Uqwalaselo Electronic - imfihlelo lwesakhiwo atomic

Xa ekwindla ka-1910 Ernest Rutherford, nabaphethwe iingcinga, ebuhlungu uzama ukuqonda yangaphakathi isakhiwo atom. amalinge akhe kwiintsali alpha kwamasuntswana izinto ezahlukeneyo Tobacco ayinyaniso ngayo - atom ekhoyo ngaphakathi ethile unexplored kude, umzimba, omkhulu. Ngowe-1912, uRutherford basenokuthi i nucleus atomic. Le Isazinzulu Intloko ngohlobo amawaka imibuzo. Yintoni ophethe lo mzimba ayaziwa? Yintoni na inani electron ezifunekayo ukuqinisekisa ubunzima bayo?

NgoMeyi 1911, uRutherford, wapapasha inqaku kwi isakhiwo-atom, leyo lilindele a caveat kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba uzinzo ngesakhiwo atom kungenzeka ukuba ixhomekeke ubuqili isakhiwo lwangaphakathi atom kunye kwisindululo amasuntswana icala, ezo icandelo wayo ubalulekile zesakhiwo. Ngoko ke wazalwa electron uqwalaselo - electron zenyukliya yemodeli atomic. Le model limiselwe ukudlala indima olukhulu physics yenyukliya.

uqwalaselo Electronic - yinto yemihla ukwabiwa elektroni kwi emzileni atomic. Ngenxa engqondweni ukwazi unyamezelo Ernest Rutherford, owaba nako ukukhusela ingcamango yakhe, inzululwazi iye natyetyiswa ngolwazi olutsha, ukubaluleka ongayi zibalulekile.

Uqwalaselo yekhompyutha i-atom na. Xa iziko ngesakhiwo yonke silahlwayo elingumongo kuqulethe material eyahlukileyo mali ngamnye neutron kunye protons. Kwaye oku kungenxa ezakhayo isigxina ngumongo. Around kuyo omise ezifanelekileyo concentric ukuhambisa electron - kakubi ityala amasuntswana nezakhiwo. Ezi omise atomic ibizwa ngokuba nalo lukhule. Komzila engaphandle ye atom kuthiwa Valence. Iqela elektroni kuwo - valency.

uqwalaselo nganye elektroniki eziqalelo kuyahlukahlukana inani elektroni eziqulathwe kuyo. Ngokomzekelo, into elula kakhulu kwindalo iphela - hydrogen - elinye kuphela electron enye, ioksijini atom, - anesibhozo kunye electronic yoqwalaselo nsimbi electron ezingamashumi amathandathu.

Kodwa ke kubalulekile ukuba imodeli yekhompyutha atom ayikho inani elektroni, yaye yintoni ayigcine ndawonye, Nokubengezelisa inkqubo ukuze sisebenze kakuhle - ngumongo nokubunjwa kwayo. Inika iimpawu ezingundoqo kweziyobisi ngamnye kunye neempawu. Elektroni ngamanye amaxesha ushiye imodeli atom, uze atom uzuza intlawulo entle (ngenxa intlawulo zenyukliya). Kulo mzekelo, iyeza akuthethi Ukutshintsha iimpahla zalo. Kodwa xa utshintsha ukwakhiwa njengabona bantu, kuya kuba yinto into eyahlukileyo iimpawu ezahlukeneyo. Yenza kube nzima, kodwa kunokwenzeka.

Ekubeni uqwalaselo electron akwenzeki ngaphandle element yayo ephambili noshowo - ngumongo atom, kufuneka kugxininiswe. Yiyo le nto engundoqo yemodeli atom yakha iimpawu kunye neempawu zayo nayiphi imichiza ngamnye. Protons, leyo, enyanisweni, anike ongundoqo isityholo entle inzima amaxesha 1840 ngaphezu nayiphi na electron. Kodwa ke amandla le Proton imali elingana naleyo nayiphi na electron. Xa imeko yohlengahlengiso inani protons ngendlela atom linani electron. Kulo mzekelo, i undoqo na yenethiwekhi yoyalo zero.

Enye yamasuntswana enkulu ebizwa ngokuba neutron le ngumongo atomic. Yiyo le isici ayinayo isimangalo, kwenza yenyukliya chain reaction. Ngoko ukuze zazi ixabiso neutron nje akunakwenzeka.