Yintoni na Mars? Kubonakala ngathi le Mars?

Zendalo ngemihla ngxabano-gazi ezibomvu kunye labafowuni uloyiko eyimfihlakalo nkwenkwezi abangekaphuhli semfene qembu kwaye angaziwayo amaRoma mandulo ogama imbeko uthixo imfazwe Mars (Ares ngesiGrike), ebengayi likhonkco igama lomfazi. KwawesiGrike amaYuda ngokuba oko Phaeton for "yinzwana voninga" ukubonakala ukuba Mars unyanzelekile ukuba umbala eliqaqambileyo kwaye "yenyanga" omqengqelezi yimingxuma mlilo, lwaziwa ngabantu abasuka imivumbo awe ngxilimbela, iintlambo neentlango.

Izimilo Orbital

Le eyinqaba ye komzila okweqanda yi 0.0934 Mars, ebangela oko umahluko iphezulu (million 249 km) kunye nobuncinane (million 207 km) ngokwemigama ukusuka elangeni, ngenxa apho umlinganiselo wamandla engenayo elanga emhlabeni yahluka kwi uluhlu 20-30%.

Velocity avareji Orbital ka 24.13 km / s. Eemazi zamahashe encircles ngokupheleleyo ilanga iintsuku ezweni 686,98, amakhulu ixesha emhlabeni kabini, aze ajike axis yayo phantse iyafana komhlaba (24 h 37 min). Ukuthambekela baza uqikelelo ezahlukileyo uzimisele ukusuka 1,51 ° ukuya 1,85 °, kwaye utyekelo ukuya ikhweyitha ka-1.093 °. Sun kuthelekiswa ikhweyitha Mars orbit ityekele kwi 5,65 ° (kunye Umhlaba - malunga 7 °). Ebonakalayo ukuthambekela ikhweyitha langa ukuya moya komzila (25,2 °) kukhokelela utshintsho ayimfuneko kwimozulu onyaka.

Physical Ipharamitha planethi

Mars phakathi iiplanethi kubungakanani langa le wesixhenxe kunye nomgama ukusuka Sun emi kwindawo yesine. Planet unyuse 1,638 × 1.011 iikhilomitha cubic, ubunzima 0,105-0,108 zomhlaba ubunzima (6.44 * 1023 kg), amnike ukuxinana malunga nama-30% (3.95 g / cm ^3). ukukhawulezisa omxhuzulane-ikhweyitha Mars egqitywe ku ezahlukene 3.711 ukuya 3.76 m / s². Le ndawo Umphezulu uthelekelelwa 144 800 000 km². womoya uyahluka 0.7-0.9 kPa. Isantya ukuba boyise womxhuzulane (indawo yesibini) - 5072 m / s. Xa ikhweyitha esemazantsi Mars wobuso-avareji km 3-4 ngaphezulu emantla.

iimeko zemozulu

Ubunzima bubonke Mars atmosfera malunga 2.5 x 1016 kg, kodwa kuwo wonke unyaka ngayo iyahluka kakhulu ngenxa yokunyibilika okanye "mayingatolikwa amazinyo 'equlethe carbon dioxide incam yezwe. Uxinzelelo ukuthini kwinqanaba kumphezulu (malunga 6.1 mbar) phantse amaxesha 160 ngaphantsi koko kufutshane kumphezulu iplanethi yethu, kodwa ezitsheni enzulu ifikelela 10 mbar. Ngokutsho imithombo eyahlukeneyo, umahluko uxinzelelo ngamaxesha ukusuka 4.0 ukuya kwi-10 mbar.

Kwi 95.32% Mars umoya siquka carbon dioxide, malunga ne-4% ukusuka iqhekeza argon ne-nitrogen neoksijini kunye nomphunga wamanzi ungaphantsi kwe-0.2%.

Silnorazrezhennaya emoyeni akakwazi elide ukugcina ubushushu. Nangona "umbala ashushu", nto leyo umi phakathi enye iplanethi iMars, iqondo lobushushu lihla ebusika ukuya -160 ° C kwi kwipali kunye ikhweyitha ehlotyeni, umphezulu angakwazi kuphela ngokufudumeleyo ukuba + 30 ° C ngexesha lasemini.

Imozulu na onyaka, njengoko Emhlabeni, kodwa zobude ye komzila Mars kukhokelela umahluko kakhulu iimeko ubude kunye nobushushu yamaxesha onyaka. Cool zentlako-hlaza nezasehlotyeni yoMntla saseNtla kwiseti yokugqibela ngokubonakalayo ngaphezu kwesiqingatha kunyaka Mars (371 Mars. Ngosuku), kwaye yasebusika yasekwindla ezimfutshane kunye nowobulali. South hot nehlobo amafutshane, nobusika kuyabanda kwaye elide.

Zonyaka utshintsho lwemozulu ibonakala ngokucacileyo indlela yokuziphatha kwe-CAPS polar ice eDibanisa okuninzi doped kunye, uthuli-ezifana amasuntswana emihle zeengxondorha. Umphambili cap ngasentla polar asuswe kwipali phantse isinye kwisithathu Umgama ukusuka ikhweyitha kunye Umda ongezantsi le chap uza isiqingatha lo mgama.

Ubushushu ebekwe kanye ingqwalasela ezibonisa iteleskopu ejolise Mars, iqondo lobushushu umhlaba iye kumiselwa sele ngasekuqaleni imi- 20-kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Walijonga lokuqala (ukuya ku-1924) kwabonisa amaxabiso -13 ukuya -28 ° C, yaye ngowe-1976 iqondo lobushushu imida ezisezantsi neziphezulu ziye elikhankanyiweyo zihlale Mars iziphekepheke "Viking".

isaqhwithi sothuli Mars

"Ukuzichanaba" izaqhwithi uthuli, ubungakanani kunye nokuziphatha wanceda atyhile imfihlelo leyo kudala bayenza Mars. Umphezulu le planethi itshintsha zilahleka umbala ukususela kumaxesha amandulo bewitching ababukeleyo. Cause "hameleonstva" bekukho izaqhwithi luthuli.

iinguqu ngesiquphe kwamaqondo obushushu kukho umhlaba uzinkcinkca Red kunokubangela nje yimimoya enamandla, leyo kukhawulezisa ku-100 m / s, lo gama kokona ephantsi, nangona umoya-sparseness ivumela yimimoya baphakamise izihlwele ezikhulu zothuli kubude km ngaphezulu kwe-10.

Nucleation izaqhwithi uthuli nayo inegalelo ekwandeni kakhulu womoya ebangelwe komphunga le carbon dioxide ebusika iminqwazi zibambene ezibandayo.

Uthuli izaqhwithi njengoko bonisa imifanekiso phezu Mars, nendawo eziphumela CAPS polar kwaye yanele na indawo enkulu, baqhubeke iintsuku ezili-100.

Enye nokutsala uthuli, ekufuneka Mars lobushushu engaqhelekanga ukuhla ukuba inkanyamba, nto leyo ngokuchaseneyo "oogxa" ezisentlabathini zidakasa nje kuphela kwimimandla eyintlango; kodwa usokhaya ku kwamaxandeka yimingxuma mlilo kunye yimingxuma nempembelelo, eqonda ukuya km-8. imikhondo yabo qhalo ibhendi imizobo ezinkulu eziye kudala wahlala twisisaka.

isaqhwithi sothuli kunye neenkanyamba kwenzeka ubukhulu becala ngexesha yimizabalazo enkulu xa kwi akhawunti ikhweyitha ehlotyeni emazantsi ngethuba Mars kwindawo elikufutshane Sun, ohamba-langa (perihelion).

nande kunene inkanyamba kwakukho imifanekiso wobuso Mars ezenziwe isiphekepheke Mars Global yoMhloli, nto leyo Bajikeleza umhlaba ukususela 1997.

Ezinye iinkanyamba ushiya imizila, ococayo okanye asiyi kumphezulu umaleko olunyengelele amasuntswana emihle zomhlaba, abanye musa nokuba ukushiya "lweminwe", kunye nabanye, ehlokomayo, ukuzoba amanani entsonkothileyo, apho ke igama iidemon uthuli. Imisinga ukusebenza, ngokuqhelekileyo yodwa, kodwa kwi qela "iingcamango" musa ukunikezela.

features ukukhululeka

Mhlawumbi bonke abo, yambethe iteleskopu enamandla, kuqala wajonga Mars, umphezulu-langa nangoko wamkhumbuza imbonakalo inyanga, kwaye kwiindawo ezininzi oku kuyinyaniso, kodwa kubume ne ngokucacileyo kunye ezizodwa.

isiqabu Regional features umhlaba asymmetry ngenxa kumphezulu wayo. Egqubayo kumphezulu omthebelele kumntla ikhweyitha ngezantsi ngokwemiqathango zero inqanaba 2-3 km, kwaye ikhweyitha emazantsi nzima mlilo, iintlambo, anamandla, iintlambo kunye neenduli kumphezulu 3-4 km ngaphezu lokwaNdlalela. Izowuni lenguqu phakathi zifaka ezimbini ububanzi 100-500 km ngamandla ochazwa morphologically ilutshabalalisile ubude egxalabeni ingxilimbela malunga 2 km, nesigubungelo phantse 2/3 la manani achazwe wonke umhlaba kunye nenkqubo nandzu umkhondo.

Ezona njongo iintlobo isiqabu, nezibonakalisa Mars, anikezele genesis ezahlukeneyo flecked mlilo, sizizifanya kunye amaqhuma, izakhiwo umothuko misinga setyhula (amachibi multiring), kula maqhuqhuva linearly evuthelweyo (emile) kunye misinga ezimile okudodobalisa kumathambeka.

siyabakhuthaza Egqugqisileyo flat-zinezihloko elintlangothi amqengqelezi (mesas), yimingxuma caba elikhulu (Ingweletshetshe mlilo) kunye emathambekeni eroded, athe ngokubhijela ngasentlanjeni nemingenela kunye enemikhono emgceni inkangala (lehewu) kunye indawo ngokungakhethiyo alternating mwonyo-ezifana intlambo (okunzima).

Uphawu Mars abaphumeleli nokudandatheka kunye isiqabu nezidubedube kwakusenyanyeni, elide, isakhiwo nezintsonkothileyo isigaba (khupha), uthotho nasentshonalanga sub-parallel kunye vee, kwakunye amathafa enkulu kakhulu "basemhlabeni" imbonakalo.

nezitya mngxuma setyhula kunye enkulu (km ngaphezulu kwe-15 ubukhulu) yimingxuma ukuba isigqibo izakhiwo morphological kuninzi ikhweyitha esemazantsi.

Imimandla eliphezulu umhlaba kunye namagama Tharsis kunye Elysium ke kumntla ikhweyitha kwaye ihewu enkulu mlilo. Tharsis yehewu, amawa indawo plain phantse 6 km, luNxweme owehlayo ka-4000 km kwaye 3000 ukuzolula km Latitude. Kwi ethafeni kukho 4 giant mlilo ukuphakama km 6.8 (Mount Alba) ukuya 21.2 km (Olympia, 540 km ubukhulu). Ezincotsheni zeentaba (mlilo) Pavlin / Pavonis (Pavonis), Askriyskaya (Ascraeus) kunye Arsiya (Arsia) zikwinqanaba ezinobude ka-14, 18 no-19 km, ngokulandelelana. Mount Alba umi ukuya emntla-ntshona inani engqongqo ezinye mlilo kunye nebhodi yolawulo mlilo na isakhiwo malunga 1500 km ubukhulu. Mlilo Olympus (Olympus) - intaba iphezulu nje kuphela kwiMars, kodwa kuyo yonke le nkqubo elanga.

Ukusuka empuma nasentshona ukuya Tharsis eyayikufuphi ezimbini ukudakumba ebanzi meridional. Phawula kumphezulu kumathafa yasentshona Amazon kunye negama kufutshane kwinqanaba zero umhlaba, kunye iindawo ezisezantsi ukuxinezeleka osempuma (Chryse okungenanto) ngaphantsi kwenqanaba zero ngo 2-3 km.

Kwingingqi sentshinyela Mars ilahlwa yesibini ngobukhulu mlilo Elysium ithafa malunga 1500 km ubukhulu. Plateau sisiya ngaphezu isiseko km 4-5 kwaye ithwala a mlilo ezintathu (okunene Mount Eliza Albor Tholus kunye entabeni Hecate). Le ntaba iphezulu Elysium lanyuka ukuya km 14.

Ukuya ngasempumalanga lehewu Tharsis kwingingqi sentshinyela yolula isikali onzima inkqubo Mars (phantse-5 km) riftoobraznaya iintili (eyingozi) Mariner, lungaphezu enye kunawo Earth Grand Canyon phantse 10 amaxesha namaxesha 7 ngokubanzi enzulu. Ububanzi iintili-avareji-100 km, namacala phantse nkqo ye kwemiqhele zabo ifikelele kubude km 2. izakhiwo yomgama ibonisa ukuba imvelaphi ziitectonic plates.

Phakathi kwiinduli ikhweyitha wasezantsi, apho Mars nje izele mlilo, zezona ngobukhulu impembelelo emhlabeni circularity ukudandatheka kunye amagama Argir (malunga 1500 km) kunye Hellas (2300 km).

Plain Ellada misinga zinzulu umhlaba (phantse 7,000 yeemitha ngaphantsi kwe-avareji) njengoko amathafa Argyre kuthelekiswa abangaphezu kwemfuneko kwinqanaba ukuphakama elijikelezileyo 5.2 km. Efanayo ajikelezayo ithafa nezihlambo zazo Isis (1100 km ububanzi), ibekwe kummandla sentshinyela ye ikhweyitha esempuma yomhlaba kunye emantla omelene neArabha, wesa Elysium.

Mars eyaziwayo kusathe 40 nezitya multi-ring ezinjalo, kodwa ubukhulu ezincinane.

the kumntla ikhweyitha yeyona inkulu planethi Plain (Northern Plain), owayamene kummandla ezibandayo. Amagosa angabevi ibonakala ngokucacileyo ngaphantsi kwamanzi kwinqanaba zero.

ekumeni aeolian

Bekuya kuba nzima kumagama ambalwa isenza phezu komhlaba, ibhekisela umhlaba xa iyonke, kodwa ukufumana umbono yintoni Mars, uyakwazi, ukuba nje bathi engaphili owomileyo, ukuba yingqombela-mdaka, ezilulwalwa nenkqantosi Sandy, ngokuba mphandle dissected le iplanethi atshabalalisa iidipozithi loose nezikhukhula.

namathafa Aeolian yakhiwa izinto isanti kunye tonkoalevritovym nothuli bazakhela ngenxa yomsebenzi umoya, akugubungele phantse ehlabathini lonke. Le eqhelekileyo (kumhlaba) iindunduma (ezinqamlezayo, longitudinal kunye nemigca elinganayo) ukusuka kwisayizi neemitha ezilikhulu ambalwa ku-10 km, kwakunye laminates iidipozithi eolian-glacial incam yezwe. isiqabu Special, "wadala Eolom", lixesha le izakhiwo closed - ezikhondweni anamandla amakhulu kunye yimingxuma.

imisebenzi Morphological umoya, nokumisela iimpawu abayinqobo Mars, ebonakalaliswe ukhukuliseko olunzulu (deflation), nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukuyilwa "eqingqiweyo" imiphezulu iimpawu cellular nezakhiwo yomgama.

Sixhobo sekhombuya ukubunjwa eolian-glacial yeyozuko axutywe cover kwezulu ice iCAPS polar le planethi. umthamo kwazo kuqikelelwa kwi a km ezimbalwa.

iimpawu zejoloji kumphezulu

Ngokutsho komnye yeengcinga ubume bangoku kunye nesakhiwo wejoloji Mars into osemqoka lengca iplanethi ngaphakathi kernel encinane equlathe ikakhulu yentsimbi, nickel, nesalfure ezikhoyo. Emva koko, ujikeleze ngumongo kwakhiwa nokwakheka yohlobo olunye Ebubanzini lithosfere kunye uqweqwe malunga 1000 km, apho kunokwenzeka, kwaye namhlanje iyaqhubeka mlilo phezu komhlaba kunye kokukhutshwa zonke izabelo ezintsha daka. Ububanzi uqweqwe Mars uthelekelelwa 50-100 km.

Ekubeni abantu baqala ukujonga iinkwenkwezi ezikhanya, izazinzulu, kwakunye bonke abamelwane xa ebona abantu jikelele, phakathi kwezinye iimfihlelo, banomdla koko Mars.

Phantse yonke umaleko iplanethi wawutyabeka sinombala otyheli-red uthuli admixture kunye tonkoalevritovogo kunye nezinto uyisanti. Iinkalo eziphambili zezi silicates zomhlaba evakalala kunye admixture elikhulu oxides yentsimbi, ezikunika umphezulu Tint bubomvu.

Ngokutsho uphando olwenziweyokwakunye olwenziwe kwisiphekepheke, intlokoma ze ubume iziqalelo nesanti intlenga umphezulu inwebu iplanethi akukho mkhulu ukuze lubonisa iintlobo ngeentlobo yezimbiwa Ukwakhiwa yamawa eyenza uqweqwe Mars.

Ezifakwe kumhlaba avareji isiqulatho lesilicon (21%), yentsimbi (12.7%), nemagnesium (5%), calcium (4%), alumina (3%), nesulfure (3.1%), ne potassium kunye chlorine (<1%) lubonise ukuba umphezulu isiseko neetyuwa nesanti zenza iimveliso intshabalalo kunye mlilo zesakhiwo igneous ezisisiseko kufutshane abangelwe emhlabeni. Ekuqaleni, izazinzulu babekade iyantlukwano enkulu iqokobhe lwamatye emhlabeni ukwakheka bezimbiwa wabo, ke, babathwalela ngaphandle kwi-sikhokelo Mars Exploration Rover (USA) lisisiseko uphando Mars kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho ukufunyanwa ivuso of nucleoside eziphila of andesites (avareji nokwakhiwa yamawa).

Esi siphumo, kamva kungqinwe ngeziphumo ezifanayo kukho iintlobo ezininzi ukunikela bagwetywe ukuba Mars, efana uqweqwe bomhlaba baba neenkalo, njengoko oko kungqinwa isiqulatho okubalulekileyo-aluminiyam, lesilicon kunye potassium.

Ngokusekelwe inani elikhulu imifanekiso ezithathiweyo kwaye kwisiphekepheke liya kuhlola oko okwenza Mars, phakathi kwamatye igneous mlilo, umhlaba ubukho ezicacileyo rocks volcanosedimentary neetyuwa ezithatyathwa yi platy uphawu ngokwahlukeneyo lamination aziwayo iziqwenga.

Indlela emi ngayo ezithile ngokwezinga yamatye ingabonisa nokudaleka kumalwandle kunye namachibi. Iindawo intlenga ebhalwe kwiindawo ezininzi emhlabeni, yaye amaxesha amaninzi zifumaneka yimingxuma ezinkulu.

Izazinzulu musa banigxotha "owomileyo" elitshisiweyo ukuyilwa uthuli Mars kunye lithification ngakumbi (petrifaction).

frost ukubunjwa

Indawo okhethekileyo umphezulu morphology Mars ukuthatha ukwakheka iqabaka, uninzi kwalowa wabonakalayo kumabakala ahlukeneyo imbali zejoloji umhlaba ngenxa yeentshukumo ziitectonic plates kunye nempembelelo yeemeko zangaphandle.

Ngokwesiseko inani elikhulu imifanekiso yesathelayithi, ngamxhelo izazinzulu bagqiba ukuba ukuyilwa inkangeleko Mars, kunye mlilo indima ebonakalayo bobabo emanzini. mlilo kwakhokelela ukunyibilika komkhenkce, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, kukho uphuhliso ukhukuliseko olubangwa ngamanzi, imizila lwazo niwabonileyo namhlanje.

Isibakala sokuba permafrost kwiMars kwenziwa zokuqala yembali zejoloji umhlaba, ngokutsho kuphela komkhenkce polar, kodwa iintlobo ezithile isiqabu, efana ummandla kwiingingqi permafrost on Earth.

Ebandakanya, imfundo, yintoni na jonga kwi imifanekiso yesathelayithi sekhombuya iidipozithi kwimimandla polar le planethi, sisondele inkqubo masimu, kwemiqhele kunye misinga, oyinxalenye ezahlukileyo nangeziganeko eziziintlobo ngeentlobo.

Iidipozithi incam yezwe amandla iikhilomitha eziliqela umaleko luqulathe carbon dioxide kunye ice namanzi, ugalelwe udaka kunye nemifanekiso tonkoalevritovym.

Kunye kulungisiweyo inkqubo ngokwaphulwa cryogenic ezinxulumene zomhlaba provalno-unokukhawuleza uphawu lommandla sentshinyela Mars.

Water on Mars

Kuninzi Mars, amanzi mbi karhulumente ulwelo ngenxa kwingcinezelo ephantsi, kodwa kwezinye iindawo, indawo lilonke malunga ne-30% yommandla lo mhlaba iingcali NASA kuvumeleke namanzi.

Ngokuthembekileyo esekwe koovimba zamanzi yangoku kwiMars ikakhulu buzinze kumphezulu inwebu le permafrost (cryosphere) kunye namandla ukuya amakhulu ezininzi kweemitha.

Izazinzulu musa ngaphandle ubukho amachibi relict amanzi elulwelo naphantsi kweengqimba-CAPS polar. Ngokusekelwe umthamo ubalwe cryolithosphere izinto Mars amanzi (ice) uthelekelelwa kwizigidi 77 km cubic, kwaye xa siqwalasela umthamo anokubakho amatye zinyibilikisiwe, eli nani inokuncitshiswa ukuya kwizigidi 54 leekhilomitha cubic.

Ukongeza, kukholelwa ukuba phantsi cryolithosphere ibe amadama ukuze zigcine amanzi amtyuba.

A lot of ubungqina lubonisa ubukho bamanzi phezu komhlaba emhlabeni kwixa elidluleyo. Amangqina eziphambili ke izimbiwa, ukuyilwa ezibandakanya inxaxheba amanzi. Oku kakhulu hematite, izimbiwa udongwe sulfates.

amafu Mars

Imali iyonke wamanzi emoyeni, umhlaba "desiccated" amaxesha ngaphezu kwezigidi 100 ezincinane ngaphezu ehlabathini, ukanti Mars ligutyungelwe yaye kunqabile ukungaqapheleki, kodwa ezi amafu oluhlaza, nangona kunjalo, kuba ice uthuli. Ikhephu abunjwe kuluhlu olubanzi eziphakamileyo ukususela kwi-10 ukuya kwi-100 km kwaye lujolise ikakhulu kwi ibhanti sentshinyela, kunqabile eliphakamayo ngaphezu km 30.

Ice inkungu namafu eziqhelekileyo kufutshane incam yezwe ebusika (ebumnyameni polar), kodwa apha ke 'ukutshona' ngezantsi km 10.

Amafu nga ezinemibala ngombala baluthuthu pink xa ice amasuntswana zixubene kunye nothuli wamvusa ukusuka kumphezulu.

amafu yabhalwa iimilo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka esimfaneleko, nenemizila, ezinamaphiko.

landscape Mars ukusuka ukuphakama akhule

Okokuqala ngqa ukubona, Kubonakala ngathi le Mars kunye ukuphakama indoda ende (2.1 m) wavumela axhobileyo camera "isandla" njengesibhadubhadu ukwazi ngo-2012. Phambi kwamehlo bekhwankqiswa irobhothi wabonakala "intlabathi", lwegrabile, lwegrabile eArabha, oluphahlwe iingqalutye ezincinane, kunye outcrops iba tyaba mhlawumbi yemveli, amatye, mlilo.

ipateni buthuntu yaye obungabangeli mdla kwicala elinye enlivened kummango esentabeni emphethweni mngxuma Gale, yaye kwelinye - pologosklonnaya hulk yeNtaba Sharp 5.5 km eziphakamileyo, nto leyo ke into lokuzingela baxhomekeka.

Ecacisa indlela emazantsi kuloo mngxuma, ababhali projekthi, kubonakala ukuba wayengazi ukuba Mars, esithathwe njengesibhadubhadu benomdla, kuya kuba ezahlukahlukeneyo yaye owahlukeneyo, ngokunxamnye ukulindela ukubona kuphela entlango buthuntu kunye obungabangeli mdla.

Endleleni wayo entabeni Sharpe robot kwafuneka ukuba boyise eziintsalu, imiphezulu platy Planar izidanga yama amathambeka volcanosedimentary (ukugweba yi ukuguda noburhabaxa sekhombuya kwi iitshiphusi) ematyeni, kwaye blocky yaphela volcanites ezimnyama bamantshontsho mesh komhlaba.

Isixhobo ngethuba emsebenzini "ezidweliswe phezulu" ekujoliswe (cobbles) laser pulses eweva umngxuma omncinane (nzulu ukuya ku-7 cm) ukulungiselela isifundo ubume eziphathekayo zeesampulu. Uhlalutyo yale elayibrari, ukongeza imixholo eziqalelo kulwalwa bokwakha uphawu zeengxondorha esisiseko (abangelwe), wabonisa ubukho iikhompawundi sulphur, initrogen, ikharbon, chlorine, methane, hydrogen kunye phosphorus, ukuba "amacandelo aphilayo" na.

Ngaphezu koko, izimbiwa ngodongwe senziwa phambi kwamanzi ixabiso acid cala kunye ingqalelo encinane neetyuwa kwafunyanwa.

Ngokusekelwe kwezi data idityaniswe ulwazi olufunyenwe ngaphambili izazinzulu bent bagqiba kwelokuba ezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo phezu Mars yaba amanzi elulwelo kunye lexinene nomoya ngoku eziphezulu kakhulu.

Intsasa star of Mars

Ukususela ngoMeyi 2003, ihlabathi orbited picture iceba blue Earth, eyenziwe Mars Global Umlinganisi iziphekepheke ukujikeleza oluBomvu Planet kwi umgama million 139 km kwaye abaninzi, kubonakala ukuba kanye oko uMhlaba ukhangeleka ukusuka Mars.

Kodwa enyanisweni, umhlaba wethu ukhangela ukusuka apho malunga kwindlela sibona Venus kusasa nangokuhlwa iiyure, kundibanekela kuphela sinombala esibhakabhakeni black Mars yedwa (zamadoda inyanga encinane lwavela), ingongoma encinane kancinane Venus eliqaqambileyo.

Lo mfanekiso lokuqala Umhlaba ukusuka kumphezulu lwaqhutywa kwi kwiiyure ekuseni ababekhwele kweso Spirit ngoMatshi 2004, njengoko kwisiphekepheke benomdla Umhlaba "kwi nengalo Nenyanga" ebuziweyo-2012 waza wafumana ngakumbi "entle" ngaphezu kwixesha lokuqala.