Ungagxininisa njani ngesiLatini?

Njengoko uyazi, ulwimi lwesiLatini kwihlabathi lanamhlanje lifile. Okokuthi, abakuthethayo. Kodwa konke kwavela ukuba olu lwimi lusetyenziswa ngokusisigama kwigama lesizwi. Akukho philologist akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kolwazi lwimi, nangona eyesiqalo: ukufunda nokubhala. Uxinzelelo lwesiLatini ngenye yeempawu ezinzima kakhulu. Eli nqaku li malunga naye.

Imbali yolwimi

Ulwimi lwesiLatini luyintsapho yase-Indo-Yurophu. Ithiwa igama emva kwesizwe sakwaLatin, ehlala kwindawo encinci yaseItaly - Latium.

IsiLatin siye saba ulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni kwiindawo ezininzi zaseYurophu, kwakunye nakwiNyakatho Afrika, kwiindawo zaseAsia. Ngekhulu lama-2 BC. E. Kukho inzuzo yolwimi lwesiGrike nelesiLatini, kuba ngelo xesha iGrisi yahlulwa yiRoma. Esi sizathu sokuba nenani elibalulekileyo lokuboleka amagama aseGrike ngesiLatini, kunye negama lesiGrike.

IsiLatini sihlala sisisiseko somthombo wokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha zonyango kwiilwimi zanamhlanje.

Kwiminyaka yeminyaka, isiLatin sasihlala ngolwimi lwesayensi nesithethe kwiYurophu. Inani elikhulu leencwadi ladalwa kuyo (imbali yembali, ezenzululwazi, izenzululwazi kunye neengcali zefilosofi, imibongo).

Ukufunda ngisho neyona ndlela encinane kakhulu yesiLatini kuya kwenza kube lula ukufunda ulwimi lwesiGrike, kwaye ukuqonda isigama kunye nesakhiwo segratmatic kuzakukunceda kakhulu ukufunda iilwimi zaseRomania (iSpanish, isiFrentshi, isiTaliyane), nesiJamani (isiJamani, isiNgesi). IsiLatini sathintela ulwimi lwesiRashiya, kwisigama esineziLatini ezininzi.

IsiLatin saba sisiseko sokudala zonke iilwimi zaseRomania. Kwaye kwezinye iilwimi zaseYurophu amaninzi amagama aseLatini, ikakhulukazi kwizesayensi, iyeza, inkcubeko kunye nelifa lemveli, ziye zangena.

Ulwimi lwesiLatini lucacile, luchanekileyo kwaye, ngokubanzi, lufikeleleka ngokukhawuleza. Oku kukuphela kweelwimi ehlabathini elinegrama. Igama lesiLatini liye lasasazeka kwiilwimi zeelwimi. Olu lwimi luba neengcinga zeelwimi, kwaye lunegalelo ekubonakalisweni okuchanekileyo kweemvakalelo zabo kunye neengcamango zabo ngolwimi lwazo. Akumangalisi ukuba zonke iimbono ezigqityileyo zeeminyaka ezidlulileyo zibandakanya olu lwimi kwinkqubo yabo yemfundo enyanzelekileyo.

Namhlanje, imfundo yezokwelapha kunye ne-philogy ayinakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuqonda iziseko zeLatini. Ukufunda ulwimi kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqeqesheni ezi ngcali.

Kwaye ba qalisa uhambo lwabo ngokuqonda iisiseko zefowuni, enye yazo ingcinezelo kwisiLatini.

Imigaqo

Ngokwendlela yokufunda, isiLatin akuyona ulwimi olulula kwihlabathi. Kodwa kuphela ngenxa yokuba akukho zithuthi eziphilayo. Ukususela kwindawo yokujonga iilwimi kubonakala kulula, ewe, ukuba uyayiqonda ngokucophelela zonke iinkcukacha.

Singakwazi ukwahlula imithetho emithathu kuphela yoxinzelelo kwisiLatini:

1. Ukuxinzezeleka kweLatini akunakuze kubekwe kwisilluli sokugqibela.
2. Uxinzelelo luwela kwi-syllable ephambili, kodwa kuphela xa kude; Ukuba i-penist imfutshane, faka kwisithathu ukusuka ekupheleni.
3. Uxinzelelo aluzange lubekwe ngaphaya kwesilayidi yesithathu.

Yikho konke! Imithetho emithathu engathobeliyo kulula ukuyikhumbula. Kodwa xa ufunda, imibuzo enokuvela ngokukhawuleza. Umzekelo:

• Inombolo yamabelabhile anqunywe njani?
• Sithetha ntoni i syllable ende?
• Yiyiphi i-syllable emfutshane?
• Isiqubulo sihamba njani?

Enyanisweni, le mibuzo iyimpendulo elula.

Indlela yokuchonga inani lamagama

Ingxelo yoxinzelelo kwisiLatini ixhomekeke ngqo kwi-syllable. Yintoni isilayidi? Le yileyunithi yokubhengeza ubuncinane beelwimi. Oko kukuthi, ayithwali umthwalo we-semantic, kodwa nje udibaniso lwezandi ezahlukeneyo.

Njengoko kwezinye iilwimi ezininzi, inani leelllabha zesiLatini lichongiwe ngenani lamakholomu ngelizwi. Kodwa ngeLatini kukho i-diphthongs, oko kukuthi, ukudibanisa kwezandi ezimbini ezibonisa ukutshintshwa kwesovili enye kwesandi. Ukubeka nje, izandi ezibini zethoyile ezingahlukaniswanga ngumbonisi.

Le nto inokuthi idibanise umntu oye waqala ukufunda ulwimi. Kodwa i-diphthong yile syllable enye, nangona iqulebhu ezimbini.

Ngokomzekelo, i- oopopus . Kukho iibllabha ezine kweli gama, nangona kukho izikhalazo ezihlanu. I-diphthong yile syllable enye! Ngokufanisa:

• Auris- 2 syllables, diphthong au ;
• Ii-vertebrae - 3 iibllabha, i-diphthonge;
• Umqhubi- 2 izilwanyana, idiphthong.

Isiqubulo

Ukuze uqonde indlela i-slogan idlulayo ngayo, kufuneka ufunde kuphela imithetho elithoba. Baya kunceda ukubeka ingqalelo ngokuchanekileyo kwisiLatini.

Syllogics:

1. Phakathi kwama-vowels amabili (apho kwenzeka ukuba ayenzi i-diphthong). Umzekelo, u -a-a .
2. Ngaphambi kwelinye ivoyile. Ngokomzekelo, simi-a (inqaku: umgaqo usebenza ukuba awukhoyo phambi kwesi sibonakaliso).
3. Phakathi kwamaqononongo amabini. Ngokomzekelo, i-jus-tus (ngaphandle: ukudibaniswa kwesidenge ( d, t, g, k, b, p ) kunye ne-smooth ( r, l ).
4. Ngaphambi kokuhlanganiswa kwe "qu" . Ngokwemvelo, i- anti-quus .
5. Phakathi kwe-diphthong kunye ne-vowel. Ngokomzekelo, i- europae-um .
6. Ngaphambi kokudibanisa izandi ezincinci kwaye ezilula. Umzekelo, tene-brae .
7. Ngaphakathi kweqela leencwadi ezintathu okanye ngaphezulu (khumbula ukuba ukudibanisa kwesidenge kunye nokugqithisileyo akubonakali). Umzekelo, i- mons-trum .
8. Emva kwesiqalo sokuqala. Umzekelo, kwi-structio .
9. Emva kweleta "j" , ephakathi kwama-vowels amabili. Umzekelo, pej-us .

Iifayile ezifutshane

Ngona ukuba isandi esilula okanye esifutshane, asixhomekeke ekubhengeni kwakhe. Kodwa lo mzuzwana unempembelelo enkulu kwimigaqo yokuchaza uxinzelelo lwesiLatini.

Ngoko, isilabhala ibizwa ngokuba mfutshane:

• Ukuba ikhona phambi kweqela lezandla. Umzekelo, i- atr i um . Kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuba i-vowel phambi kweveyile isoloko imfutshane!
• Ukuba kufakwe phambi kweleta "h". Umzekelo, extr ho ho .

Ezi ziintlobo zezandi ezimfutshane ngesimo. Kodwa kukho nezo zinto zifutshane. Okokudlulileyo bavakaliswa ngokude (kumnandi) iilwimi ezide. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwileta aboniswe yinqanaba elithi "hat". Umzekelo, vól ŭ cre .

Iidrabha ezininzi

Ewe, njengoko kuvela, le ilwimi yesiLatini ayilula! Ukuxinezeleka ngamazwi kuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezininzi. Kubandakanywa ubude kunye nokufutshane kwesilabha, ukuvuleka kwayo kunye nokufuphi (khumbula ukuba isilayidi evulekile iphelile kwisibhenqo, ivalwe kwi-consonant, njengesiRashiya).

Ngoko, isilabhasi inde:

• Ukuba iqukethe i-diphthong (digraph). Umzekelo, i- crat ae gus .
• Ukuba ikhona phambi kweqela labaqondiyo. Umzekelo, i- pot e ntilla .
• Ukuba itholakala phambi kwesinye sezikhononongo "x" okanye "z". Umzekelo, khangela i- xus .

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula oku kulandelayo! I-Consonant , b, p, t, d , kunye ne- l, r ayiyi kudala ubude kwi-vowel yangaphambili. Umzekelo, i- green bra, i-anh y drus. Izandi ezinikezelweyo zichanekile!

Kwimeko yobude bomsindo (kwaye ngoko-syllable), kukho iipateni ezisemgangathweni. Kwileta aboniswe ngedatha. Ngokomzekelo, ndingu- cus .

Iingqungquthela

Isihloko esibangel 'umdla kunye nesifundo ekufundeni isiLatini kuya kuba sisibheno kwiimeko ezinjalo njengezonyanya. Ukususela kwimigaqo yesiRashiya, wonke umntu uyazi ukuba la magama ngamazwi afanayo ekupeleni, kodwa ahluke ngentsingiselo. Kodwa ngolwimi oluthethwa ngabantu baseRussia, yonke into iyacaca. Kodwa isiLatini sinokuzisa izinto ezintle kule nkalo.

Inyaniso kukuba ubude kunye nokufutshane kwezwi alisoloko kuboniswe kwileta. Ngolwimi kukho amagama amaninzi-ama-homonyms, oko, ngokuxhomekeke kwisitatimende soxinzelelo, utshintshe intsingiselo yazo.

Ngokomzekelo, i- malum iyingozi (i-vowel ende), m lum i-apple (i-vowel efutshane).

Ukuze ugweme ukwenza iphutha elipheleleyo, kufuneka uqonde indlela yokubeka uxinzelelo kwiLatini, ekuhambeni nasekufutshane kwezandi.

Masihlalutye amagama ambalwa. Xa kukho ukutyunjwa kwegrafu kwileta, intsingiselo yelixical yegama kulula ukuyiqonda. Ngokomzekelo,

• I-Occ ī dit - ibulala (echazwe ngo-longitude);
• I-Occ ĭ dit - iyancipha (ukufutshane kufumaneka).

Xa kungekho uphawu lokugcina, yonke into yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Ngaphandle kwemithetho

Uxinzelelo lwesiLatini ngenxa yemithetho emininzi. Kodwa njengokuba uyazi, zihlala zikhona ezinye izinto. NgesiLatini, ngokuqhelekileyo banxulumene namazwi avela ngaphandle, oko kukuthi. Ubolekwe. Uninzi lwamagama luvela kwisiGrike.

Kuzo kwi syllable yesibili ukususela ekupheleni isandi sevolumu ngaphambi kokuba isibonakaliso sibonakale. Ama-diphthong aseGrike kwinkqubo yokuthandana yenziwa ngamazwi amakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, i- Achillea (yarrow), i- giganteus (enkulu).

Udidi olulandelayo lwamazwi angaphandle lubhekisela kuma-neologisms, amagama ahlawulwe kwiilwimi zanamhlanje. Uninzi lwamaxesha amaninzi kuwo, uxinzelelo lungafakwa kwakhona ngokungqinelana nemigaqo jikelele.

U mzekelo

Ngoku makhe sihlolisise ngokubanzi iinkcukacha zemigaqo yokuchazwa kwegama lesiLatini. Imizekelo iya kunceda ukuqonda yonke into kule ngxaki ngokuqinisekileyo.

• B e ne -igama liqulethwe ezimbini iibllabha (kuba kukho izibilini ezimbini), ngoko ke okokuqala yintambo.
• I- rma - ngomgaqo ofanayo.
• U-Nat u ra ligama le-polysyllabic (izilwanyana ezintathu, ngenxa yezibhenqo ezintathu), isilayidi yesibini ivulekile kwaye ide, ngoko kugxininiswa.
• P u blicus - uxinzelelo luwela kwi-syllable yesithathu ukususela ekupheleni, ngokuba isilayidi yesibini imfutshane.
• I-Pot e nea - igama eliqukethe ezine iiblulabhu (iileta ezine ze-vowel), uxinzelelo luwela kwi-syllable yesithathu ukusuka ekupheleni, kuba isilayila phambi kokuba imfutshane.
• I-Eur o pa - igama eliqulethwe ngeelwimi ezintathu (udibaniso lwe-eu yi-diphthong), uxinzelelo lubekwe kwisilayidi yesibini, ngenxa yokuba eli lifutshane lifutshane kwaye livulekile.