Ukulungiswa ammonia elabhoratri isikali mveliso

Ammonia (NH3) yikhompawundi lwemichiza hydrogen nge-nitrogen. Got igama layo kwigama lesiGrike «hals ammniakos» okanye Latin «sal ammoniacus» nelicaciswa Odinokova - "ammonia". Kuyinto into ebizwa ammonium chloride yafunyanwa kwi Libyan entlango eMeribha Iamoniyam.

Ammonia uthathwa into zinetyhefu kakhulu ukuba ikwazi ukubacaphukisa kwiinwebu kwamehlo kunye phecana zokuphefumla. Iimpawu eziphambili ammonia ityhefu na lacrimation ngokugqithiseleyo, dyspnea kunye nokudumba nezengekho miphungeni. Kwangaxeshanye, ammonia - umchiza exabisekileyo nesetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukulungiselela asidi ezingaphiliyo, umz, nitric, benqanda, kwakunye urea kunye nitrogen iityuwa. ammonia alulwelo - i zokusebenza izikhongozeli elihle refrigerated aphakathi oomatshini, nanjengoko sele ubushushu enkulu ethile vaporization. Zolwelo izisombululo ammonia zisetyenziswa isichumiso ulwelo ngokunjalo isichumiso ammoniation superphosphate, kunye nemixube zayo.

Ukulungiswa ammonia evela igesi ulwelo ngexesha coking yeyona ndlela kakhulu kwaye lufumaneka kakhulu, kodwa ke ukuza kuthi ga ngoku sele liphelile kwaye isetyenziswa injalo.

indlela Modern kwaye esisiseko kukuvelisa ammonia kushishino esekelwe kwinkqubo Haber. kubume bayo intsebenziswano ngqo nitrogen yehayidrojini, nto leyo kwenzeka ngenxa uguqulelo zegesi hydrocarbon. Le feedstock ziye zivele igesi yendalo, iigesi, petroleum lokulungisa, iigesi petroleum edlula yeegesi eliyintsalela imveliso iasithilini. Indlela yokuvelisa ukuguqulwa ammonia sikuko okubolileyo methane kunye homologs zayo ezinamacandelo eliphezulu lobushushu le hydrogen kunye carbon monoxide kunye iioksidenti - mpilo kunye nomphunga wamanzi. Xa oku igesi admixed ukuba ahlanganiswe ioksijini-umoya zijikwe, okanye umoya komoya. Ekuqaleni, basabela evelisa ammonia ngokwesiseko irhasi ukuguqulela aqukuqela ephuma lakubalela, kodwa ukuhla umthamo imveliso ukuqala basabela njani:

N2 + 3H2 ↔ 2NH3 + 45,9 kJ

Noko ke, imveliso ammonia ngendlela engazange mveliso yenziwa kusetyenziswa leyo iza kwaye phantsi kweemeko esingesiso ukuvumela ukwandisa imveliso imveliso ogqityiweyo. Xa umoya, apho ukulungiswa ammonia kwandisa uxinzelelo ukuba umoya-350, yaye ubushushu 500 degrees Celsius. Phantsi kwezi meko, isivuno ammonia - malunga ne-30%. Gas isusiwe kwindawo reaction nge olupholisa indlela, ne-nitrogen yehayidrojini, abangancedekanga basabela zibuyiselwa kwikholam yokuqaphela kwaye kwakhona inxaxheba ngayo. Ngexesha ezwi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukucoca umxube igesi evela Ityhefu ngumnxibelelanisi, izinto okwaziyo siyawuphuthisa ehlanganisa amanyathelo. izinto ezinjalo umphunga wamanzi, CO, As, P, Se, O2, S.

Njengoko kuvala i nitrogen kunye hydrogen amagama abasabela ukhonza intsimbi ingxubevange aneentunja ye-aluminiyam kwaye potassium oxides. Kuphela into yonke 20 amawaka wazama ngaphambili, ifumana kuvuselele reaction. Lo mgaqo ukufumana ammonia yeyona nenoqoqosho.

Ukulungiswa ammonia elabhoratri esekelwe iteknoloji ukubana ukusuka neetyuwa ze alkalis olomeleleyo. Ngokwalo, basabela imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

2NH4CI + Kha (OH) 2 = 2NH3 ↑ + CaCl2 + 2H2O

okanye

NH4Cl + NaOH = NH3 ↑ + NaCl + H2O

Ukususa ukufuma kwemfuneko kunye ammonia owomileyo, ukuba idlule umxube sodium hayidroksayidi kunye lime. Ukulungiswa ammonia owomileyo kakhulu kwenzeka dutywa sodium metal kulo neyanamhlanje kwe mxube. Kwiimeko ezininzi ngayo ezinjalo kwenziwa sisixokelelwano esivalekileyo phantsi cleaner metal. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo enjalo kufuneka ukumelana uxinzelelo ophezulu nto leyo kufikelelwe kuma kunye umphunga ammonia ukuba umoya 10 kwiqondo lobushushu igumbi.