Yintoni Mars, iimpawu-langa. Ibanga iMars

Mars - iplanethi yesine-langa sethu, yaye yesibini lincinci emva Mercury. Layo ukuba uthixo wamaRoma zemfazwe. ibizwa "Red Planet" livela kumphezulu zifuna ukuba ngqombela, kungenxa kwayo oxide yentsimbi. Njalo kwiminyaka embalwa, xa UMars ngokuchasene ihlabathi, oko iyabonakala kakhulu isibhakabhaka ebusuku. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, Abantu baligcina umhlaba kangangamawaka eminyaka, kwaye imbonakalo yayo esibhakabhakeni ludlale indima enkulu kwiintsomi kunye neenkqubo ngeenkwenkwezi yeenkcubeko ezininzi. Kule mihla iye yaba ukufunyaniswa wokwenene ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu ukuba aye phambili ukuqonda kwethu wezijikelezi kunye nembali yayo.

Size, komzila kunye nobunzima Mars

Kwirediyasi the planet yesine ukusuka ilanga imalunga 3396 km kwi-ikhweyitha yaye 3376 km kwimimandla polar, engqamana 53% ye- owela ngaphakathi kwama-Yomhlaba. Kwaye nangona malunga nesiqingatha ubunzima Mars 6.4185 x 10²³ kg, okanye 15.1% konyanzeliso iplanethi yethu. Tilting axis iyafana emhlabeni kunye ° 25,19 ukuya moya Orbital. Oku kuthetha ukuba umhlaba sesine ilanga kwakhona lokuzibona amaxesha onyaka.

Mgama yayo kakhulu ukusuka eLangeni, Mars ejikelezayo kumgama 1.666 kunye. e., okanye izigidi 249,2 km. Xa perihelion, xa usondeleyo isikhanyiso wethu, luthe lwancothulwa nebhola 1,3814 kunye. e., okanye izigidi 206,7 km. Red Planet kufuneka 686,971 iintsuku Umhlaba, nto leyo ilingana 1,88 iminyaka Umhlaba ukuba wenze revolution ngeenxa ilanga. Usuku Mars, wona usekwe phezu uMhlaba ilingana imini enye enemizuzu engama-40 ngonyaka ihlala iintsuku 668,5991.

Ukubunjwa komhlaba

Ndakuva ingxinano 3.93 g / cm³ Mars lolu laka iyenza ashinyeneyo ngaphantsi Umhlaba. umthamo wayo malunga ne-15% umhlaba wethu, yaye ubunzima - 11%. Mars Red - sisiphumo ubukho phezu oxide yentsimbi, eyaziwa ngokuba irusi. Ubukho nezinye izimbiwa eluthulini, nokuqinisekisa nokufumaneka kwezinye imibala - igolide, omdaka, eluhlaza, kunye nabanye.

Iqela umhlaba utyebile kwizimbiwa, equlethe lesilicon neoksijini, isinyithi kunye nezinye izinto enikwayo edla zibandakanyiwe iiplanethi enamatye. Umhlaba awana kwaye iqulathe wemagniziyam, isodiyam, potassium kunye chlorine. Imifuniselo lwenziwa kwi iisampulu zomhlaba zibonisa ukuba pH wayo 7.7.

Nangona amanzi esingamanzi ayikho phezu kwamanzi Mars ngenxa emoyeni wayo ezingcakacileyo, ezinkulu boxinzelelo ice ziqwalaselwa ngaphakathi kwi-CAPS ezibandayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukususela ipali ukuya 60 ° zone permafrost Latitude liphela. Oku kuthetha ukuba amanzi ikhona phantsi uninzi wobuso njenge umxube ithi zayo eqinileyo kunye engamanzi. data Radar kunye iisampulu zomhlaba yaqinisekisa ubukho lweetanki zokugcina ngokufihlakeleyo nabo phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-ezinezinga.

isakhiwo yangaphakathi

Iplanethi Mars, ubudala 4.5 Ga iquka engundoqo ebuntsimbi ashinyeneyo ejikelezwe yi ingubo yokwaleka lesilicon. Oluphambili ibandakanya emanzini zentsimbi kunye iqulethe kabini njengezinto ukukhanya kakhulu ngaphezu ezingundoqo komhlaba. Ebubanzini avareji kwesikhoko malunga-50 km kwaye esiphezulu kuyinto km 125. Ukuba uthathe ingqalelo we the ubukhulu iiplanethi, kuqweqwe lomhlaba, leyo ilingana Ebubanzini kumyinge ka-40 km, amaxesha 3 sokurhuqa kwe Mars.

imifuziselo yangoku ibonisa isakhiwo yayo yangaphakathi, ubukhulu kernel ukuba kumgama oyi-1700-1850 km, kwaye ibandakanya ikakhulu zentsimbi kunye nickel kunye malunga 16-17% of nesalfure. Ngenxa yobukhulu balo ezincinane nobunzima amandla womxhuzulane phezu Mars yi% 37.6 kuphela zomhlaba. Ukukhawulezisa womxhuzulane ilingana 3.711 m / s², xa kuthelekiswa 9.8 m / s² kwi planethi yethu.

kwiimpawu zomphandle

Red Mars i enothuli neyomileyo ngaphezulu, kwaye ngokwejoloji efana kakhulu Earth. Kuye amathafa kunye iintaba, yaye iindunduma zentlabathi inkulu kwisixokelelwano elanga. Kukho intaba ephakamileyo - mlilo ikhaka Olympus, le mwonyo elide yaye zinzulu - Valles Marineris.

imigodi Impact - izinto imifuziselo yomhlaba, nto leyo ligcwele langa iMars. Age ezigidi zeminyaka ubudala. Bagciniwe kakuhle ngenxa izinga kade ukhukhuliseko. Eyona inkulu kwezi ke Dolina Ellada. La manani achazwe kuloo mngxuma imalunga 2.300 km, nobunzulu yalo km 9.

Phezu Mars kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukwahlula phakathi bevala nemijelo, yaye izazinzulu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba kanye ugeleza amanzi. Ukuthelekisa ukuba namaqonga ezifanayo emhlabeni, oko kuthathwa ukuba ubuncinane ngokuphelele yi ukhukuliseko olubangwa ngamanzi. Ezi ndlela makhulu ngokwaneleyo - 100 km ububanzi kunye ngeekhilomitha amawaka amabini ubude ..

satellites Mars

Mars ineenyanga ezimbini ezincinane, Phobos kunye Deimos. Baye esafunyanwa 1877 ngeenkwenkwezi Asafu Hall, kwaye zithiywe amagama ngentsomi. Ngokuhambelana kunye nesiko lokufumana amagama ukusuka kwiintsomi zoqobo, Phobos kunye Deimos ningoonyana yaseHeres - uthixo yesiGrike imfazwe, leyo kwase waseRoma Mars. Eyokuqala imele uloyiko, kwaye eyesibini - ukudideka kunye kukududuzela.

Phobos imalunga-22 km ububanzi, yaye umgama ukusuka kwi Mars 9234.42 km kwi perigee kunye apogee 9517.58 km. Oku ngezantsi indawo yolunye, i-satellite kwaye kuthatha iiyure 7 kuphela ukubhabha kuwo wonke umhlaba. Izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba abangaphezu kwezigidi 10-50 iminyaka, Phobos unokuwa phezu kwamanzi Mars okanye bayahlukana yaba isakhiwo isangqa ngeenxa zonke kuyo.

Deymos has ububanzi of-12 km, kunye nomgama ukusuka Mars of 23455.5 km kwi perigee kunye apogee 23,470.9 km. satellite igophe elipheleleyo yenza iintsuku 1.26. Mars inokuba Hewana ezongezelelweyo ezincinane kwe 50-100 m ububanzi, yaye phakathi Phobos kunye Deimos abe ijikazi uthuli.

Ngokutsho izazinzulu, ezi nelokuthwasa nifudula izijikelezi-langa ezincinane, kodwa ke zafakwa yi womxhuzulane-langa. albedo Low kunye nokwakhiwa nawokuthwasa kwenyanga ezimbini (chondrite carbon), nto leyo efana umbandela ke, ilitye, ukuxhasa le ngcamango, bese umzila engazinzanga Phobos, ibiya, icebisa eyekile kutshanje. Noko ke, nelokuthwasa kwenyanga ezimbini orbit setyhula kwaye ibekwe moya we-ikhweyitha, nto leyo engaqhelekanga ukuba imizimba kuthinjwa.

Isibhakabhaka sezulu

Weather mars ezibhityileyo kakhulu ngenxa phambi komoya, elakhiwe ngekhaya 96% carbon dioxide, 1.93% - 1.89% kunye argon - nitrogen kunye nentwana ye-oksijini kunye namanzi. Kuyinto enothuli kakhulu kwaye iqulathe amasuntswana okuqinileyo ukuba ubukhulu 1.5 microns ubukhulu ukuba amabala isibhakabhaka Mars xa usibona kumphezulu ngombala emnyama omthubi. utshintsho womoya ngaphakathi 0,4-0,87 kPa. Oku kulingana malunga-1% Earth kwinqanaba elwandle.

Ngenxa umaleko obhityileyo gasbag kunye ibanga ukusuka ilanga lihlabe kumphezulu Mars mandundu kakhulu ngaphezu komhlaba. Kwi-avareji, nto ilingana -46 ° C. Ebusika kusithwa -143 ° C kwi izibonda kwaye ehlotyeni emini emaqanda kwi-ikhweyitha 35 ° C.

On the planet nokugubha iziphango nothuli ijike ibe inkanyamba amancinci. izaqhwithi Okuninzi zobundlobongela zithi zenzeke xa uthuli liphuma kwaye kumo ilanga. qinisa imimoya, ukudala uqhwithela, isikali leyo kulinganiswa amawaka eekhilomitha, kunye nexesha labo - kwiinyanga ezimbalwa. Eneneni ukufihla phantse indawo Mars yonke yasendle olubonakalayo.

Khondo methane kunye ammonia

Xa umoya umhlaba njengoko imizila methane ziyazibhaqekela, uyazikhomba leyo ppb-30. Kuqikelelwa ukuba Mars kufuneka ukuvelisa iitoni 270 methane ngonyaka ngamnye. Kanye umoya igesi akhona na kuphela kangangexesha eliqingqiweyo lexesha (iminyaka 0.6-4). phambi kwakhe, nangona yexesha elifutshane ebomini, ibonisa ukuba kufuneka khona umthombo esebenzayo.

Phakathi iinketho athi - umsebenzi mlilo, enomsila kunye nobukho methanogenic iintlobo eziphilayo ngaphantsi komhlaba. IMethane inokufunyanwa ziinkqubo non-eziphilayo, ekuthiwa serpentinization, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwamanzi, icarbon dioxide kunye olivine, nto leyo ke kaninzi kwenzeka kwi mars.

Satellite Mars Express kwakhona bekubona ammonia, kodwa ziyaphelelwa lixesha elifutshane. Akucaci ukuba uvelisa oko, kodwa umsebenzi mlilo kuye kwandululwa njengomthombo kunokwenzeka.

ukuhlola zomhlaba

Iinzame ukufumana ukuba yintoni Mars waqala ngo-1960. Kweli thuba ukususela 1960 ukuya 1969, i-eSoviet Union yaqalisa kwi-Red Planet 9 iziphekepheke yaqonda, kodwa ababa nako ukufikelela usukelo. Ngowe-1964, NASA liqalise Mariner ixhokonxa ukubaleka. Ngentsimbi yokuqala "Mariner 3" yaye "Mariner 4". Umsebenzi wokuqala ayiphumelelanga ngexesha deployment, kodwa yesibini, leyo laqalisa ke kweeveki ezi-3 emva koko, wenza ngempumelelo uhambo nyanga-7.5.

"Mariner-4" wenza imifanekiso proximal yokuqala Mars (ebonisa yimingxuma impembelelo) yaye banike iinkcukacha ezichanekileyo kwi uxinzelelo umoya phezu komhlaba kunye nokungabikho wathi Imagnethi intsimi kunye radiation nebhanti. NASA waqhubeka inkqubo ngokusesikweni enye iperi kwiindibanisela ahlolisise Mariner 6 no 7, safika emhlabeni ngo-1969

Ngo-1970, i-eSoviet Union kunye United States bakhuphisana ngubani oya kukhokela Isathelayithi yokuqala eyenziwe ngumntu ukuba ukujikeleza Mars. inkqubo Soviet M-71 yayiquka iziphekepheke ezintathu - "Isithuba-419" ( "eemazi zamahashe-1971C»), «Mars-2" kunye "Mars-3". Uphenyo lokuqala enzima ingqubekile ngexesha kuqaliso. mission elandelayo "Mars-2" kunye "Mars-3" ludibaniso le orbiter kunye wayo kwaye izikhululo yokuqala, bafikela komhlaba azenzileyo (ngaphandle Moon).

Baye zifakiwe ngempumelelo phakathi ku-Meyi 1971 yaye labhabha ukusuka Earth iMars iinyanga ezisixhenxe. Novemba 27 wayo "Mars-2" wenza ebikhona ngenxa yokusilela ikhompyutha ekwinqwelo waza waba into yokuqala eyenziwe ngumntu ukuba lifikelele kumphezulu Red Planet. NgoDisemba 2, "Mars-3" wenza wathola elizeleyo ixesha, kodwa ugqithiselo lwakhe yaphazamiseka emva 14.5 kunye zosasazo.

Ngelo xesha, NASA waqhubeka inkqubo Mariner, yaye ngowe-1971 ezaqaliswa ixhokonxa 8 no-9 "Mariner 8" ngexesha lokuqalisa-up wawa kungena Atlantic Ocean. Kodwa isiphekepheke yesibini engenziwanga kuphela ukuba Mars, kodwa waba sungula yokuqala ngempumelelo orbit yayo. Nangona yathatha uthuli storm isikali langa, i-satellite likwazile ukuthatha ezinye iifoto ze Phobos. Xa idlulile isaqhwithi, phenyo wathabatha imifanekiso, wanikela ubungqina eneenkcukacha ngakumbi phezu Mars wakha amanzi. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba induli ekuthiwa Snow Olympus (omnye izinto ezimbalwa aseleyo ebonakalayo ngoxa uthuli storm langa) nayo liphezulu lokusekwa langa, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukuthiya ngokutsha yayo ephinde Olympus.

Ngowe-1973, i-eSoviet Union wathumela ixhokonxa ezine: 4 orbiters 5th "Mars" kunye ixhokonxa Orbital wehle "Mars 6" kwaye 7. Zonke ixhokonxa omncane, ngaphandle for "Mars-7", lokudlulisa kunye uhambo "Mars-5" yaba yimpumelelo kakhulu. De kube mzuzu depressurization le izindlu isikhululo samaza likwazile ukudlulisa imifanekiso 60.

Ngo-1975, NASA ngokusesikweni Viking 1 no-2, ezibandakanya orbiters amabini kunye reentry ezimbini. Mission iMars yenzelwe ukukhangela khondo zobomi kunye mkhanya iimpawu zayo zemozulu, wenyikima ngemagnethi. Iziphumo imifuniselo zebhayoloji kwibhodi ekuhleni "Viking" baba yayingaphelele, kodwa kwakhona kuhlalutyo-, epapashwe ngowe-2012, wacebisa ubukho iimpawu eziphilayo emhlabeni.

Orbiters ngaphandle bubungqina bokuba njengangaphambili kwiMars Water - onogumbe bakha anamandla enzulu enkulu, yade ukuba amawaka eekhilomitha. Ukongezelela, iinxalenye ezithile kwemali branched kwi ikhweyitha kumazantsi abonisa ukuba kukho kanye kwezulu.

Kut- moya

Iplanethi sesine ukusuka ilanga khange kufundwe de 1990, xa NASA wathumela mission Mars Pathfinder, olu sapho lwaluquka isiphekepheke ndaphetha isikhululo "nabasemzini" ekususeni probe. Lo matshini lawela Mars ngoJulayi 4, 1987 yaye ubungqina ukuyondelelana kwendlela ubugcisa eziya kusetyenziswa kuloo matutu ngakumbi, ezifana ukutyala, esebenzisa neengxowa ezinomoya oluzenzekelayo mqobo okulwa.

Ubizo ecaleni Mars - mapping satellite MGS, ifike planet September 12, 1997 waza waqalisa ukusebenza ngo-Matshi 1999 ukulungiselela enye epheleleyo kunyaka Mars ukuphakama eliphantsi orbit phantse polar, wafunda yonke komhlaba kunye emoyeni, waza wathumela iinkcukacha ezingakumbi malunga neplanethi ngaphezu kwabo bonke namagqiza zangaphambili.

November 5, 2006 MGS wahlukana uMhlaba, kunye NASA ngayo imigudu ukuyibuyisa yayekwa January 28, 2007

Ngowe-2001, ukufumana ukuba yintoni Mars sele ithunyelwe Mars Odyssey Orbiter. Injongo yakhe ukufumana ubungqina ngobukho bamanzi kunye nomsebenzi mlilo kwi-mhlaba kunye nokusetyenziswa spectrometers kunye imagers. Ngowe-2002, kwabhengezwa ukuba amacala bakufumanisayo isixa esikhulu hydrogen - ubungqina ubukho iidipozithi enkulu womkhenkce eliphezulu leemitha ezintathu umhlaba zingaphelanga 60 ° of the South Pole.

Juni 2, 2003 -Arhente Space European (ESA) laqalisa i "Mars Express" - isiphekepheke eyenziwa yisathelayithi kunye ekuhleni kwayo zihlole "Beagle 2". Waya orbit December 25, 2003, kwaye phenyo engena umoya umhlaba ngosuku olufanayo. Phambi ESA ulahlekelwa ukuqhagamshelana kunye wayo, Mars Express Orbiter yaqinisekisa ubukho carbon dioxide komkhenkce kwi-South Pole.

Ngowe-2003, NASA ngokusesikweni isifundo yenkqubo planethi thu. Yayisebenzisa matutu ezimbini "uMoya" kanye "ithuba." Mission iMars waba umsebenzi ukuhlola emaweni ezahlukeneyo kunye nemihlaba ukubhaqa ubungqina bobukho amanzi apha.

12.08.05 yasungulwa Mars kwesimo Orbiter (MRO), nto leyo kufikelelwe orbit-langa 10.03.06. Ababekhwele kweso sithuthi zomculo zenzululwazi eyenzelwe ukubhaqa amanzi, ice kunye neeminerali phezu komhlaba kunye ngaphantsi kwalo. Ukongeza, i-MRO iza kubonelela ngenkxaso kulo kwisizukulwana ezayo ixhokonxa space: yonke imihla esweni imozulu kwiMars kunye nemeko ubuso bawo, kuba efuna ukuba iziza zokuloba elizayo nokuvavanya inkqubo ngomnxeba entsha, uya leyo kukhawulezisa uxhulumaniso kunye nomhlaba.

Agasti 6, 2012 mngxuma Gale afike NASA kaThixo Mars Science Laboratory njengesibhadubhadu MSL kunye "Kyuriositi". Ngazo kwenziwe ezininzi ezifunyaniswe ephathelele neemeko zemozulu kwaye umphezulu sengingqi kwakunye amasuntswana organic zabonwa.

November 18, 2013 nangenye yokuzama ukufumana oko Mars MAVEN laphehlelelwa ngesathelayithi, injongo yazo kukuba ukufunda emoyeni ekuthumela iimpawu matutu iirobhothi.

uphando uyaqhubeka

Iplanethi sesine ukusuka Sun - kakhulu kufundwa kule nkqubo solar, emva Earth. Okwangoku endaweni yawo umsebenzi umphezulu "Ithuba," yaye "Kyuriositi 'yaye orbit 5 iziphekepheke - Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, MRO, UMAMA kunye Maven.

Ezi ixhokonxa ayiphumelelanga ukuba adlulisele i imifanekiso emangalisayo oluneenkcukacha Red Planet. Zanceda ufumanise ukuba amanzi xa kukho, yaye yaqinisekisa ukuba iMars Earth ziyafana kakhulu - kufuneka komkhenkce polar, ukutshintsha amaxesha, imozulu kunye nokufumaneka kwamanzi. Kwakhona baye babonisa ukuba izinto eziphilayo unokubakho namhlanje, kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba ngaphambili.

Le othanda ngayo uluntu ukufumana ukuba yintoni Mars, hayi buthathaka, kunye nemizamo yethu ukufunda ubuso bawo, elandisa ibali lakhe ikude ekugqityweni. Kwiminyaka ezayo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukuqhubeka ukuthumela matutu waza owokuqala ukuba athumele indoda thina. Kwaye phezu kwexesha, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukufumaneka kwezibonelelo eziyimfuneko, umhlaba yesine ukusuka ilanga liya kuba ofanelekileyo ukuba ophilileyo.