Yamatyala International, imisebenzi kunye nemimiselo yawo

yamatyala International emthethweni umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, njengoko nabawaziyo ukuqwalaselwa kwiimeko ezithile igunya. amaziko anjalo akhiwa kwaye asebenza ngokungqinelana kunye nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, okanye, njengoko umgaqo, ngokutsho UN Security Act. Cinga iinkcukacha ngakumbi oko okuthathwa yamatyala ngamazwe.

I-International Criminal Court kwimeko enesihlwitha Germany yamaNazi

Ngomnye amaziko amabini egunyazisiweyo, apho ndadibana ngokupheleleyo iinjongo zabo. Ezi yamatyala ngamazwe ukusebenza emva Second World War. Eyokuqala kwasekwa ngokungqinelana nesivumelwano phakathi oorhulumente Russia, France, iBritani neUnited States eyasayinwa ngomhla Agasti 8, 1945. umsebenzi yayo ngokutsha ityala nokwenza isigqibo malunga kweenkokeli zomkhosi kunye norhulumente ku Germany. Umyalelo indalo yayo, izakhono kunye kwegunya zachazwa kule Tshatha, ehlonyelwe sivumelwano.

Indlela ezakhiwe ngayo amaziko

Iinkundla International kunye iinkundla akhiwa nabameli abasuka kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Ngo-Agasti 1945, inkundla iye yabhalwa ngamalungu amane kunye nenani elilinganayo zamasekela - omnye kumazwe ilungu le sivumelwano. Ukongeza, ngamnye uchaze eyakho umtshutshisi yayo abaziintloko kunye namanye amagosa ukuba zithunyelwe. Kuba abamangalelwa Kuthiwa iziqinisekiso procedural, kuqukwa nolungiselelo abavikeli. Umtshutshisi oyintloko wenza njengoko zombini ngokuzimeleyo kwaye edibene namanye.

amandla

Bona emiselwe imimiselo benkundla yamatyala ngamazwe. Ngokubhekisele umbutho wokuqala terms of reference zibandakanya ngokutsha:

• Mthetho olujoliswe uxolo (ukulungiswa, ucwangciso kunye nokuziphatha wemfazwe waphula umthetho izivumelwano).
• iphula Military (isenzo saphule imithetho okanye amasiko emfazwe).
• Mthetho nxamnye noluntu (ukubulala, ekuthinjweni, ubukhoboka, ubatshabalalise kunye nezinye izenzo olujoliswe ebantwini).

period operating

I inkundla yokuqala wasekwa ukuba aqhube i esingenakubalwa kweenkqubo. E Berlin waba indawo esisigxina. Yaba intlanganiso yokuqala ekuqaleni kuka-Oktobha 1945 Umsebenzi mbutho wayethintelwe inkqubo Nuremberg in practice. Oku kwenzeka ukususela nge-20 Novemba 1945 ukuya kwi-1 Oktobha 1946. Imithetho kunye neMimiselo sele kugqitywe umyalelo kwetyala kunye neentlanganiso. Isohlwayo izinto kucingelwa ukufa okanye isiphelo. Isigwebo, leyo nikeza amalungu sokugweba, iya kuqwalaselwa yokugqibela. Wayengenguye luxhomekeke kuhlaziyo yaphunyezwa ngokungqinelana umyalelo Control Council of eJamani. Lo mzimba yaba liziko kuphela egunyazisiweyo ukutshintsha isigqibo ingqalelo isicelo igweba uxolelo.

Emva kokukhatywa izicelo ityala, sanga singabamiselwe ukufa; isivakalisi wabulawa ngo-Oktobha 16, 1946 ebusuku bokuqala. NgoDisemba 11 nyaka, isigqibo esithatyathwe yiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, nto ingqinwa nemigaqo yamazwe ngamazwe zomthetho eziqulathwe kule Tshatha le Nkundla nomgwebo yakhe.

izilingo Tokyo

I inkundla yesibini iye yasekwa ukuze ukucikideka mthetho Japanese. It iqulathe abameli kumazwe elinanye. Umtshutshisi oyintloko wamiselwa injengele yomkhosi elaliwumile Japanese. Ke waba ngummeli US. Zonke ezinye lithi ziye amisiweyo abatshutshisi ezongezelelweyo. kwaqhutywa Ityala ukususela kwi-3 Meyi 1946 ukuya kwi-12 Novemba 1948. Ubomi ukuqiniseka enkundleni.

Imeko namhlanje

I-Convention on kohlanga lobandlululo sele esisigxina isakhono ukwenza iinkundla amatsha nezamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokomzekelo, kwenye yezi zenzo ukuba uzimisele ukuba ityala otyholwa kohlanga kufuneka ziphathwe kweli lizwe apho wenziwa, abasemagunyeni anegunya. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba zombini umbutho lwangaphakathi benkundla yamatyala ngamazwe. Okwangoku Sixoxa nokudalwa umzimba esisigxina owawuza iqwalasele wonke lo mthetho.

Benkundla yamatyala ngamazwe, kuxoxwe ngasentla, eyanele scope kunye temporal lwendawo. Ukuba ibhunga esisigxina, ke kufanele kube miqobo ezinjalo.

Kolawulo lwenkundla esisigxina

Le ngxaki kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iKomishini wasebenza kunye UN egameni kwiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, izindululo zilungiswe malunga nokusekwa umzimba esisigxina ngokusekelwe isivumelwano abaninzi ngohlobo ezingummiselo (Charter). Amagunya wenkundla yezizathu kufuneka iquke ingqalelo amatyala echaphazela abemi. Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha enikiweyo ukusasazeka ngobuchule kurhulumente.

Njengokuba yamatyala ngamazwe yangaphambili, iqumrhu esisigxina kufuneka ingqalelo njengetyala elichasene ukhuseleko loluntu kunye nehlabathi, kunye nezinye izinto ezifanayo, ezifakwe kudidi 'bezizwe ngezizwe ". Oku kulandela ukuba wolawulo wenkundla kufuneka ukunxibelelana iingqungquthela efanelekileyo yamazwe ngamazwe.

Ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali, imboniselo egqubayo umba nobuchule kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ukuba, ngokungqinelana ne apho umzimba igunya kufuneka liyakuphelela ingqalelo ezi zenzo njengoko kohlanga, uchuku, ulwaphulo-mthetho nxamnye noluntu kunye nokhuseleko lwabantu ababengekho empini. Ekuphela eyamkelekileyo uyavuma ukufakelwa Charter ezenzo ngolwimi olucacileyo kwesohlwayo ngamnye kubo. Isigqibo iphambili kwezohlwayo kufuneka zinikwe ixesha elithile okanye ubomi. Umbuzo malunga nokusetyenziswa isohlwayo sokufa, kuhlala elawula namhlanje.

isakhiwo

yamatyala ngamazwe Previous yabhalwa abameli yamazwe abathatha inxaxheba izivumelwano ezifanelekileyo. Ukubunjwa lentendelezo ezahlukeneyo. Kwimeko wokusungula umzimba esisigxina ngayo Kuthiwa iya kubandakanya uSihlalo kunye Usekela-Ofisi kaMongameli. Imibutho yabasebenzi iza kwenza imisebenzi zombini yolawulo egwebayo. Njengoko uviwo amatyala kunye nokugwetywa ezi njongo kulindeleke ukuba abele ziye ezingontsini ngokulandelelana. Wavele, umsebenzi kuya kwenziwa ngeendlela ezimbini:

1. Kwenziwe uphando sisigqeba esizimeleyo. Kuya kuqhutywa egameni uluntu kwihlabathi kumazwe abo.
2. Uphando kwi sikhokelo ngokusebenzisa nabasemagunyeni eligunyazisiweyo kazwelonke.

inkqubo Yugoslavian

Ngowe-1993, 25 Meyi, iBhunga lezoKhuseleko UN wadlula isisombululo. Ngokutsho yaye yasekwa yinkundla yamazwe ngamazwe ukuze kutshutshiswe kwabenzi Kukwaphula umthetho noluntu lalisakuba yiYugoslavia. Ngomhla kummandla kweli lizwe kuqale ungquzulwano, nto leyo yaba buhlungu ngenxa yabantu. Ekuqaleni uMniki wenkundla savunywa. Oku wathatha umzimba kolawulo ngokuphathelele abantu abenza yaphula iingqungquthela Geneva kunye nezinye izithethe. Phakathi izenzo ezinjalo - infliction ngabom ukubandezeleka okanye ukubulawa, unyango ngokungenabuntu kunye nokuhlukunyezwa, ngokuthatha abantu bathinjwa, ukugxothwa okungekho mthethweni, sebenzisa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo, kohlanga, njalo-njalo.

lo mbutho

Kule Tribunal 11 abagwebi ezizimeleyo. Bona ethunyelwe States anyulwe yiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo iminyaka emi-4. Uluhlu ibonelela i-UN Security Council. Njengokuba yamatyala ngamazwe lwangaphambili, kule meko kukwakho umtshutshisi. NgoMeyi 1997, kuye konyulwa sisincoko entsha. Xa isakhiwo sale yamatyala ezi-2 no-1 izilingo isibheno gumbi. Kule runs ezintathu zokuqala, kwaye eyesibini - abantu abahlanu ogunyazisiweyo. Ingaba umbutho kwi The Hague. YoMthetho ilawula inkqubo amatyala, ukudrafta zokubanjelwa. Oku ndawumisa nabo amalungelo abarhanelwa kunye abamangalelwa, kuquka ukuziphendulela.