Ukuphanda ukuxhomekeka yengcinezelo kwi ubushushu - akukho nto kube lula ...

Ukufunda ubunjalo bomzimba igesi

Imbali izinto zesayensi kucala nesibakala sokuba umntu "ekunene" kwindawo eyiyo ngexesha elililo. Oku kwenzeke ntoni na isifundo zegesi. yamachiza French, wemithi, injineli Serge uCharles waba nomdla Aeronautics. Kule nkalo, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukufunda ukuxhomekeka yengcinezelo kwiqondo lobushushu lomoya le. Kakade ke, ubushushu bekusoloko isixhobo lokuqala abaphandi. Sekunjalo, enamandla, kulula ukulawula umthombo wamandla, kwaye lisoloko likho. Isixhobo kakhulu samandulo ulwazi belisoloko touchstone of "kakuhle, kakuhle, makhe sibone oko kuya kwenzeka xa ibe ikwayise iso bubushushu, kwaye ukuba ufaka ..." njalo-njalo

Kwaye yintoni umdla kangaka ukufumana Charles bayo? Thina lokwenza uphando lwakho. Thatha ityhubhu iglasi, kwelinye icala kuya kuvalwa ngokuqinileyo, kwaye amalungiselelo ngaphakathi piston apho umba ecaleni ityhubhu. Okulandelayo wabeka umthombo ubushushu - isibane utywala njengesiqhelo - kwaye kuxhotyiswe laboratory yethu kwisitulo ulinganisa lobushushu kunye noxinzelelo - kwaba phezu ubushushu uxhomekeko yengcinezelo siza ukuhlola. Ngoko ke, makhe siqale ...

Thina isixa esithile serhasi umthamo lirhangqwe lombhobho usisangqa kunye piston. Zinzisa piston podogreem isibane utywala kunye negesi test. Sibhala inani amaxabiso xi PN kunye Tn lobushushu igesi. Xa kuhlalutywa lwazi ezithathwe, siyabona ukuba ukuxhomekeka yengcinezelo lobushushu ubuntu umlinganiselo - ukunyuka nge lobushushu okwandayo kunye noxinzelelo. Qaphela ukuba piston ufakwa kwiingcinezelo ezahlukeneyo: ngaphandle - na esesibhakabhakeni, yaye ngaphakathi - ukusuka igesi shushu. Kuba nokuhlola elilandelayo kuzakususa isamba piston ubone ukuba piston ihambisa ukuya zokulinganiswa loxinzelelo. Kodwa iza kutshintsha isixa berhasi, kunye nemali (ubunzima) yahlala injalo. Sigqiba ukuba sifunyenwe uCharles: ubunzima rhoqo kunye nomthamo yengcinezelo berhasi kisekiyo ngqo lobushushu - nje entle.

Ngamanye amazwi, xa umthamo ukusoloko, kuyanda uxinzelelo zokufudumeza, yaye njalo ngelixa ubilisa ukunyuka mali. Kuba ballooning kubhaliwe kwakuthetha ukuba ngexesha ngokushushubeza umoya ukusuka sokukhuphela, ayanda kunye nokunyuka zayo umthamo, kwaye umthamo kwisigaba - akukho. Ngenxa yoko, umoya kwemfuneko ushiya ibhola kunye ngaphakathi umoya ubunzima ngaphantsi kwe ubunzima umthamo ofanayo umoya ovela ngaphandle. Imililo umgaqo Archimedes ', kwaye ibhola akunanto yakwenza kodwa aphaphazele aye uyakholiswa yabaphulaphuli.

Nakuba kunjalo, iziphumo kakhulu emangalisayo kukuba P xi lobushushu T zihlobene yi P1 / T1 = P2 / T2 = .... = PN / Tn = nengngqi. Inokuchazwa ngokwahlukileyo: P = k * T, apho k - uhlobo njalo gas. Ukuba sisebenzisa ezi ubuhlobo kumaxabiso ubushushu ngamnye, uxinzelelo nomthamo, ungafumana i constants ezaziwayo-kakuhle. Umzekelo, umthamo igesi inyuswe ubilisa kwi isidanga 1 ukuya 1/273 ngokubaluleka lokuqala.

Kakade ke, umdla inkulu ukuxhomekeka xi kukho izinto e lobushushu lenqanam lenguqu, umzekelo, ulwelo nerhasi. Le nto osondele izifundo yale hlobo ngamanzi. Senziwe ngaphezu umphunga wamanzi ke ngenxa yenguqu ye inani elithile iimolekyuli amanzi kwindalo lwangaphandle. Oku ayenzeki zizinto ezimbini - imikhosi ukugogeka komhlaba kunye noxinzelelo lwangaphandle. Liweyise uyakwazi ukufikelela kuphela molekyuli ezinako ezaneleyo eneji - lobushushu elingana. Kukho iindlela ezimbini ukuphumeza le umthamo: kunokwenzeka ukwandisa amandla iimolekyuli zamanzi ngokutshisa okanye lincitshiswe ukuxhathisa kwingcinezelo. Indlela yokuqala uqinisekiswe elaziwayo - amanzi shushu umphunga ngokukhawuleza, kwaye eyesibini - yokunciphisa molekyuli umbundu amandla eshiya i "umzali" okusingqongileyo.

Makhe siye ukuba isicwangciso sethu elebhu. Isithuba ngezantsi piston uzele ngamanzi, nje kancinane, nje 20-40 g Qaphela ukuba piston kufuneka ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo, yaye le nkqubo kufuneka iphutha vana. Ukuba amanzi shushu, umphunga wamanzi izakwenziwa shift i piston, ndimkhulule ngokwalo 'indawo elangeni. " Isithuba ngaphezu piston ukuba idityaniswe unikezelo emoyeni xi bume, umzekelo, wabeka intonga piston yesibini ngesandla elawulekayo. Ngoku ke kunokwenzeka ukuba aphande lobushushu uxhomekeko yengcinezelo umphunga. Ukuhambisa piston kunye intonga, ukutshintsha uxinzelelo lwangaphandle ukuya piston kuqala. data esiPhakathi ulungise. Ngokuchanekileyo uya kufaka ubushushu umphunga ngexesha abambe, ngamanye ayitshintshanga, ubuncinane ngokufutshane, intsingiselo. Ukuba sityeshele exchange ubushushu kunye nokusingqongileyo, indlela yokuziphatha kwisibini ayikho eyahlukileyo kakhulu ukusuka ukuziphatha yegesi efanelekileyo.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, maxa wambi yababini abangekaphuhli olunjalo singabonakala ukuxhomekeka abilayo ingongoma xi. Khumbula ukuba wabiza yenguqu ulwelo abilayo ukuze kumphunga ngexesha lokusekwa amaqamza kulo mqulu engamanzi. Ngaloo ndlela ukulungisa yethumba ngokulula kakhulu. Apha kwakhona ukunyuka koxinzelelo, engamanzi ebila: kukunyuka kweqondo lobushushu, yaye ngoko ke, kulula ukuba uninitiated ukubonisa Akumangalisi iqhinga - amanzi abilayo kubushushu ka-80 kuphela degrees Celsius okanye ukhangeleka ngokuchasene ingqiqo, ngaphezu izidanga 110 efanayo Celsius.

Kungenxa yokuba emva kukuphanda yokuziphatha igesi, umphunga xa isetyenziswe ukufudumeza imithombo ngalo mbandela, ekugqibeleni, kunye iinjini ezahlukeneyo ubushushu ziye zidalwe: injini umphunga, injini ephathekayo, injini, injini yokutsha lwangaphakathi. Yaye bambalwa siyazi ukuba amazibulo phakathi kwabo, Kambe ke, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ibhaluni.