Yemifuniselo idumileyo ngokwasengqondweni phezu kwabantu

Iintlobo-experimenti ngokwasengqondweni, izazinzulu ziye zaqala ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. Akulunganga abo bakholelwa ukuba indima iihagu Guinea kwezi zifundo lixhomekeke kuphela kunye nezilwanyana. Nxaxheba, yaye ngamanye amaxesha abantu baba ngamaxhoba ucwaningo rhoqo. Luhlobo olunjani experimenti Kwazeka oko kubo izigidi, sonke siye sehla kwimbali? Qwalasela uluhlu akukhuthazwa kakhulu.

imifuniselo Psychological: Albert kunye nempuku

Enye izilingo ixakayo kwinkulungwane yokugqibela yabanjwa nguYohane Watson ngo-1920. Oku kubalelwa kwi siseko uprofesa izinto lezimilo bengqondo, wayitshabalalisa ixesha elininzi ekufundweni ukucalulwa indalo. imifuniselo yezengqondo eziqhutywa Watson, ikakhulu ngokunxulumene kokwakhelwa iintsana ngokweemvakalelo.

Elinye ilungu yophando yakhe inkwenkwe lenkedama, Albert, owathi ekuqaleni olu lingelo wayeneenyanga 9 kuphela. Kumzekelo wakhe, uprofesa wazama ukungqina ukuba ukucalulwa abaninzi kwenzeka abantu esemncinane. Injongo yakhe yayikukuba ukwenza Alberta amava luloyiko emehlweni nempuku emhlophe usana babekonwabela ukudlala.

Njengabo amalinge amaninzi ngokwasengqondweni, ukusebenza Albert bathabatha ixesha elide. Kuba kweenyanga ezimbini, umntwana wabonisa ibuzi emhlophe, uze emva koko ibonisa izinto ezifanayo kuyo (umqhaphu, nomvundla emhlophe, i iindevu lokwenziwa). Emva koko ke usana lavunyelwa ukuba babuyele imidlalo zabo kunye nempuku. Ekuqaleni, Albert akukho ukoyika zixoxe ukusebenzisana nayo. Le meko xa Watson ngexesha imidlalo bakhe kunye nerhamncwa yambetha ngehamile kwi iimveliso zesinyithi, okwabangela thud elikhulu iinkedama.

Ngenxa yoko, uAlbert woyika ukuba bachukumise nempuku, ukoyika alukapheli nasemva kokuba ahlukane isilwanyana iveki. Xa waphinda waqala ukubonisa nomhlobo endala, yena baziphalaza iinyembezi. A indlela efanayo xa umntwana yabonisa uhlobo izinto, ezifana isilwanyana. Watson akwazi ukungqina ngcamango yakhe, kodwa yokoyika wahlala Albert yobomi.

ubuhlanga Ukunqanda

Kakade ke, Albert - akukho mntwana kuphela unxiba imifuniselo okhohlakeleyo kwengqondo. Imizekelo (kunye nabantwana) kukhokelela lula, yithini, experiment kuqhutywa ngo-1970 Dzheyn Elliott, ngokuba 'Blue namehlo brown. " Utitshala School, phantsi umbono kokubulawa Martin Luther King, Jr., wagqiba kwelokuba ukubonisa ezigxineni zabo yayikude yocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga xa befundisa. zovavanyo zayo abafundi beklasi wesithathu.

Awaluphelisa iklasi ibe ngamaqela, ogama amalungu akhethwe ngenxa lweliso umbala (omdaka, bhlowu, eluhlaza), yaye emva koko bacela ukuba ukunyanga abantwana brown-amehlo njengamalungu uhlanga oluphantsi, akandifanele kwentlonipho. Kakade ke, olu lingelo waba utitshala ezixabisa indawo yomsebenzi, uluntu Ndacaphuka. Oonobumba ngumsindo ukuba utitshala yangaphambili, abantu bazicelela, indlela ukwenza njalo ingenanceba nabantwana ezimhlophe.

ejele lokwenziwa

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba asingawo onke yemifuniselo eyaziwa kakhulu ngokwasengqondweni kwi abantu ziye ekuqaleni wamitha ngolo hlobo. Phakathi kwazo indawo ekhethekileyo kuhlala nabasebenzi bophando kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford, wafumana igama "entolongweni ngumntu." Izazinzulu kwakungafanelanga ukuba ukuvavanya psyche uya 'umnt' experiment, iqhutywa njani umonakalo ngo-1971, ibhalwe Philip Zimbardo.

Psychologist kwakuthetha kusetyenziswa uphando bakhe ukuba baziqonde izithethe zentlalo abantu abalahlekelwe inkululeko yabo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, wathabatha neqela lamavolontiya umfundi, inamalungu ali-24, emva koko wazitshixa kwigumbi elingaphantsi yesebe psychology, nto leyo ukuze ibe uhlobo entolongweni. Isiqingatha ntliziyo lade ngendima amabanjwa, abanye wenza ngabaveleli.

Okumangalisayo kukuba, i "amabanjwa" Kwathabatha isuntswana ixesha bazive ngathi ibanjwa ngokwenene. Abathathi-nxaxheba isifundo ofanayo nalowo wamkela indima abalindi, waqala ukubonisa ezaneza ngenene, uyila kakubi ngakumbi nangakumbi kwiiwadi zabo. Amava kwafuneka ukuba iphazanyiswe ekuqaleni kunokuba ecwangcisiweyo ukuze uphephe trauma. Bonke abantu baye kwi "entolongweni" phezu nje ngeveki.

Inkwenkwe okanye intombazana

imifuniselo ngokwasengqondweni kwi abantu bavame baphulukane. Ubungqina oku libali elibuhlungu Umfana ogama uDavide Reimer. Lisathukuza wayo, ndenziwa i operation asiphumelelanga babolwaluko, ngenxa apho umntwana phantse ezilahlekileyo incanca yakhe. Wathabatha ithuba wengqondo Dzhon Mani, ngubani waphupha ukungqina ukuba abantwana nje amakhwenkwe kunye namantombazana azalwe, nibe kangaka ngenxa yemfundo. Uthe wabongoza abazali ukunika imvume utshintsho zoqhaqho ngesondo umntwana, uze imphathe yanjengentombi yayo.

Little uDavide igama Brenda, kwiminyaka eli-14 ubudala akazange makaxelelwe ukuba ummeli wesini eyindoda. Xa elivisayo, lo mfana wondla yi estrogen, yincindi ukuze isebenze nokukhula amabele. Emva kokufunda inyaniso, wathabatha igama uBruce wala ukuba aziphathe ntombazana. Njengoko abadala, Bruce waba imisebenzi eziliqela, injongo leyo ukubuyisela kwisini emzimbeni.

Njengabanye imifuniselo ezininzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle ngokwasengqondweni, oku kwaba nemiphumo ebuhlungu. ixesha elithile Bruce wayezama ukwakha ubomi babo, nokuba utshatile kwaye wazala abantwana yomfazi wayo. Noko ke, bekhubazekile ngokwasengqondweni ukususela ebuntwaneni akubanga lilize. Emva iinzame eziliqela asiphumelelanga ukuzibulala umntu wakwazi kuzibulala, wafa eneminyaka engama-38 ubudala. Yatshatyalaliswa, yaye umphefumlo ngabazali bakhe, abo bachatshazelwe yi oko kwenzekayo entsatsheni. Uyise waba likhoboka lotywala, unina naye wazibulala.

Nature abanale

Uluhlu amalinge nasengqondweni, nto leyo abantwana babe nxaxheba kufuneka uqhubeke. Ngowe-1939, uNjingalwazi Johnson, ngenkxaso lomfundi isidanga kaMariya, bagqiba ukwenza uphando umdla. Scientist ndiza kuwabonisa ukuba abanale abantwana ityala kwindawo ngabazali bokuqala "bazenze 'abantwana babo ukuba luthintithayo.

Ukuqhuba isifundo ndawonye iqela Johnson, olu sapho lwaluquka abantwana kwamashumi ukusuka amakhaya abantwana. Abathathi-nxaxheba baye bafundiswa ukuba uneengxaki ngentetho, sikude leyinene. Ngenxa yoko, phantse zonke guys phezu ngokwayo, waqala ukuphepha ukunxulumana nabanye, ngokwenene beza manghanghamela. Kakade ke, emva kokuphela kwesifundo abantwana kwanceda ukuphelisa iingxaki zokuthetha.

Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, amanye amalungu eqela ezichaphazeleke kumanyathelo nguNjingalwazi Johnson, imbuyekezo enkulu imali ehlawulwa nguRhulumente of Iowa yanikezelwa. Kuye singqiniwe ukuba eksperimenti okhohlakeleyo iye kubo ngumthombo emphefumlweni kakhulu.

amava Milgram kaThixo

Kukho nezinye imifuniselo ngokwasengqondweni umdla abantu. Uluhlu abuna- ukutyebisa uphando edumileyo, nto leyo kwinkulungwane yokugqibela ukuba Stenli Milgrem. Yale University kwengqondo wazama phonononga iimpawu ukusebenza wegunya indlela wokungeniswa kweefom zobhaliso. Le Isazinzulu wazama ukuba lento phandle ukuba umntu uyakwazi ngokwenene ukwenza iintshukumo uncharacteristic, ukuba uyagxininisa umntu kuye inkulu.

Nxaxheba ye Milgram experiment, yenza abafundi bakho, ukuba umphatha ngentlonelo. Elinye ilungu leqela (umfundi) kufuneka baphendule imibuzo abanye, loo khosi wenza ngabafundisi. Ukuba umfundi engalunganga, utitshala ukuba bambetha ungakubhabhisa nombane, ngoko waya de kwaphela loo mbandela. Ngelo xesha elinye omdlali ngogesi wadlala, umdlalo ukubandezeleka ekufumaneni isuntswana yangoku oko bangabikelwanga ezinye nxaxheba nokuhlola.

Njengabanye imifuniselo ngokwasengqondweni phezu kwabantu, ezifakwe kuluhlu kweli nqaku, amava kunikele imiphumo Akumangalisi. Abafundi 40 bathatha inxaxheba kolu phando. Kuphela 16 kubo zinto izibongozo umdlali, bathi ngokumlinga bambuza ukuba ayeke ukusoloko ekubetha impazamo ngoku, abanye baqhubeka ukuqalisa ngempumelelo ezintlwini ekuthobeleni umyalelo Milgram. Xa ebuzwa ukuba wenza ukuba kunokubangela ukubandezeleka owasemzini, engazi ukuba ayikho ngokwenene intlungu, abafundi abazange ukufumana impendulo. Enyanisweni, olu lingelo wabonisa icala elibi yobuntu.

ucwaningo Landis

Macingo efana amava Milgram imifuniselo ngokwasengqondweni kwi abantu. Imizekelo izifundo ezinjalo kunokuba ezininzi, kodwa edume kakhulu wakwazi ukuthenga umsebenzi Carney Landis, abasusela ku-1924 .. Psychologist unomdla iimvakalelo zabantu, Wenza uthotho amalinge, ukuzama ukuchonga iimpawu eziqhelekileyo yokuthetha iimvakalelo ezithile kubantu ezahlukeneyo.

Amavolontiya kakhulu abafundi, ubuso ayiqabe imigca emnyama, singavumeli imbono olungcono intshukumo imisipha yobuso. Abafundi baboniswa izinto engamanyala, ebanyanzela ukuba zijoje izinto benawo livumba sisenzo, babeka izandla zabo zibe egcwaliswe ngamasele.

Eyona nto inzima Inqanaba olu lingelo - ukubulawa iimpuku, leyo nxaxheba bayalelwa ukuba decapitate ngokobuqu. Amava wanika Iziphumo emangalisayo, kwakunye namanye amalinge amaninzi ngokwasengqondweni phezu kwabantu, imizekelo apho uyifundayo ngoku. Malunga nesiqingatha amavolontiya ngaw 'omane ukuba baphumeze ukulahlwa oonjingalwazi, ngelixa abanye baye bamelana kulo msebenzi. abantu abaqhelekileyo abangazange wabonakalaliswa ukuluma uthuthumbisa izilwanyana, ngokuthobela imiyalelo katitshala kunqunyulwa intloko nempuku ophilayo kaThixo. Study ayikwazanga ukuqinisekisa injongo intshukumo yobuso eqhelekileyo kubantu bonke, ke, lalibonisa icala elibi yobuntu.

Kunzima ne alala

kuba Uluhlu yemifuniselo abadumileyo ngokwasengqondweni akaphelelanga ngaphandle eksperimenti ngenkohlakalo, lwenziwa ngo-1966. Ngokuthandwa olukhulu kumzabalazo 60 ukuba unantsi urhwebe ntoni na ngobufanasini, kuba akukho ezisitheleyo bantu ngaloo mihla, liphathwe inzala eyenziwe kumntu wesini esifanayo.

Le lokulinga kwenziwa 1966 xa iqela labantu berhanelwa bobulili. Nxaxheba amava ngenkani ukubukela iphonografi zobufanasini, lo gama ngezono zabo kuyo ugesi. Bekucingelwa ukuba isenzo esinjalo kufuneka siphuhlise abantu Ukwehluleka qha olusondeleyo isini sabo. Kakade ke, onke amalungu eqela lafumana trauma ngokwasengqondweni, omnye kubo bafa, abakwazi ukumelana abaninzi zoqhanqalazo yangoku. Ayikwazi ukuze libone ukuba ngaba abachaphazelekayo ekuqhubeni experiments kwi orientation zobufanasini.

Intsha zobuchwepheshe

imifuniselo ngokwasengqondweni abantu ekhaya idla ubeke, kodwa ezaziwa yaba ligcuntswana kuphela imifuniselo ezinjalo. Kungekudala njengoko Uphononongo olwenziwe kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, nxaxheba ngokuzithandela abo elivisayo abaqhelekileyo. Abantwana besikolo bacelwa ukuba iiyure 8 ukunikela zonke izixhobo zale mihla, kuquka mobile phone, laptop yakho, TV. Kulo mzekelo, azikho Akuvunyelwe ukuba aye phandle ukuhamba, ukufunda, ukuzoba.

Okunye zengqondo amalinge (ekhaya) awuzange wenze uluntu kangangoko kolu phando. Iziphumo zovavanyo yabonisa ukuba iyure-8 "sentuthumbo 'wakwazi ukugcina nxaxheba ezintathu kuphela. Eziseleyo 65 "eyaphukileyo", babecinga eshiya olu bomi, bajamelana kunye uphaphazele. Oonyana zikhalazo iimpawu ezifana nesiyezi, isicaphucaphu.

ukusebenza umile

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu-iprofayile nako inkuthazo eenzululwazi sisenza uphando nasengqondweni. imizekelo Real-ihlabathi ukuba ukukhumbula ngokulula, umzekelo, amava "isiphumo wombukeli", ekhutshwe oonjingalwazi ezimbini ngo-1968. John Bibb kwaye Ndothuka gqitha ukuziphatha kwamangqina amaninzi ababona ukubulawa Kitti Dzhenoveze ntombazana. Kolwaphulo- mthetho phambi inqwaba yabantu, kodwa akukho namnye wenza Akukho zinzame ukumisa umbulali.

UJohn Bibb wamema amavolontiya ukuba achithe ixesha elithile kwabaphulaphuli kwiYunivesithi Columbia, ebaqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi wabo ukuzalisa amaphepha. Emva kwemizuzu embalwa kamva igumbi izele ngumsi engenabungozi kwimpilo. Emva koko, nokuhlola efanayo lwaqhutywa kunye neqela labantu eklasini enye. Ngaphezu koko, kunokuba umsi ekulobeni ekhala ecela uncedo.

Amanye amalinge zengqondo, imizekelo apho zinikwe kweli nqaku, baba elimasikizi kakhulu ngakumbi, kodwa amava "isiphumo wombukeli" wehla waya embalini kunye nabo. Izazinzulu ziye zasekwa ukuba umntu lowo yedwa, kakhulu ngokukhawuleza bafune uncedo okanye elinika ngaphezu iqela labantu, nokuba iqulethe amalungu amabini kuphela okanye abathathu.

Yiba ngathi bonke

Kwilizwe lethu, nkqu amaxesha eSoviet Union yaqhuba imifuniselo ngokwasengqondweni ukwazi ngayo abantu. ESoviet Union - ilizwe apho kangangeminyaka emininzi kwakulisiko ukuba ume ngaphandle esihlweleni. Akumangalisi ke, amava amaninzi elo xesha nikela ekufundweni inkanuko umntu okumgangatho ophantsi abe njengaye wonke umntu.

Abathathi-nxaxheba kuphando umdla engqondweni babe ngabantwana abaneminyaka ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, iqela guys-5 bayamenywa ukuba ukuzama ipapa irayisi, apho onke amalungu eqela sengqondo esihle. abantwana abane abondliwayo ipapa kamnandi, kwaye ngoko beza Ekuveleni Ilungu lesihlanu, abafumana inxalenye Ekse isidudu yetyuwa. Xa aba bantwana bacelwa ukuba wakuthanda esityeni, inkoliso yabo bamnika affirmative impendulo. Njengoko kuvela, kuba ngaphambi kokuba onke amaqabane abo uncome isidudu, nabantwana Ndandifuna ukuba njengaye wonke umntu.

Kuyona abantwana kunye nezinye imifuniselo Classic kwengqondo. Ngokomzekelo, iqela-nxaxheba abaliqela wacela ukubiza iphiramidi abamnyama nabamhlophe. Kuphela omnye umntwana zaye Abalumkiswa kwangaphambili, wacelwa malunga umbala zokudlala yokugqibela. Emva kokuphulaphula ngeempendulo namaqabane akhe, inkoliso kids unwarned ibango ukuba black iphiramidi emhlophe, elandela indlela isihlwele.

Ukuhlola izilwanyana

Kakade ke, hayi kuphela abantu zifakwa imifuniselo Classic kwengqondo. kuba Uluhlu izilingo ophezulu-iprofayile zibandakanyiwe apha ebalini abayi ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kokuchaza amava nkawu kuqhutywa ngo-1960. Le lokulinga ngokuba "Umthombo lithemba", umbhali walo Garri Harlou.

Scientist abanomdla ingxaki ngaphandle entlalweni umntu wayefuna iindlela ukuze bazikhusele kuyo. Xa izifundo zakhe Harlow andiyi ukusebenzisa abantu emide, okanye mandithi namatakane kwezi zilwanyana. Abanye abantwana esikolweni lwasuswa unina, itshixiwe yedwa esiseleni. Abathathi-nxaxheba kuzo olu lingelo baba izilwanyana kuphela bond ogama ngokweemvakalelo naye ukuba akakaze kwamathandabuzo.

Iimbongolo zeenqana ngentando yesajingalwazi onobukroti esetyenzisiweyo emgodini unyaka, engafumaneki "inxalenye" yokunxibelelana. Ngenxa yoko, abaninzi bala mabanjwa bavelisa ukungaqhelekanga kwengqondo. Inzululwazi yakwazi ukuqinisekisa ingcamango yakhe yokuba nokuba umntwana owonwabileyo akakwazi ukugcina ukucima. Ngeli xesha, iziphumo zovavanyo zibhekwa zingabalulekanga. Kwiminyaka engamashumi ama-60, uprofesa wathola iileta ezininzi ezivela kubalimi, ngokungazi ngokunyanzelekileyo ukunyuka kwamadoda alwela amalungelo abazalwana bethu abasebancinci.

Ufumane uncedo

Kakade, ezinye izilingo ezinkulu zengqondo zenziwa kwizilwanyana. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1966, kwanikezwa amava ahlaselayo, eyaziwa ngokuba ngu "Ukufumana uncedo." Iingcali zengqondo zeMark kunye noSteve basebenzisa izinja kwizifundo zabo. Izilwanyana zavalwa emacaleni, zaza zaqala ukulimaza ngoncedo lwezigqeba zangoku, ezazithoba ngokukhawuleza. Kancinci, izinja zazinempawu "zokufumana uncedo", ezibangele ukuxinezeleka kwengqondo. Nangona emva kokuba bathuthelwe ukuvula iiseli, abazange babalekele ukuhlaselwa kwamanje okuqhubekayo. Izilwanyana zikhethwa ukunyamezela intlungu, iqinisekile ngokungaqiniseki kwayo.

Iingcali zenzululwazi zifumene ukuba ukuziphatha kwezinja kwiintlobo ezininzi kufana nokuziphatha kwabantu abaye bafumana amaxesha amaninzi ukuhluleka kwimeko ethile. Kwakhona abancedisi, balungele ukubekezelela inhlanhla yabo embi.