Izinyithi Rare umhlaba

nemihlaba Rare - iqela elincinane ngokwentelekiso iiseli, nto leyo eye ezingama ngabameli 17. Zonke izinto thaca umbala ubuhle-omhlophe.

izinto zomhlaba Onge kunye nembali ifunyanwe

Eli qela kwezinto iye kutshanje kuphela kuvulwa. Eesampulu okokuqala ngo-1794. Nangona usomachiza Finnish Johan Gadolin wafunda iisampulu ekrwada kufuphi kwindawo ekuthiwa Ytterby. Apha Wasisusa i "umhlaba ulwelo" ayaziwa, ogama ngoko emva indawo - yttrium. Emva kwexesha elithile, waphinda iisampulu wabancina Martin Klaport, nto leyo eye zabelwa into ezongezelelweyo, ogama emva yiplanethi Ceres cerium.

Kwaye ngo-1907 sele 14 izinto ezinjalo wafunyanwa.

Igama elifanayo gqitha "nemihlaba ezinqabileyo" yaqaliswa ngenkulungwane ye-18 emva kwexesha. Apha, indima edlalwe yi kukuba zonke izinto kwamaqela benza oxides eliyinjubaqa ukuba phantse ezingenakunyibilika emanzini. Ukongeza, ukuba izazinzulu ixesha yakholwa impazamo ukuba lwezi methali ezinqabileyo kolu qweqwe lomhlaba.

neemethali zomhlaba Onge: abameli iqela

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, eli qela ali-17 imichiza. Ezi ziquka:

• Lanthanum.
• Cerium (ogama lakhe behlonipha Ceres, iplanethi).
• Neodymium.
• Pradeozim.
• Samarium.
• Promethium.
• Gadolinium.
• EYurophu.
• Iithegi.
• Holmium.
• ऍक्सेस ufikelelo.
• Erbium.
• Ytterbium.
• Lutetium.
• Thulium.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, engaphandle amanqanaba electron -athom phantse twatse. Oku kuchaza umchiza kunye neempawu ebonakalayo zesinyithi.

Le neemethali zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kunye neempawu zazo khemikhali

Abameli beli qela babe reactivity eliphezulu, apho ingakumbi xa itshiswe. Umzekelo, kwi lobushushu ephakamileyo ezithile zesinyithi bayakwazi zakudibana a hydrogenous.

Ngaphezu koko, ngokufudumeza ezi zinto basabela mpilo, wakha oxides ozinzileyo, amanzi-ezingenakunyibilika. Phela, isinyithi xa elivuthayo ioksijini esesibhakabhakeni liyasetyenziswa yokuzivelela ubushushu kakhulu. Kungenxa eli qela luphawulwa pyrophoricity - ibengezela ipropati emoyeni.

izinyithi Rare umhlaba nazo zibe hydroxides leyo zaneleyo enyibilikayo emanzini kwaye abanye baye iipropati amphoteric.

Phantse onke amalungu eqela iphawulwa igcwala imo +3. izinto esebenzayo kuyahlukahlukana. Oku kucingwa ukuba lanthanum kakhulu esebenzayo.

Nezokukhupha izinyithi ezinqabileyo umhlaba

Kwiimeko ezininzi, nemihlaba ezinqabileyo kwenzeka kunye. Omnye wesampula rock iqulethe amalungu eKhabhinethi qela. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho izimbiwa ngaphezulu kwama-250, nto leyo ziyinxalenye izinto ezinqabileyo umhlaba. Le izimbiwa ezinkulu ziquka monazite, Parisi Księte, orthite.

Eyona into iqhelekileyo kolu qweqwe lomhlaba uthathwa cerium. Kodwa thulium kunye lutetium kwindalo iqulethe mali ubuncinane.

Ngo-2008, ihlabathi yayiveliswa malunga 124 kweetoni eziliwaka zesinyithi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Iinkokheli kule imveliso kuthathwa kumazwe afana ne-Indiya, iTshayina kunye Brazil.

Enye indawo iidipozithi enkulu zesinyithi ezinqabileyo zelizwe ezifunyenwe ngo-2011. Ezi ndawo zimi emazantsi Pacific Ocean, kufuphi Hawaii, French Polynesia kunye Tahiti.

Le neemethali zomhlaba enqabileyo ukusebenzisa kwabo

Ezi zinto zisetyenziswa kumacandelo ngendlela ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ukuba ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini njengokwasesipilini. Okokuqala, ukuba ukwandisa Translations yeglasi. Okwesibini, lwezi methali zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iglasi ngenjongo ekhethekileyo - iglasi kute yelanga eyingozi okanye infrared transmissive unyango. Ngoncedo izinto ezinqabileyo umhlaba ukuvelisa iglasi ubushushu ezingatshiyo.

Enye into esinceda sisulungeke ezi zinto kusebenza njengento ehlanganisa. Kananjalo esetyenziswa kwishishini yemichiza ye ekuveliseni ekumgangatho ophezulu ipeyinti, ivanishi kwakunye zombala.