Oonobangela kunye neziphumo zotshintsho lwemozulu

Iminyaka yobudala wejoloji iplanethi yethu malunga 4.5 billion ubudala. Ngeli thuba, i-Earth litshintshile kakhulu. Ukubunjwa umoya, ubunzima planethi, imozulu - ekuqaleni ubukho yonke into eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. ibhola otyhidiweyo ngokucothayo isiba indlela asetyenziswa ukubona namhlanje. Abanamava ziitectonic plates, ukwakha Ezintabeni ezintsha entabeni. On ngokucothayo niziphozisayo umhlaba wabumba iilwandle kunye neelwandle. Ke wabonakala iyanyamalala amazwekazi, ukutshintsha imilo kunye nobukhulu. Umhlaba ngokucotha ojikeleza. Kwakukho kuqala izityalo umphefumlo ngokwayo. Ngako oko, ngaphezu kwezigidi edlulileyo zeminyaka kule planethi baye iinguqu ezinkulu kumjikelo hydrologic, exchange ubushushu kunye nokwakheka komoya apho. utshintsho lwemozulu lwenzeke phezu ubukho komhlaba.

Holocene esiqaphelekayo

Holocene - yinxalenye ixesha koqeqesho lwe Cenozoic kwexesha. Ngamanye amazwi, oku ixesha elaqala malunga 12,000 eyadlulayo kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Holocene waqala ekupheleni Ice Age, kwaye ukusukela ukutshintsha kwemozulu kule planethi waya kukufudumala okukhawulezayo kwehlabathi. Eli xesha lidla ngokuba interglacial, njengoko yonke imbali imozulu planethi kwakukho iminyaka ice eziliqela.

Ukupholisa Last jikelele kwenzeka malunga kwiminyaka 110.000 eyadlulayo. Malunga 14 engamawaka eyadlulayo oko yaqala ukuzifudumeza ngcembe kugcwele ehlabathini lonke. Ezihambayo ema ngelo xesha uninzi Northern saseNtla yaqalisa ukunyibilika iba. Ngokwendalo, oku akwenzeki zonke ngaxeshanye. Ixesha elide kakhulu kwiplanethi ezizanyazanyiswayo nokunyuka ubushushu namandla, umkhenkce phambili, ngoko lweMedia kwakhona. Konke oku kuchaphazela umgangatho kolwandle.

period Holocene

Ngexesha izifundo ezininzi, izazinzulu ziye zagqiba ukwahlula Holocene izihlandlo ngexesha ezininzi, ngokuxhomekeka kwimozulu. Malunga 12-10 amawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo, saya ice iminqwazi, kuza emva-glacial. EYurophu, Umbala waqala shwaka, ukuba indawo ezinde, nompleyini kunye hlathi amahlathi. Eli xesha kuthiwa Arctic kunye nexesha sub-Arctic.

Oku kwalandelwa Ixesha boreal. Hlathi Tundra utyhalelwa nje phambili ukuya emntla. E Southern Yurophu, kwakukho amahlathi olubanzi-zodonga. Ngelo xesha, imozulu ubukhulu becala epholileyo neyomileyo.

Bamalunga nama-6000 kwiminyaka edlulileyo Atlantic era, ngexesha apho umoya wayenobubele yaye kufumile, ufudumele ngaphezu mihla. Eli xesha ithathwa ukuba Holocene zemozulu elilelona. Isiqingatha Iceland waye zigqunywe ngamahlathi ezinde. EYurophu uzele iintlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo ubushushu-onothando. Ngelo xesha linye ubude amahlathi yaba kakhulu ngakumbi ukuya emntla. Kunxweme loLwandle Barents ikhula amahlathi coniferous, hlathi waza wafikelela Cape Chelyuskin. Xa isayithi ye-Sahara mihla Savannah, yaye inqanaba lamanzi e Lake Chad waba ngaphezu langoku iimitha ezingama-40.

Emva koko kwafika utshintsho lwemozulu kwakhona. Kwakukho ehlaselwe olungqongqo kwaqhubeka malunga 2000 neminyaka. Eli xesha kuthiwa subboreal. iintaba e Alaska, Iceland, Alps niyifincile ezihambayo. imimandla Landscape nokuxhasa kufutshane-ikhweyitha.

Bamalunga nama-2.5 amawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo kwaqalisa ixesha lokugqibela Holocene mihla - Subatlantic. Imozulu yeli xesha yaba ezipholileyo kunye neempuphuma. Yaqala ukubonakala amadobo afanayo, kumathafa baqalisa ukuhlala ngokuthe ehlathini, ihlathi - phezu emathafeni. Ehlabathini ngenkulungwane ye-14 imozulu okupholisa, nto leyo Little Ice Age, nto leyo eyaqhubeka de ngenkulungwane ye-19. Ngeli xesha, kwabhalwa kuhlaselo lwemimandla enhla iintaba yoMntla Yurophu, Iceland, Alaska kunye Andes. Kwiindawo ezahlukileyo imozulu yehlabathi watshintsha nga synchronously. Izizathu kokuqala kwekhefu Little Ice Age ayaziwa. Phantsi nokucingela izazinzulu kwimozulu ingahluka ngenxa yokunyuka mlilo kunye nokunciphisa carbon dioxide yoxinaniso emoyeni.

Ukuqala kokuma zemozulu

Isikhululo lokuqala zemozulu ukuvela ngenkulungwane ye-18 emva kwexesha. Ukususela ngelo xesha, ngoku phantsi esweni eliqhubekekayo ezahlukeneyo zemozulu. Kusenokuba Okumangalisa- ibango ukuba kufudumala yaqala emva Little Ice Age, kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.

Ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, esisigxina komndilili weqondo lobushushu kwihlabathi kulo mhlaba. Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-20, kukho inkwankca kancinane, nto leyo yaba nafuthe kwimozulu xa iyonke. Ukususela kwiminyaka yee-70s kwakhona yaba ukufudumala. Izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba kwinkulungwane edluleyo liye landa nge degrees 0,74 weqondo lobushushu kwihlabathi yomhlaba. Ukukhula ephezulu kwesi salathisi sabhalwa kwiminyaka engama-30 edlulileyo.

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuchaphazela ngqo imo kolwandle. lobushushu Global ukunyuka kukhokelela ekwandeni emanzini, yaye ngaloo ndlela ukunyusa izinga layo. Kwakhona kuza notshintsho kubume imvula, nto leyo enefuthe ukuhamba imilambo kunye ezihambayo.

Ngokutsho kokuma, inqanaba iilwandle kule minyaka ili-100 idlulileyo iye yakhula nge-5 cm. Ukufudumala izazinzulu lwemozulu oyiqhagamshelanise nokwandiswa carbon dioxide yoxinaniso kunye nokwanda kakhulu abamba.

nesimo sezulu

Izazinzulu ziye baqhube izifundo ezininzi zakudala waza wagqiba ukuba imozulu iplanethi akuxhomekekanga nje wancipha yatshintsha. yeengcinga abaninzi baye babeke phambili kule nkalo. Ngokutsho nemibono, ukuba umgama phakathi Umhlaba kunye Ilanga liya kuhlala injalo, kwakunye isantya ojikeleza ngaso kunye engile le asi emhlabeni, imozulu iya kuhlala sizinzile.

iimeko zangaphandle yotshintsho lweMozulu:

1. Ukutshintsha imisebe yelanga kukhokelela inguqu fluxes kwemitha yelanga.
2. Movement of ziitectonic plates ichaphazela orography ilizwe, kwakunye nomgangatho olwandle kunye ejikeleza yayo.
3. Irhasi Ukubunjwa umoya, xa methane ethile carbon dioxide ingqalelo.
4. Ukutshintsha, nokujikeleza ahlangene ujikelezo.
5. Ukutshintsha Ipharamitha komzila umhlaba ngokunxulumene ilanga.
6. Emhlabeni kunye kokuphela yesiqalo.

umsebenzi Human kunye nefuthe layo kwimozulu

Izinto ezibangela ukutshintsha kwemozulu zinxulunyaniswa kuquka ukuba uluntu lonke ubukho bayo, ukuba aphazamisane nendalo. Kwamahlathi, elima ukubangwa komhlaba kunye m. P. utshintshwano ezikhokelela kwiimeko ukufuma kunye nomoya.

Xa abantu benze utshintsho endalweni kokusingqongileyo, ekufunxeni imigxobhozo, ukudala kwamachibi enziweyo, ukugawula amahlathi kunye nokutyala ezintsha, ukwakha imizi njalo. N., Ukutshintsha kwemozulu. Wood iphembelela ngamandla yolawulo umoya, nto leyo ebonisa indlela kwikhephu ziya kuwa, njengoko umhlaba yenziwa ibande.

izityalo Green emizini ukunciphisa impembelelo imisebe yelanga, ukwanda ukufuma, ukunciphisa umahluko lobushushu emva kwemini nangokuhlwa, nokunciphisa luthuli komoya.

Ukuba abantu bagawula amahlathi ezindulini, kwixesha elizayo, oku kukhokelela ukhukuliseko lomhlaba. Kwakhona, ukunciphisa inani imithi kunciphisa lobushushu kwihlabathi jikelele. Noko ke, oku kuthetha ukuba ukwanda yoxinaniso le carbon dioxide emoyeni, nto leyo kwelifunekayo kuphela yimithi, kodwa Ukongezelela ezabiwe yokubola kweenkuni. Konke oku kuthethelela ukuhla amaqondo obushushu emhlabeni, kwaye ikhokelela indyebo yalo.

Urhwebo kunye nefuthe layo kwimozulu

Oonobangela yokutshintsha kwemozulu andixoki kuphela Ukufudumala jikelele, kodwa kwimisebenzi yoluntu. Abantu Ukugcwala emoyeni kwezinto ezifana carbon dioxide, oxide, methane, ozone tropospheric, hlorftoruglevody. Konke oku ekugqibeleni kukhokelela greenhouse effect kunye imiphumo inokuba vuhlayiseki.

izityalo mveliso Daily ayikhuphi emoyeni ezininzi iigesi eziyingozi. izithuthi ezisetyenziswa ngokuxhaphakileyo singcolisa umoya kunye exhausts zabo. Abaninzi carbon dioxide lasekwa ngo ukutshiswa oyile kwakunye namalahle. Nkqu ezolimo ebangela umonakalo omkhulu ukuya emoyeni. Malunga nama-14% yazo zonke greenhouse gases anayo kule komsi entsimini. Oku endle elima, kwaye ukutshiswa inkunkuma, ovuthayo ethafeni, umgquba, isichumiso, izilwanyana kunye N. effect abamba njalo. Kusinceda sihlale silungelelene thermal wonke umhlaba, kodwa umsebenzi abantu inyusa oku ngamaxesha. Kwaye oko kunokukhokelela kwintlekele.

Kutheni ndifanele ndoyike utshintsho lwemozulu?

97% ye sezulu abakholelwa ukuba zonke iinguqu kakhulu kule minyaka ili-100 idluleyo. Kwaye ke ingxaki engundoqo yokutshintsha kwemozulu - kuba imisebenzi yabantu. Awunako ngokuthembekileyo xelela kakhulu ngayo loo meko, kodwa kukho nezizathu ezininzi inkxalabo:

1. Siza ukuba ngokutsha kwimaphu yehlabathi. Inyaniso yeyokuba, ukuba umkhenkce ziyanyibilika Arctic obungunaphakade and Antarctic, ezimele malunga nama-2% lwemithombo yamanzi jikelele, amanqanaba ulwandle anyuke neemitha ezili-150. Ngokutsho Izazinzulu rough ukuqikelela ukuba Arctic uya kuba ice-free ngehlobo lowe-2050. Bayekeni kwiidolophu ezininzi eziselunxwemeni, inani wesiqithi ithi izakulahleka ngokupheleleyo.
2. Usongo ukunqongophala kokutya ehlabathini. Sele sabemi behlabathi kukuba abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezisixhenxe. Kule minyaka ingama-50 ezayo kulindeleke ukuba abemi baya kuba ngaphezu omnye kwezigidi ezibini. Ukuba le ntsingiselo yokwandisa kweminyaka yokuphila nezinga eliphantsi izinga lokusweleka kweentsana ngo-2050 lokutya kufuneka ngaphezu 70% ngaphezu amanani yangoku. Ngelo xesha, iindawo ezininzi ukuze kukhukuliswa. Ukwanda lobushushu uya kwenza eArabha entlango. Izityalo sengozini.
3. Ukunyibilika phambili Arctic kwaye Antarctic kukuphuma ehlabathini le carbon dioxide methane. Phantsi ice obungunaphakade isixa esikhulu greenhouse gases. Engena emoyeni, zikhulisa greenhouse effect, kuphumela neziphumo ezibi abantu.
4. Ocean Ukuba muncu. Phantse isinye kwisithathu le carbon dioxide lifakwa olwandle, kodwa supersaturation igesi kuya kukhokelela igcwala amanzi. Industrial Revolution kukhokelele ekwandeni igcwala ka-30%.
5. zabadla Mass eziphilayo. Kakade ke, ukuphela yinkqubo yendalo bokuba izinto eziphilayo zazivelela. Kodwa zibhangile izilwanyana ezininzi kakhulu kunye nezityalo, kwaye isizathu soku - imisebenzi yoluntu.
6. sezulu esibi. Global warming kukhokelela kwintlekele. Iimbalela, izikhukula, iinkanyamba, iinyikima, iitsunami - kuba ngakumbi kubi ngakumbi. Ngoku iimeko zemozulu ezigqithisileyo wabulala ukuya kubantu 106.000 ngonyaka, yaye eli nani liya kukhula kuphela.
7. Akunakuphepheka yeemfazwe. Ziimbalela kunye neempuphuma ziya aguqule imimandla lonke ka kuyo, ke ngoko, abantu baya kukhangela ukuba ithuba lokusinda. Qala imfazwe ukufumana izibonelelo zoncedo.
8. Ukutshintsha yolwandle. I 'heater "eziphambili Europe i Gulf Stream - ke ngoku efudumeleyo eliqukuqela ecaleni Atlantic Ocean. Kakade phakathi oku iwela emazantsi uze utshintshe indlela yayo. Ukuba le nkqubo iqhubeka, Europe uya kuba phantsi umaleko ikhephu. Emhlabeni wonke, kuya kuba yingxaki enkulu kunye imozulu.
9. Utshintsho lwemozulu sele zidla ezigidi. Akwaziwa kangakanani na ukunyusa eli nani ukuba bonke baya kuqhubeka.
10. Inkampani Umhlaba. Akukho namnye unako ukuchaza indlela ukutshintsha umhlaba ukusuka kubushushu behlabathi. Izazinzulu nokuphuhlisa iindlela zokunqanda iimpawu. Omnye wabo ugibisela izixa ezikhulu sulphur emoyeni. Oku kuya zilinganisa nemiphumo kuqhuma kwaye kungakhokelela ekubeni Ukupholisa umhlaba ngenxa ukuvaleka kwelanga. Akwaziwa ukuba ifuthe le nkqubo okunene ukuba uluntu luya kwenza kube kubi.

I UN Convention

Oorhulumente kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini boyika kakhulu oko kube neziphumo zotshintsho lwemozulu. Framework Convention - Ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-20 eyadlulayo, isivumelwano samazwe kwasekwa iZizwe eziManyeneyo kuTshintsho lweMozulu. Apha siqwalasela onke amanyathelo kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuthintela kukufudumala okukhawulezayo kwehlabathi. Ngoku ke Convention sele zavunywa kumazwe 186, kuquka naseRashiya. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba umahluko ibe ngamaqela ama-3: namuhla amazwe aphuhlileyo, kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho kunye namazwe asakhulayo.

I-UN Convention on Tshintsha lweMozulu uyawalwela ukuncitshiswa greenhouse iigesi ukwanda emoyeni nokuzinziswa ngakumbi indicators. Oku kuphunyezwa nokuba ngokwandisa greenhouse gases kwemali evela emoyeni okanye ukuncipha amadlozi zabo. Kuba lwalo lokuqala kufuneka inani elikhulu ihlathi entsha, nto leyo eya icarbon dioxide emoyeni kwaye ngobuwena yesibini iya kufezekiswa xa ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezimbiwa zokubasa. Zonke bavunywa lizwe bayavuma ukuba ihlabathi ukutshintsha kwemozulu. I-UN ukulungele ukwenza konke okusemandleni ukuze ukunciphisa ifuthe logwayimbo ezayo.

Uninzi lwamazwe abathatha inxaxheba kule ndibano, bafika kwisigqibo sokuba iza kuba kakhulu ngempumelelo iiprojekthi kunye neenkqubo ezidibeneyo. Okwangoku, kukho ezingaphezu kwama-150 iiprojekthi ezinjalo. Ngokusemthethweni, iRussia 9 iinkqubo ezinjalo, sikweni - 40.

Ekupheleni konyaka ka-1997, i-Convention on sokuTshintsha kweMozulu utyikitye Kyoto protocol, emisela ukuba uqoqosho inguqu bazibophelela ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi greenhouse. Umthetho olandelwayo zavunywa kumazwe-35.

Ilizwe lethu nabo bathatha inxaxheba ekuphunyezweni kwalo Protocol. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu eRussia kukhokelele kwinto yokuba inani leentlekele zendalo iye kabini. Nokuba sicinga ukuba ummandla amahlathi boreal elise, abakwazi ukumelana zonke egesi. Kuyimfuneko ukuphucula nokwandisa ihlathi zendalo, benze imisebenzi emikhulu-scale ukunciphisa ezikhutshwayo ezivela kumashishini mveliso.

Predictions global warming

Umongo yotshintsho lwemozulu kwinkulungwane yokugqibela ukufudumala kwehlabathi. Ngokutsho ngcolile kulindeleke ukuba ngakumbi imisebenzi yabantu ngqiqweni nga kwandisa ukufudumala komhlaba kwi 11 degrees. ukutshintsha kwemozulu ziza kuba vuhlayiseki. ujikelezo Slow le umhlaba uya kufa iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana nezityalo. Amanqanaba ocean World uya kuvuka kakhulu kangangokuba uya ezaba iziqithi ezininzi kwaye uninzi kwimimandla yonxweme. Gulf Stream uza kuyitshintsha indlela yayo, nto leyo eya kukhokelela Little Ice Age elitsha eYurophu. Kuya kwenzeka ngokubanzi iintlekele, izikhukula, neenkanyamba, iinkanyamba, iimbalela, iitsunami njalo njalo. N. uya kuqalisa ukunyibilika womkhenkce Arctic Antarctica.

Kuba abantu, imiphumo intlekele. Ngaphandle imfuneko ukukhula kwiimeko mgceni strong endalo abantu ezininzi nezinye iingxaki. Ingakumbi, ukunyuka kwenani izifo sentliziyo, izifo zemiphunga, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, baqala izifo. Uzakuva i ukunqongophala nokoyika ukutya nokusela amanzi.

Yintoni ukwenza ntoni?

Ukunqanda kwiziphumo zokutshintsha kwemozulu, simele siqale ukunciphisa izinga greenhouse gases esibhakabhakeni. Uluntu kufuneka uye imithombo amatsha amandla, nto leyo ifanele ibe elisezantsi-carb kunye ewuhlaziyayo. Maxa wambi, ngaphambi kokuba uluntu ihlabathi liya kuvuka kabukhali kulo mba, njengoko resource isetyenziswa kule mihla - fuels izimbiwa - non-angahlaziyekiyo. izazinzulu ngenye imini iza kudala ubugcisa obutsha, ngakumbi kakuhle.

Kuyimfuneko kwakhona kukunciphisa izinga carbon dioxide emoyeni kwaye nokunceda oku kungenzeka kuphela kwiindawo reforestation.

Kufuneka ukuba ufake imizamo eninzi yokuzinzisa ukushisa kwehlabathi emhlabeni. Kodwa nangona oku kungaphumeleli, uluntu kufuneka luzame ukufezekisa imiphumo emininzi yokufudumala kwehlabathi.