhula. Iyokuqala - ezo zityalo ezikhuliswe ngumntu ngeenjongo ezithile, zinokusetyenziswa kwakhona. Umphandi owaziwayo uN.I. UVavilov wabhala malunga nawaphi amaqela okulima izityalo apho. Esi sihloko sinomdla kwabanye abaninzi. Izityalo ezikhuculweyo zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela alishumi elinesithathu. Baza kuxutyushwa ngezantsi.

Ngoko, ziphi iindidi zokulima izityalo?

• Inulphoned. Izityalo eziqukethe i-polysaccharide ebizwa ngokuthi "inulin." Le nkunkuma isetyenziswe kwiyeza, kwaye isetyenziselwa njengendawo yetsholongwane yesifo sikashukela. Eli qela liquka i-dahlias, chicory, i-artichoke yaseYerusalem.
• Ioli. Ezi zezityalo ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amafutha ahlukeneyo. Oku kubandakanya ukujikelezwa kwelanga, i-sesame, udlwengulo, umgcini-mhlaba, njl.
• Isondlo: izityalo ezinomsola, iziqhamo eziqinileyo zokhuni kunye nembewu enengca. Eli qela lidibanisa amapheya, ii-apula, i-plums, i-apricots, iidiliya, i-currants, i-hazel, i-cherries, iintende, njl njl.
• Iprotheni. Izityalo ezinomxholo weprotheni ephezulu kwiziqhamo. Lawa ma-soybean, iipayi, iimbotyi, i-lupins, nezinye iimbotyi.
• Ukunyuka kwesitashi. Okokuqala, ezi ziyizambane, ingqolowa, i-oats, ingqolowa, i-buckwheat, ilayisi, i-millet, i-rye, i-sorghum, i-yam, i-potato.
• Fibrous. Izityalo ezisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweengcingo. Ziyikotoni, i-hemp, ifilokisi, i-jute.
• Ukuthwala ushukela. Eli qela liquka kuphela umhlanga kunye neebhere.
• Imifuno. Le yintyatyambo, ikhukhamba, ithanga, isitshalo seqanda, i-pepper, iklabishi, i-karoti, israyi, isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi, iparsley, i-garlic, i-anyanisi, isitshalo seqanda kunye nokunye okuninzi.
• Ezikhuthazayo kunye neengxabano. Le ityi, ikhofi, i-cocoa, icuba, ipoppy kunye nokunye.
• Fowder. Oku kuquka i-clover, i-turnip, i-turnip, i-rutabaga, i-alfalfa.
• Ukuthwala i-Rubber. Eli qela liquka i-hevea, umhlonyane, i-dandelion, i-spurge.
• Ubungcali bobugcisa kunye neyeza. Oku kuquka i-eucalyptus, cinchona, bamboo.
• Ukuhlobisa. Eli qela liquka iificus, iirasi, imephu, ezinye iintlobo zeefern kunye neentende, kwaye apha unokuquka iiplantshi.

Malunga naluphi uhlobo lwezityalo zenkcubeko, ungafunda ngakumbi kwincwadi ethi Zhukovsky PM "Izityalo zenkcubeko kunye neentsapho zabo", ebhalwe ngo-1964.