Sobuhle - ntoni na? Inzululwazi sokuhomba. Ethics kunye Aesthetics

Ihlabathi yanamhlanje ayikwazi khona ngaphandle iingqiqo ezifana yokuziphatha kunye bayo. Noko ke, ukuze uqonde umahluko phakathi kwala magama ulingana yonke ukuqonda bokuqonda ezininzi. Ngokukodwa, inkcazelo yegama elithi "bayo". Yintoni na le mbono, kunye nenzululwazi ezimbini kwahluka enye kwenye?

Yintoni yokuziphatha?

Ethics - inkqubo yolwazi evumela abantu ukuba ukwahlula okulungileyo kokubi, emihle evela ndimbi. Yiloo nto ke inzululwazi ubuhle. Ezi zakhono unique, ngokuba zinceda ukuba benze izigqibo ezizizo. Kwisistim azezi izithethe zentlalo imiba yokuziphatha kufuneka ukuba isetyenziswe kubo bonke ubomi. Ethics ichaza ingqiqo ezinjengokunyaniseka, magnanimity, ububele, ukubawa, impindezelo, kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Unxibelelwano imfundiso yentanda

Ethics kunye ubuhle babe nolwalamano olusondeleyo bulumko. Uphononongo yokuziphatha baqalisa edume sobulumko yamaGrike uAristotle. Eli gama unetyala linentsusa yalo kwanakumGrike igama ethos - "ethos", gama elo elithetha "custom", "isimilo". A neciko ezaziwayo-kakuhle sobulumko uCicero, ngubani na ummeli elidumileyo ngexesha waseRoma yamandulo, igama eliguqulelwe yesiLatini, ngenxa yoko, kwafunyaniswa ukuba ngeenqobo kukuba ukuze utshatise lenkolo, kwaye uvumelane amazwi moralitas - "yokuziphatha", moralis - ". Yokuziphatha"

ingqiqo ezintathu

Ngolwimi Russian, kukho kwakhona amagama afana yokuziphatha kunye yokuziphatha. Okwangoku, kulindeleke ukuba igama elithi 'izimiso "," ukuziphatha "yaye" yokuziphatha "kuyahambisana. Nakuba kunjalo, abantu abamele i-bulumko wesizwe, kukho iikota ezintathu ogama amaxabiso ziyafana kakhulu.

Yintoni umahluko?

Ngoko ke, yintoni umahluko? Phantsi izimiso inzululwazi athathiweyo ukuncwasa ivumela ukufumana ulwazi ukuze ukwahlula okubi ukusuka elungileyo amanene, ezibengezelayo, ezintle ukusuka Yokuziphatha ugly, imbi, yaye ngaphantsi - sezingqondweni yokuziphatha ukuba efundwayo. Ethics isayensi zokuziphatha, ubukhulu athile elementi yokuziphatha ngokwayo. Yintoni umahluko onokubonwa? Ethics ibandakanya imigaqo jikelele ukwanguwe, nokuziphatha - apho ke babona ngokupheleleyo imithetho ezithile (postulates), kunye nemigaqo ngokubanzi ngamnye kunye noluntu, kodwa ke xa umntu ecelile zotshintsho.

Ethics akhona in ndoda ebuntwaneni

Kwinkulungwane yama-21 iye thaca uluntu umba bioethics, nto leyo ngokulungelelanisiweyo onxulumene le izimiso usapho kunye nesini. Emva kuluntu yinxalenye uzimisele ngqo baphilileyo, ulwalamano oluhle phakathi kwendoda nomfazi. usapho Happy lityale ezingqondweni zobuntwana aze nemiphefumlo abantwana amaxabiso kamva eyayiza kuba ngundoqo kwimpilo yokuziphatha, ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwasengqondweni eluntwini lonke. Umntu ngamnye kufuneka bafumane ulwazi yokuziphatha kunye nokuphuhlisa abantwana babo kwangoko. Kuphela Kule meko kungenzeka ukuba bagcine ukuthula, ukuze eluntwini. Ukongeza, umntwana ngamnye kufuneka aqonde ngayo nayiphi na imimiselo kunye namabinzana yokuziphatha kufuneka kukhunjulwe kuyo nayiphi na imeko.

impilo ilungile

Ethics ubuntu yokuziphatha na umntu ingakumbi, ngokupheleleyo, kwaye azilawulwa. ukuziphatha zoluntu, phezu koko, wadalwa ukuze uluntu elityebileyo, isalamane nezilawulwa ngokungqongqo. Kungenxa yoko le nto umntu yokuziphatha lingenako ngokululama sizithobe nesimilo ezibalaseleyo zoluntu, nto leyo polemic ongenalusini nayo. Yona ekhalazela nayo, iqwalasela inqanaba elisezantsi kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, phakathi ezimbini ekugqibeleni kuvela kwingcinezelo ngenxa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ingqikelelo uluntu. inkampani ayikwazi ukuba bahloniphe nesimilo abantu, ukuziphatha nobuntu yokuziphatha - phezu koko. Ngapha koko, abantu uthathwa ukuba ube lidini ngenxa injongo efanayo. Umntu ofuna ukuba ubomi ngokuchanekileyo, nezikhundla ethical kufuneka ahlole indlela yokuziphatha yabo nezenzo zabo bonke abanye. Emibonweni okulungileyo nokubi, ubuhle kunye babi, ngokundilisekileyo amanyala kufuneka kunceda ukuba ahlole multi-amaninzi kwihlabathi lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle. Le ndlela iza kwenza ukuba siqonde uhlobo lokuziphatha kunye nesimbo kufuneka ilandelwe ubomi bakhe. sobulumko IsiNgesi George Edvard waphi aqiniseke ukuba indlela yokuziphatha likuvumela ukuba wenze izigqibo, ukuba benze ukhetho. Ngokusekelwe imigaqo yokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha, kusenokwenzeka ukuba siphile ngokuvisisana kunye nabanye.

Yintoni sobuhle?

Sobuhle - ntoni na? Yeyona inzululwazi kolwazi oluvo zehlabathi, ukuqonda kunye nokudalwa ubuhle, ubuchule ukuvakalisa imifanekiso ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa. Udidi "ubuhle" yaye "emangalisayo" leyo esondeleyo omnye komnye. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-Kokwabakhulileyo ke efanelekileyo, ngokutsho apho kunokwenzeka ukuqwalasela ezinye izenzakalo yobuhle. Ngoko, kuba umlinganiselo omkhulu okhethekileyo.

izinto ezilungileyo nezingalunganga

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imfundiso mihla ngokuqhelekileyo zizakubalulwa njenge didi ezintle, kunye izichasi zabo, ezifana:

• ezintle - ugly;
• kakhulu - ezimbi;
• sublime - ezimbi.

Le nkalo uphando isekelwe kwinto yokuba ulwabiwo amaxabiso alungayo esemgangathweni usoloko busenza ukuba ubukho okwahlukileyo.

History of kombono

Igama elithi "isifundo nobuhle" ukuvela phakathi kwenkulungwane XVIII. Ingcinga Ndaziswa ekuhlaleni yemfundo sobulumko Aleksandru Gotlibu Baumgarten waseJamani. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba gama unetyala imvelaphi yalo aisthetikos igama lesiGrike, leyo iguqulelwe ngokuba 'novelwano.' Baumgarten wakwazi ukufumana isikhundla okhethekileyo lesayensi, ezise uqeqesho omtsha ozimeleyo, nto leyo likufutshane bulumko - bayo. Yaba idabi real, ngeke walelwe.

uphuhliso sobuhle

Yenzeka njani le nto? Isifundo nobuhle is ahlanganiswe kwasekuqaleni. Kumaxesha amandulo neengcamango ingqalelo imibuzo jikelele yohlobo ubuhle kunye nobugcisa. KumaXesha Aphakathi abantu bazama ukwazi uThixo. Xa Renaissance ubuhle ingcamango ekuqaleni eyavela isigaba inkcubeko, kodwa Kwaphawuleka nolwalamano olusondeleyo nendalo. Zesayensi ekuqaleni mihla isiseko kwemimiselo zobugcisa, kuquka ngophuhliso kunye bayo uncwadi. Xa Age of Ukukhanya ubuhle bavumelekile ukuqalisa ukuvavanya imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yobugcisa ngokuphathelele indima yabo kwezentlalo. Kwaba ngelo xesha ababhali baye bazama ukuba niyinikele imisebenzi ube ukubaluleka ngokukodwa cognitive yokuziphatha, wavumela abantu ukuba uhlakulele.

Ngokutsho bulumko malunga nobuhle

Immanuel Kant, leyo yenye zobulumko edume babekholelwa ukuba kwintanda-bulumko nobuhle kukuvumela ukuba uhlole i ezintle kwimizobo, leyo isihloko kuyo. Kodwa ke, ukufunda izinto ubuhle akwenziwanga. Ngokutsho iimbono likaEmmanuel Kant, ubuhle (nto leyo inzululwazi, ezichazwe ngasentla), kuqwalaselwa izigwebo ezahlukeneyo malunga ocoliweyo, ngoko inika isiseko ukugxeka zobugcisa ezahlukeneyo isebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba iyathotyelwa zabo kwezi ndidi ze ukuqinisekisa inqanaba cognitive, ukubaluleka yokuziphatha. Sobulumko Georg Hegel wath ukuba nobuhle yinxalenye bulumko, kodwa yenzelwe ukuphonononga iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa, kunye result inzululwazi ivumela ukucacisa indawo ahlala kuyo ngamnye umsebenzi wobugcisa kwenkqubo elidluleyo zikhoyo kunye nezizayo izizukulwana.

Ethics kunye ubuhle for self-ukuphucula kunye nolwazi lwehlabathi

Kamva, le into iingqameko ukuba sisizathu evumela ukufumanisa indlela kwimizobo, ukuhlalutya iimpawu indlela bezobugcisa umsebenzi. Yonke le kubuhle. Uya kuba yintoni na kwixesha elizayo omnye izifundo zesikolo, ayikwazanga ukucinga nabani na.

Marxists ndilityumbileyo njengendlela ekhethekileyo inzululwazi endalo, nto leyo evumela ukuvavanya amaxesha yophuhliso lwayo. Ngelo xesha linye bayo zobugcisa bekugqala ubugcisa nenkcubeko yoluntu lwehlabathi.

sobulumko Russian Aleksey Fedorovich Losev ingqalelo lo mbandela ezenzululwazi ihlabathi ngokukhethekileyo iintlobo ecacileyo, eyenziwe njengandoda kunye nendalo. Wayeqiniseka ukuba kuyimfuneko ukufunda nje kuphela, kodwa ezinye iindidi ezintle kubuhle, phakathi apho kufanele kuphawulwe angcolileyo, kwinqakwana, sublime, kokungeni, ezimbi, t. E., Kukho nje kuphela bayo kunye zobugcisa, kodwa ke malunga epheleleyo. Le mbono Losev ngelithi ukuba nobuhle isayensi eza kuphonononga iimpawu kwimbono lweemo ezahlukeneyo ezibonisa ihlabathi bafumane amathuba nokuphuhlisa abaku. Ngokusekelwe kule ngongoma, umba ifomu wengcibi zinakho ingqalelo ntonye ngokungathi art.

sobuhle mihla

Okwangoku ngesihloko nobuhle nangoku uhambisa natshintsha, ngokunxulumene izazinzulu ezininzi ziyaqhubekeka ukukhangela impendulo. Noko ke, le mbono ethandwa kakhulu, njengoko isetyenziswa phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Umzekelo, ngokufuthi uyakwazi ukuva i "umtsalane umzimba" okanye "ubuhle ishishini" njalo-njalo. D.

Science kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ekukhanyeni iindidi angundoqo ezifana "yobuhle". Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba yingcamango jikelele ebanzi ngokuphathelele kwizinto ezininzi.

Features uphuhliso yokuziphatha kunye nobugcisa zehlabathi

uphuhliso Umgaqo olawula ihlabathi kwenza kube lula ukuphucula ukuziphatha zomntu ngamnye, ukuqonda ngcono imeko oyinyaniso yaye ifune nokudalwa ihlabathi efanelekileyo. Umntu ngamnye uqala ukuqaphela iminqweno, ukuphuhlisa incasa wakho, uthabathe loo imigaqo yokuziphatha kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha iintlanga ezahlukeneyo, ukuhlola izenzo abahlobo bakhe. ulwazi efanekileyo kusenza siqonde zonke izithethe yokuziphatha kunye nemigaqo yokuziphatha, enamathela kuluntu, kwakunye nokuqonda izinto awohluke yehlabathi ngalinye uhlanga.

Uphuhliso zehlabathi

nokwenziwa ubuhle zehlabathi kunokwenzeka kuphela xa kukho umdla kwisifundo ulwazi okanye ugqaliso bezibona holistic. Art ikuvumela ukuba ukudala, yaye kamva ukunyenyisa indlela sabele amava entlalo-zembali. Imbono yomsebenzi wobugcisa igalelo self-ukuphucula kunye notshintsho zengqondo malunga ihlabathi ngokusekelwe iimvakalelo buqu kunye nendalo zentlalo nenkcubeko yolwazi kubuhle. Ukuqonda ihlabathi ubutyebi aesthetic kuvumela ukufunda zonke iinkalo indlela ubugcisa nto leyo yimveliso-analogu.

ulwazi efanekileyo nobugcisa zehlabathi - indlela engcono self-ukuphucuka. ethandwayo yokubonisa umbhali odumileyo British Oscar Wilde uthi: "Aesthetics i cut ngaphezu yokuziphatha!" Ngoko ke, umdali uthi ubuhle ngasentla, okt. E. ezibalulekileyo Good. Ingaba yena ilungelo? Okanye akunjalo? Kuphela ngabanye nangokunyanisekileyo ephendula le mibuzo, mntu ngamnye uza kuba nako ngakumbi kakhulu ukuyicinga imisebenzi: on iinkolelo okulungileyo, okanye imithetho ubuhle. Ukukhetha zezenu: zokuziphatha okanye bayo. Ntoni na kuwe?