I-element element yamachiza yintsimbi. Iipropati kunye nokusetyenziswa kweetini

Inxalenye nganye yeekhemikhali yenkqubo yexesha kunye nezinto ezilula kunye eziyinkimbinkimbi ezakhiwe yiyo zizodwa. Zinempahla eyingqayizivele, kwaye abaninzi banomdla obalulekileyo ongabonakaliyo ebomini babantu kunye nobomi ngokubanzi. Ayikho ikhefu kunye nenxalenye yeekhemikhali ye-tin.

Ukuqaphela abantu abanalesi sinyithi kuya kubudala. Le nxalenye yeekhemikhali yadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni impucuko yabantu, kuze kube yimhla iipropati zeetay zisetyenziswa kakhulu.

Tin kwimbali

Ukukhankanywa kokuqala kwesi sinyithi, esathi, njengoko abantu babekholelwa ngaphambili, nakwezinye izakhiwo zemilingo, zifumaneka kwiibhalo zeBhayibhile. I-Tin yadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuculeni ubomi ngexesha le "bhulune" yenkulungwane. Ngaloo xesha, i-alloy yensimbi enamandla kakhulu enokuthi yayinobhedu, inokufumaneka xa inxalenye yecomputer yongezwa kubhedu kwi-tin. Kwiminyaka emininzi, yonke into yenziwe kule ndawo, ukusuka kwizinto eziza kubakho ubucwebe.

Emva kokufumanisa iipropati zensimbi, i-alloy ye-tin ayizange isetyenziswe, ngokuqinisekileyo, ayisetyenzisiwe kwinqanaba langaphambilini, kodwa i-bronze kunye nezinye i-alloys zisetyenziswa ngokusesikweni namhlanje kumntu kwishishini, ubunjineli kunye neyeza, kunye neesalts zensimbi, umzekelo, ezifana ne-chloride I-Tin, efunyenwe ngokusebenzisana kwe-tin kunye ne-chlorine, eli ngamanzi abilayo kwi-degrees Celsius ezili-112, ichithwa kakuhle emanzini, yenza i-hydrates i-crystalline ne-smokes emoyeni.

Isikhundla sento kwitafile yexesha

Isakhi samachiza se-tin (igama lesiLatini elithi stannum, "stannum", libhalwa ngesimboli Sn), uDmitri Ivanovich Mendeleyev ubeke ngokufanelekileyo inombolo yamashumi amahlanu, ngexesha lesihlanu. Ilininzi ze-isotopes, eziqhelekileyo ziyi-isotopu 120. Le nsimbi isesigxina esinqununu seqela lesithandathu, kunye nekhabhoni, i-silicon, i-germanium kunye ne-fleurium. Indawo yayo ichaza iipropati ze-amphoteric, kunye neempawu ezicwangcisiweyo kunye neziphambili, ezichazwe ngcaciso engezantsi.

Kwitheyibhile yexesha, i- atomic mass of tin ibuye iboniswe, elingana no-118.69. Ukucwangciswa kwekhompyutheni ku-5s ² 5p ² , eyokwakheka kwezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ivumela isinyithi ukuba ibonise i-oxidation states of +2 kunye +4, inike i-electron ezimbini kuphela kwi-p-sublevel okanye ezine ezine-s- kunye ne-p-, zikhupha ngokupheleleyo ulawulo lwangaphandle.

Uphawu lwe-elektroniki lento

Ngokuhambelana nenombolo ye-athomu, i-athomu ye-toni esondeleyo iqukethe amaninzi ama-electrons, atholakala kumanqanaba amahlanu, abuye ahluke abe ngamanani amaninzi. Iibini zokuqala zine-s-ne-p-sublevels kuphela, kwaye ukuqala kweyesithathu kukho ukwahlukana kathathu kwi-s-, p-, d-.

Cinga ngezinga langaphandle lekhompyutheni, kuba lilo lwakhiwo kunye nokuzaliswa kwee-elektroni ezenza umsebenzi weekhemikhali we-athomu. Kwilizwe elingenakunyulwa, le nto ibonisa i-valence yeebini, xa ixhaswa, enye i-elektron ihamba ukusuka kwi-s-sublevel kwindawo engabonakaliyo ye-p-sublevel (ingaba neefowuni ezintathu ezingenakuphelelwa ngangoko kunokwenzeka). Kule meko, i-tin ibonisa i-valence kunye ne-oxidation-state-4, kuba akukho iifowuni ezibiniweyo, kwaye ngoko kwinkqubo yokusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali kwiingqungquthela, azigcinwa.

Isixhobo seseyile esilula kunye neempahla zayo

Isilwanyana esilulayo isilivere yensimbi, yileli qela le-low melting. Isinyithi sisithambile, ngokulula kufana nokubola. Inani leempawu zifakwe kwisitenki esinjalo njengetin. Ubushushu obuphantsi kwe-13.2 degrees Celsius ngumda wenguqu yenguqu ye-metal eguqulelwe kwintsimbi ibe yipompodi, ehamba kunye nomtshintsho kumbala ukususela kwi-silvery-white to gray and the reduction of the thickness of matter. I-tin iyancibilika kwi-231.9 degrees, kwaye iipilisi kwi-2270 degrees Celsius. Isakhiwo se-crystalline tetragonal se-tins ezimhlophe sichaza ukukhwabanisa kwesityeba xa kugoba kwaye kuhlutha kwindawo yokuchithwa ngama-crystals enxulumene nokuxubana komnye nomnye. I-tin e-Gray ine-cubic syngony.

Iimveliso zeekhemikhali ze-tin zinesibini, zifaka zombini izimpendulo eziqinileyo kunye nezisisiseko, ezibonakalisa i-amphotericity. Isinyithi sithatha i-alkalis, kunye ne-acids, ezifana ne-sulfuric ne-nitric, ephendula nge-halogens.

IAlloys yeetini

Kutheni ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunezinyithi ezicocekileyo zisebenzisa ii-alloys zazo ngeepesenti ezithile zecandelo? Inyaniso kukuba i-alloy ineempawu ezingabonakali kwisinyithi, okanye ezi zakhiwo zinamandla kakhulu (umzekelo, ukuqhuba umbane, ukumelana nokubola, ukunyusa okanye ukusetyenziswa kwempawu zenyama kunye neekhemikhali zentsimbi, ukuba kuyimfuneko, njl.). I-Tin (ifoto ibonisa isampulu yentsimbi ecocekileyo) yinxalenye yamaninzi amaninzi. Ingasetyenziselwa njengesongezelelo okanye isisiseko esisisiseko.

Kuza kube namhlanje, siyazi inani elikhulu leensimbi zeso sinyithi njenge-tin (ixabiso labo lihluka ngokubanzi), siza kuqwalasela izinto ezithandwa kakhulu kwaye zisetyenzisiweyo (siza kuxubusha ukusetyenziswa kwezi zinto okanye ezo ziqendu kwicandelo elihambelanayo). Ngokuqhelekileyo, ii-stannum alloys zinempawu ezilandelayo: iplastiki ephakamileyo, iphuzu elincinci, ubunzima obuncinane namandla.

Eminye imizekelo yealloys

• I-alloy ye-tin kunye nekhokelo kunye nezinye izithako ezongezelelweyo (i-antimony, ithusi, i-cadmium, i-zinc, isilivere, i-indium) kuthiwa yi-tin for soldering, ipesenteji ye-stannum kuyo ukufezekisa iipropati ezizibophezelekayo kufuneka zibe ngama-49-51 okanye i-59-61 ekhulwini. Amandla okubambisana aqinisekisa ukubunjwa kwetini ngesisombululo esiqinileyo kunye neensimbi ezityinwe.
• I-Garth - i-alloy ye-tin, i-lead kunye ne-antimony - isiseko sokushicilela inkinki (yingakho kungacetyiswa ukuba kulungiswe iimveliso zokutya kumaphephandaba, ukwenzela ukuba ugweme ukufumana iingcamango ezingafunekiyo kwezi zinyithi kuzo).
• I-Babbit - i-alloy ye-tin, i-lead, ithusi kunye ne-antimony-ibonakaliswa ngumbimbi ophantsi wokuxhatshazwa, ukunyuka okuphezulu kwengubo.
• I-alumini ye-indium-tine yinto ephantsi yokuqhaqhaza kunye neepropati zokukhanyela, ukuxhatshazwa kwe-corrosion kunye namandla amaninzi.

Iimpawu zendalo ezibaluleke kakhulu

I-Tin ivelisa inani lezinto eziphilayo zendalo. Isinyithi iifom ezenziwe ngama-24 amamineral compounds, ebaluleke kakhulu kumashishini ane-tin oxide - cassiterite, kunye ne-bed-Cu ₂ FeSnS ₄ . I-Tin iyahlakazeka emhlabeni, kwaye izixhobo ezibunjwa yiyo zivela kumbane. Icandelo lisebenzisa kwakhona isarti ye-polyolic acid kunye ne-tin silicates.

Tin kunye nomzimba womntu

I-element element yekimikhali ye-tayi yinkomfa kwizinto ezaneleyo emzimbeni womntu. Iqoqo layo eliphambili lisesiswini seethambo, apho umxholo oqhelekileyo wentsimbi unomthelela ekuphuculweni okufike ngexesha kunye nokusebenza ngokubanzi kwenkqubo ye-musculoskelet. Ukongeza kwamathambo, i-tin igxininisa kwisiginci sesisu, imiphunga, izintso kunye nentliziyo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukuqokelela ngokweqile kwesinyithi esinikiweyo kunokukhokelela ekutyeni umtyhefu jikelele wendalo, kunye nokubonakaliswa kwexesha elide - kwanokutshintshwa kwezinto ezimbi. Kungekudala, le ngxaki ingxamisekileyo, kuba imeko yendalo yendalo iyishiya into enqwenelekayo. Kukho ubungakanani obuphezulu bokunxila kotywala phakathi kwabemi beemimandla kunye nabahlali abasemaphandleni. Ngokuqhelekileyo, utyhefu lubonakala ngokuqokelela kwimiphunga yamatyu e-tin, umzekelo, njenge-tin chloride nabanye. Ngethuba elifanayo, ukungabi nalutho kwindlela engabangela ukuphuculwa kokukhula, ukulahlekelwa kweentetho kunye nokulahlekelwa kweenwele.

Isicelo

I-Metal iyatholakala kwiinkalo ezininzi ze-metallurgical kunye neenkampani. Uveliswe ngendlela yeengulube, iintonga, ucingo, iisilinda, ii-anodes, zenziwe ngezinto ezicocekileyo ezilula, ezifana ne-tin. Uluhlu lwamanani ukusuka kuma-ruble ayi-900 ukuya kuma-3000 ngekhilomitha nganye.

I-Tin kwindlela yayo ecocekileyo ayifanekiyo. Amanxiwa ayo kunye nama-salts asetyenziswa kakhulu. I-Tin for soldering isetyenziswe kwimeko yokuqhawula izinto ezingabonakali kumaqondo aphezulu aphezulu kunye nemithwalo enamandla yokwenza i-alloys zethusi, isinyithi, ubhedu, kodwa kungenakucetyiswa i-aluminium okanye i-alloys yayo. Iipropati kunye neempawu ze-alloys ze-tin zichazwe kwicandelo elihambelanayo.

Abadayisi basetyenziselwa ukutyumbela iifomps, kule meko, ii-alloys ezisekelwe kwintsimbi ezifana ne-tin nazo zifanelekile. Ifoto ibonisa inkqubo yokusebenzisa i-alloy-lead alloy. Ngokuncedwa kwalo ungenza umsebenzi ococekileyo.

Ngenxa yokuchasana okuphezulu kwitini ukubola, isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwensimbi yentsimbi (tinplate) - itinki zamathini zokutya iimveliso. Kwimichiza, ngokukodwa kwizinyobisi zamathambo, i-tin isetyenziselwa ukuzalisa izinyo. Iipayipi zasekhaya ezikhuselekileyo, ezivela kwii-alloys zayo zenziwe iibhereth. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukubaluleka kwalo mbandela kumnjineli kagesi.

Iisombululo ezinobuncwane beesitini ezinjalo, njenge-fluoroborates, sulfates, kunye ne-chloride, zisetyenziswa njenge-electrolytes. I-oxide ye-oksidi i-glaze yeceramics. Ngokuzisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-tin kwizinto zeplastiki kunye nezinto zokwenziwa, kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa ukutshabalala kunye nokukhululwa kweemfucu eziyingozi.