Isakhiwo Isigxina yingxenye ye atom

Into yokuba zonke izinto iqanjwa amasuntswana sabaqalayo, izazinzulu baye bacinga nokuba Greece yamandulo. Kodwa ukubonisa oko okanye awuvisisani ngaloo mihla bekungekho ndlela. Ewe, kwaye iimpawu atom kumaxesha amandulo wayengayazi esekelwe kuphela bakuqapheleyo ngayo izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Bonisa ukuba yonke into iqulathe amasuntswana sabaqalayo, waphumelela kuphela ngenkulungwane ye-19 yaye emva koko ngokungangqalanga. Ngelo xesha, zesayensi kanye yaziwa kulo lonke ihlabathi baye bazama ukwenza ingcamango elidityanisiweyo amasuntswana sabaqalayo, bechaza ukuma kwazo kwaye acacise iimpawu ezahlukeneyo, ezifana intlawulo yenyukliya.

Isifundo molecule, athom kunye nezakhiwo zawo nikela ukuba imisebenzi izazinzulu ezininzi. Physics ngcembe yasiwa isifundo sekuba - amasuntswana cebetshu neempawu zazo intsebenziswano. Izazinzulu baba nomdla koko yenza phezulu ngumongo atom, nantoni na awayefike sele uzame ukungqina kubo, ubuncinane ngokungangqalanga.

Ngenxa yoko, njengokuba ingcamango esisiseko iye yamkelwa imodeli langa lwesakhiwo-atom ecetywayo yi Ernest Rutherford kunye Niels Bohr. Ngokwalo mbono, nesigxina nayiphi atom ngumongo yinto entle, ngoxa ejikelezayo Jikelezisa yi elektroni kakubi ityala, ekugqibeleni ukwenza atom na kagesi cala. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, lo mbono uye ngokuphindaphindiweyo yaqinisekiswa zonke iintlobo amalinge, kuqalwa kumava omnye yayo co-ababhali.

physics enyukliya wale mihla ithiyori izifundo angundoqo i uRutherford-Bohr ngayo athom kunye nazo zonke izinto zawo zisekelwe phezu kwayo. Kwelinye icala uninzi yeengcinga eziye zavela kule minyaka-150 idluleyo, phantse zange uqinisekisiwe. Kubonakala ukuba physics enyukliya becala imbono theoretical component ubungakanani ultra-encinane izinto efundwayo.

Kakade ke, kwihlabathi lanamhlanje amisele intlawulo aluminiyam core, umzekelo (okanye nayiphi na enye into) kulula kakhulu ngenkulungwane ye-19, yaye ngakumbi ke - eGrisi yamandulo. Kodwa ukwenza izinto ezintsha kule intsimi, izazinzulu maxa wambi bafikelela kwisigqibo Akumangalisi. Uzama ukufumana isisombululo ingxaki, nokwakheka amasuntswana nezakhiwo lijongene nemingeni emitsha kunye eziphikisanayo.

theory ekuqaleni Rutherford uthi iimpawu imichiza ukwimo kuxhomekeka koko isigxina ngumongo-atom kwaye, ngenxa yoko, inani elektroni, ejikelezayo emzileni wawo. chemistry Modern zemvelo ukuxhasa ngokupheleleyo kulo nguqulo. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ukufunda lwesakhiwo lwalusanda ekuqaleni bakucaphukele ukusuka model elula - i-atom hydrogen, kukho nesigxina ngumongo uyalingana 1, le mfundiso isebenza ngokupheleleyo zoonke lwezakhi kuquka i iintsimbi umhlaba ezinqabileyo kunye nezinto radioactive, bayilungisa ngokuzenzela ekupheleni kule nkulungwane yeminyaka.

Inqaba, kudala ngaphambi kokuba uRutherford izifundo IsiNgesi yemichiza igqirha William Prout ukubunjwa waphawula ukuba inani kwezinto zinikwe ezininzi i index hydrogen. Emva koko wacebisa ukuba zonke ezinye izinto nje ezenziwe hydrogen, kwinqanaba elisisiseko ethile. Ukuba, umzekelo, initrogen, yamasuntswana - a yamasuntswana 14 ezinjalo oxygen ubuncinane - .. 16, njalo njalo Xa siqwalasela le ngcamango tirhisiwa nokutyhilwa mihla, oko kuyinyaniso.