ചിഹ്നം uphawu: isicelo kunye neempawu

Iyazazi eli nqaku liza kwenza ukuba umfundi ukuze ufumanise ukuba yintoni na ചിഹ്നം uphawu (imichiza element), ukusetyenziswa apho isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngumntu kwiindawo ezininzi umsebenzi wayo. Kananjalo kuqwalaselwa iimpawu nohlobo iikhemikhali ngokwasemzimbeni ngenxa izinto, iindlela zemveliso kunye ubukho emhlabeni, kuya kuthathelwa ingqalelo imbali emfutshane, ngexesha lokufunyanwa nesiqalelo.

Yintoni ചിഹ്നം uphawu

ചിഹ്നം uphawu - efunekayo imichiza kwi lwezakhi. Agcinwe kwi qela yesine, ixesha yesithandathu, inani atom asixhenxe anababini. Ibhekisa uhlobo kwezinto ezilula, iye ezixineneyo kunye ephakamileyo yokunyibilika, umbala, metal ubuhle-white. ചിഹ്നം uphawu mbi zokuguqulwa ezimbini. Ngenxa yempembelelo lobushushu malunga 2016 Kelvin uhlobo emkhusaneni amathandathu, akuba ukufumene utshintsho allotropic kwifomu karhulumente umzimba-wedwa emkhusaneni cc, bushushu, isiphathele crystal emkhusaneni kwinkqubo ezinamacala amahlanu.

Ukusuka kwimbali element lokuvula

Ukufunyanwa kwe element kwenzeka ngo-1923, wenza Derd yakhe De Heshevi kunye Dirk Coster. Bakwazi ukuqikelela Valence, kunye neempawu ezahlukeneyo esemgangathweni ചിഹ്നം uphawu ezisekelwe kwiimbono Bohr kaThixo, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, lacazulula umsebenzi Frenchman Jean Urbena, ngubani na owakholwayo ukuba ndafumanisa kumaCelts - into entsha. Noko ke, kamva afika ukuba kumaCelts zaba umxube encinci ചിഹ്നം uphawu kunye lutetium kunye ytterbium.

Niels Bohr, ukufunda umsebenzi kunye nokusebenzisa kwimisebenzi yabo izibalo mechanical quantum wabonisa ukuba ചിഹ്നം uphawu i-analogue le element kule nombolo 71 e sibumbeke, oko kukuthi zirconium. Derd De Heshevi kunye Dirk Koster wathi ingokufumana ചിഹ്നം uphawu into entsha, ogama emva umzi apho ukufunyanwa senziwa, emva kokuba usebenzise indlela yokusebenza X-ray, ngokuphindaphindiweyo zayihlalutya zircons Norway Greenland. Ukufunyanwa lwelayini diffraction X-ray yokufana eye wavumela izazinzulu ukubhengeza kokufunyanwa into entsha x-esibhakabhakeni.

Iindlela zokulungisa kunye noovimba zehlabathi

ചിഹ്നം uphawu na kolu qweqwe lomhlaba, kodwa lakhe izimbiwa, kodwa ngenxa yokuba 'iqabane' of zirconium. Inani HF e ores malunga 2.5%, nokuveliswa yonyaka malunga asixhenxe neetoni. ചിഹ്നം uphawu - material kunokuba eninzi, indawo yayo engundoqo buzinze Australia, eMzantsi Afrika, eUnited States, India naseBrazil. Indawo ukudwelisa kumazwe kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo kwinani wobukho HF kweli lizwe. Kubalulekile kwakhona ukuba sikhankanye ukuba iRussia kunye Ukraine ukuba oovimba kahle elikhulu olu, isixa oyintloko apho buzinze tsirkonome, owayo baddeleyite.

incazelo ngokomzimba

Inxalenye iimpawu emzimbeni ചിഹ്നം uphawu okhankanywe ngasentla. Ezi zingadityaniswa, ukuba olu, neliya ifom ezicukucezwe zancinane, oko phantse abamnyama. Linyibilike ngo 2233 degrees Celsius, nokubilisa iqala ngo 4603 ^C. emnqamlezweni icandelo ngenxa bamba neutron thermal na uhlobo eliphezulu kakhulu. Zirconium, ചിഹ്നം uphawu, ngokungafaniyo, ngumphakamo yecandelo imiyalelo ezintathu ubukhulu ngokuncipha. Ngoxa kokuthimba HF ulingana imivalo 115, xa zirconium yena bar malunga 0.2 kuphela. ചിഹ്നം uphawu abe nezinga efanayo umthamo nobushushu germanium (Genesise) aziqhelekanga. ethile incopho ubushushu kwi 60-80 Kelvin. Akwenzeki ukuba bacacise nawuphi na ingcamango enxulumene Hooke amandla, nto leyo ebangelwe lulungiselele Einstein superposition kwemisebenzi ukunika egopheni kunye eliphezulu.

iipropati chemical

ചിഹ്നം uphawu uye x-omkhu- emthini babomelele ngakumbi zirconium obufanayo. metal ngokwayo has a inertia kunokuba enkulu, nto leyo wayanyaniswe nohlobo isixando umboniso oxide leyo kwakheka kwi ചിഹ്നം uphawu. Best HF inyibilike മണ്ഡലം ifildi, മണ്ഡലം ifildi, umxube nitric acid kunye aqua regia. Kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu, oko combusted ioksijini nangaphandle uqalisa oxidize. Unokuthelela x-parameter awasabela ngayo kunye halogens. It has iimpawu uhlobo hydrophobic.

Zihlanganisi indo- kakutsha kunye tetravalent HF

Xa eli xabiso Valence sakhi iyaguquguquka kwaye, ngokungqinelana kunye neenqobo ezahlukeneyo inani kunokwenzeka amakhonkco x-ing, kukho ezininzi iikhompawundi ചിഹ്നം uphawu ebalulekileyo kunye nezinye izinto.

Divalent dibromide ചിഹ്നം uphawu inombala esiluhlaza bumnyama. Kubushushu degrees 400 Celsius iqala inqubo yokubola ukwenza i HF kunye HfBr4. Kushishino kufunxwa disproportionation HfBr3 e vacuo phantsi kwempembelelo thermal.

Trivalent HF emele tribromide (HfBr3) - iziyobisi omnyama nemsi, mhle okuqinileyo. Ngenxa yempembelelo lobushushu degrees 400 Celsius iqalisa elibi zibe kumacandelo amabini tetrabrombity dibrombidy kunye ചിഹ്നം uphawu. Le ndlela yenziwe ekufumaneni recovery HfBr4 ngokufudumeza e hydrogen, optionally kongezwe aluminiyam.

Zithako of tetravalent ചിഹ്നം uphawu ibalisa iqela elikhulu iikhompawundi, oko kukuthi HfO2 - it dioxide kunye hayidroksayidi x xyz ifomula HF (OH) 4. Ngoko nangoko ke tretrahlorid (HfCl4), tetrafluoride (HfF4), tetraiodide (HfI4) kunye tetrabomid ചിഹ്നം uphawu ekhankanywe (HfBr), kukho nangoku hydrogenphosphates ചിഹ്നം uphawu (HF (HPO4) 2).

Isetyenziswa kubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye nonxibelelwano kunye nemithi

ചിഹ്നം uphawu ifumaneka kusetyenziso kwiindawo ezininzi zemisebenzi ye-uhlanga lwabantu. Oku kungenxa yokuba ezininzi iimpawu umgangatho, kwiipropati ndiyenze izinto eziphathekayo sele ezahlukeneyo amacandelo lokuzingela yabantu, yomkhosi nkqu kushishino yenyukliya.

Ngoko ngaba usebenzisa njani ചിഹ്നം uphawu? Ukusetyenziswa in amayeza - yenye iinketho ezininzi, apho ungasebenzisa iimpawu sentsimbi. Ekubeni HF carbides esindayo-umsebenzi, phantse akukho xesha umhlwa, ukuba ingasetyenziswa ukulungiselela ukwenziwa izixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngoogqirha kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwazo ekwenziweni isipili X-ray.

Element ngempahla ogqwesileyo zombini nakuhlobo lwemichiza kwaye nangokwenyama - nto ചിഹ്നം uphawu. Ukusetyenziswa ekhaya kuba nje material ekwenziweni ngemibhobho radio, oonomathotholo kunye nomabonakude. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kushishino metallurgical ukuze adlulisele ezinye iintsimbi physico-technical nobomatshini iipropati engcono. Isicelo ചിഹ്നം uphawu kwakhona kwi yobunjineli x-esibhakabhakeni, kodwa kunqabile ukuba isetyenziswe ngenxa yokunqaba ayo kunye nemisebenzi ebaluleke ngakumbi.

Ukusetyenziswa ചിഹ്നം uphawu kwi belilinye zomkhosi

njani enye usebenzisa i ചിഹ്നം uphawu? Ukusetyenziswa ngezikhali - yenye isigaba umsebenzi zabantu, nto leyo ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle nesiqalelo. Oxides, silicides, borides kunye carbides ze ചിഹ്നം uphawu ukuba iikhompawundi elinjubaqa kakhulu, ngenxa yesi sizathu, xa wezandla yasemkhosini zingasetyenziswa njenge ukutyabeka olukhuselayo. Kwakhona sverhzharoprochnym kakhulu evumela HF kunye nemixube ukuba ukuveliswa kwezinto ekujongwe moya ultrafast imijukujelwa, kunye baxhomekeka.

Ukususela ngo-1998, iinzame zenziwa ukudala "ചിഹ്നം uphawu ukuqhushumba", ngokusekelwe kwi-isomer 187m2Hf. Kodwa ngenxa yophando nokuzivavanya le ngcamango obangwe, kungenxa yokusilela amathuba kunye ubugcisa yangoku ukuphumeza kuphuma amandla engaphezulu evela undoqo ifom ye isomer.

Okunye isebenzisa into elula HF

Xa amandla enyukliya, kunye neendawo ekhankanywe apha ngasentla, kodwa inani elikhulu nabo usebenzisa ചിഹ്നം uphawu. Apho kusetyenziswa olu? Ngenxa yekhono layo ukuze neutron bamba HF iintonga zenziwa ukuze kulawulwe glasi ezikhethekileyo neeseramiki.

Xa ചിഹ്നം uphawu umsebenzi umsebenzi ephantsi kakhulu (3,53eV) kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu ingasetyenziswa xa kusenziwa cathodes nemipu electron. I jet ze iinjini gas-phase yenyukliya inokufumaneka borides kunye carbides of ചിഹ്നം uphawu, yaye kanye ngakumbi ezinye izinto kwesakhiwo.

ചിഹ്നം uphawu nokuba ifumana isicelo ekwenziweni umbane zombane udidi thermionic kwaye isoloko ifumaneka kwinjini ion. Ngokusekelwe HfO2 na dielectrics ukuba inqanaba eliphezulu Heating rhoqo. Kwixesha elizayo sihlelwe endaweni yonke silicon oxide eqhelekileyo microelectronics kwi HfO2 oxide. Le replacement kuya kwandisa index ye elements nobuninzi nj.

Elokuphetha sinokuthi ukuba ചിഹ്നം uphawu, ukusetyenziswa leyo ethatha indawo ezahlukeneyo kumacandelo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu, ekuqaleni nasekupheleni kohambo kunye nomkhosi ngemihla kunye enyukliya, iyinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Le imfuno iphezulu kakhulu, kwaye metal kwindalo njalo luhambisana zirconium. Nokunqaba kunye neempawu zayo ukujonga iimpawu umgangatho yexabiso eliphezulu.