Yintoni kwimephu zibonisa umbala omdaka? notation esinemiqathango mfanekiso

Yintoni imephu? Njengoko ngokuchanekileyo "funda"? Zeziphi iisimboli iimaphu? Konke oku kuya kuxoxwa ngazo kwinqaku lethu.

Imephu - le ...

Imephu - enye izinto zindala yoluntu. Kuqala ke wazikrola amatye, amatye kunye neendonga mqolomba. Ezi imizobo zamandulo sezwe abantu bakudala. Enye iimephu midala yomhla emva elinesixhenxe izazinzulu nkulungwane BC. Ke kaloku ikhadi ayikho emhlabeni, kodwa nesibhakabhaka esimnyama. Kuwo babeba Vega, Altair, Deneb, kunye nezinye iinkwenkwezi ezikhanyisayo ezulwini.

amakhadi mhlaba wadala abahloli Greek kunye nabahambi - noStrabo, Anaximander, Hecataeus, Ptolemy kunye nabanye. Ngokungaqhelekanga olukhula ngokukhawuleza cartography kwi XIV-XVI eminyaka, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Age of Discovery. Ngeli xesha, kuba portolan itshathi - izicwangciso zaselwandle, echaza ngokweenkcukacha kwiindawo oLwandle Omnyama lweMeditera, kwakunye West Bank kunye nonxweme kumantla Europe.

Imephu ngexesha ezilungiswayo ngokupheleleyo singalahlekani ixabiso layo kunye nokufaneleka. Kwinkulungwane xxi akukho kuphela isiphumo kodwa sisixhobo esibalulekileyo izifundo ezininzi ngenzululwazi kunye nophando. Iimephu ezisetyenziswa kakhulu yokwakheka, ucwangciso lwasezidolophini, meteorology, ezolimo, kunye nezinye iinkalo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Uyayihlola kunye nesikolo Geography (Grade 6).

Imephu - kuyehla amakhulu okanye amawaka amaxesha imodeli kumphezulu womhlaba, wadala ngokusebenzisa indlela ekhethekileyo imiqondiso. Phantse bonke abafundi ngomdla omkhulu ukuqwalasela izifundo kwale bala kwephepha. Yayisithi ke into eninzi kuwo, umbuzo yendalo umbuzo: yintoni na kwimephu lubonisa umbala omdaka? Nokuba - ngamanye imibala ezikhanyayo? Okulandelayo siza kuthetha ngokweenkcukacha malunga imiqondiso eqhelekileyo kwekhadi mihla. Kodwa kuqala kufuneka ufumanise ukuba yintoni na zikhona izimvo zabo?

iimephu imihlobo

iimephu Geographical zihlelwe ngokwezi isikali, ububanzi indawo, injongo kunye nomxholo. Ngokutsho injongo yabo, ukuba ube:

• uqeqesho;
• reference;
• yesayensi;
• ukhenketho;
• kwezemidlalo;
• Ukuchuleza ekufundeni t. D.

Ngomhla kwisikali onke amakhadi zahlulwe zibe amancinci, aphakathi kunye elikhulu, kodwa umxholo - jikelele weendawo weendawo. On iimephu yomhlaba wabonisa ezininzi izinto zendalo kunye nentlalo: .. Relief, utyani, hydrography, imizi ngemizi, nemizana ngemizana, iindlela, njl izinto ukubonisa ngamnye weendawo (nesenzeko) endalo, uqoqosho okanye kwinqanaba loluntu.

Yintoni kwimephu zibonisa umbala omdaka?

Umphezulu yeplanethi yethu ayikho iyunifomu. Malunga ne-70% sommandla wayo kuhlala iilwandle kunye neelwandle ze phezu komhlaba, kukho amathafa, umhlaba, kunye neentaba ezinde. Njani konke oku kuboniswa ezikwiimephu ethile?

Zonke iintlobo amanzi (imilambo, amachibi, ulwandle, amadama, njalo njalo. E.) ukubonisa eluhlaza. Kwaye kakhulu ubhalo. Kodwa womhlaba iintente ngaphandle iintlobo abangasekhoyo, luhlaza mnyama esimdaka. Yintoni kwimephu zibonisa umbala omdaka?

Ukhetho Umbala kuxhomekeke ephakamileyo olungagungqiyo kwindawo ethile ngeemitha (ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle). iindawo ntaba (500 eemitha) - Green ithinti ukubonisa nelezihlambo neentlambo (ukuya kuma-200 eemitha ubude), mthubi - ezisezintabeni (meters 200 ukuya 500), kunye brown.

Iindlela unyulo isiqabu kwiimephu

Kubekwa uncedo kwi mephu kunokwenziwa ngeendlela ezimbini eziphambili:

• usebenzisa imibala;
• usebenzisa imigca nentaba.

indlela Umbala iye ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha kwicandelo odlulileyo. Lusetyenziswa, njengoko umthetho, kumalungiselelo ezindawo (wokwenene) iimephu jikelele. Ukongeza iintyatyambo, ezi amakhadi ngokuqhelekileyo uphawu iindawo ngongoma ngamnye kwaye ubonise endaweni yazo. Lo isenokuba iincopho iphezulu entabeni, okanye, phezu koko, iphantsi kumkhombe bendawo ethile.

Xa umbala ukwazi ukufumanisa nje kuphela ukuphakama phezu komhlaba; kodwa ubunzulu ezilwandle. Ukuze ubonise iimephu ubunzulu usebenzisa izithunzi blue umbala. Umbala elizele ngakumbi - i nzulu ezantsi yi kwindawo ethile.

imephu nganye emzimbeni ibithethwa sikhatshwa eziphakamileyo isikali kunye ezinzulwini. Kuyo uyakwazi ukubona ukuphakama uqikelelo ngengingqi okanye ubunzulu olwandle.

Indlela yesibini iquka ukusetyenziswa umfanekiso isiqabu imigca ezikhethekileyo - imisele. Oku kusetyenziswa ikakhulu ekulungiseleleni iimaphu ngesimo kunye nezicwangciso indawo.

imephu ngesimo kunye neempawu zayo

Iitshathi ezinkulu-endaweni yonke ebonisa ngokweenkcukacha ndawo, ebizwa ukuma. Ngoncedo lwabo, ungafumana ulwazi olude eneenkcukacha zendawo ethile.

Zonke iimaphu ngesimo yahlulwe ngamahlelo amane, ezisekelwe phezu isikali:

• elikhulu-scale (1: 500 000 kwaye ezinkulu);
• aphakathi-scale (1: 200,000, 1: 100,000);
• abasakhasayo (1:50 000, 1:10 000);
• izicwangciso site.

Iimpahla iinkcukacha ezininzi iboniswe kwizicwangciso elicacisa ukuba abe isikali 1: 5000 (amaninzi). Bona zohlukile izakhiwo, imithi, amatye, iicawe njalo njalo. N. Enye inkalo izicwangciso ndawo kukuba xa azithathelwa ngqalelo ugobile ukulungiswa komhlaba koMhlaba ingaboniswa.

iimaphu Iisimboli kunye nezicwangciso indawo

Ekwenzeni iimaphu ngesimo kunye nezicwangciso site, a iseti yeesimboli ezithile. Ngoncedo lwabo, wondla iimpawu ubunjani kunye neenkcukacha zamanani izinto zendalo kunye nezimo zentlalo. Zeziphi iisimboli iimaphu? 4 uhlobo yabalaselisa yi mphandle mihla. Zezi:

1. Scale.
2. Linear.
3. Scaleless.
4. imiqondiso ingcaciso.

Ezinkulu-abasakhasayo imiqondiso ebonisa izinto kunye nezinto anokuthi luboniswe isikali kwimephu. Kunokuba ibe ehlathini, intsimi, iibhloko mzi, etc .. njl .. iisimboli Scaleless na uhlobo ngamaqhekeza amancinci okanye anemifanekiso. Amvumela ukuba ukubonisa kwimephu izinto zincinci kakhulu ngobukhulu (umzekelo, umthi, ilitye, sam amalahle okanye monastery). Ukusebenzisa abalinganiswa linear ukubonisa kwandiswa izinto - Umda indlela le, iintambo zombane (imigca power). Achazayo notation womzobo olunemiqathango kusetyenziswa elichaza ngakumbi abo okanye ezinye iinkalo zezifundo.

Iyonke imiqondiso eqhelekileyo ubume bendalo, kukho malunga namakhulu amabini. Lo mzobo ungezantsi ubonisa nje ezinye zazo. Apha, umzekelo, ungabona indlela ebheka uphawu zentlabathi, amahlathi, amachibi, udonga okanye ibhulorho.

isiqabu image on kwiimephu

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, oko uboniswa ebizwa ngokuba yi-imigca aya ezikwiimephu ngesimo ngengingqi. Le migca olunemiqathango ohlanganisa kumphezulu womhlaba kwi ukuphakama efanayo. Imisele zibanjwa qho ka-10, 20 okanye 50 eemitha. Kodwa konke oko kuxhomekeke kwisikali map: mkhulu ngayo - iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe ukubonisa indlela yokubona yasekuhlaleni. Luluphi uhlobo oxwesileyo na, wena ubona kulo mfanekiso ungezantsi.

Tyaba, njengokuba umthetho, abe brown ngwevu okanye isibonda. Xa break kwezi imigca zibonisa ukuphakama kwawo epheleleyo. Ukongeza, iimephu kuvame kwaye amanqaku ngamnye ngokusayina ukuphakama kwawo ngqo ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Ezi isenokuba iincopho ngamnye okanye izinto ukuba nal ezicacileyo.

Ukufunda "funda" kwimephu mmandla lula. Ukuxinana kunye mali imisele ezifakwe kuxhomekeke iqondo kumphezulu compartmentalization emhlabeni. Le nwebu migca ayibalwa omnye komnye kwi-map - i ayanyuka ithambeka ngengingqi. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela leyinene ngopfu yo dyondza indlela yokufunda imaphu nezobhalo - ukuba uyithabathe uhambo okanye uhambo.

Umfanekiso kwezityalo kunye namathafa kwiimephu

Komhlaba, izityalo kunye inshorensi umhlaba nayo kakhulu ngokweenkcukacha ukuboniswa kwiimephu. Ngoko abahloli usebenzisa abalinganiswa ezizodwa ezimalunga neziyi-50.

amabala Green, amabhanti, leyo kungabonwa phantse nasiphi map nezobhalo - akunto efana ehlathini. nezihlahla kuboniswa stipple. iimpawu ezongezelelweyo womthi ethile kubonisiwe kunye scaleless kunye nemiqondiso ingcaciso.

Nezimbuku kwiimephu amele imivumbo nkqo oluhlaza. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba ezi imicu isiqina - le kumgxobhozo ivaleke, yaye ukuba ephazanyiswe - into ekugqithwa. Sands iboniswa njenge elimdaka ngokungakhethiyo amalungiselelo amanqaku.

Kukho imiqondiso ezikhethekileyo ukubonisa isidiliya, iigadi iziqhamo kunye berry, amatyholo, amahlathi, namasimi erayisi, kumasimi eti kunye nezinye iintlobo uhlaza.

isiphelo

Ngoku uyazi ukuba kwimephu abonisa umbala emdaka - eluhlaza, nokuba - oluhlaza. Ukhetho Umbala kuxhomekeke indawo. Ngoko ke, ukudakumba oluhlaza, intaba - tyheli intaba iinkqubo - brown. Kwi iimephu uncedo lwe kumphezulu womhlaba uboniswa ngendlela eyahlukileyo - esebenzisa yemigca nentaba.