Inkqubo Inombolo waseBhabhiloni: imigaqo nemizekelo

Inkqubo Inani waseBhabhiloni, owaphuma amawaka eminyaka ngaphambi kwexesha lamaKristu, yaba ukuqala ekuqaleni lwemathematika. Nangona imidala injalo zalo ezinkulu, oko indecipherable kunye nabaphandi walityhila iimfihlelo ezininzi East Ancient. Kwakhona kabanzi elidlulileyo baze bafunde ukuba ningaziphendulela ngokunjani yamandulo.

Iimpawu eziphambili

Ngoko ke, eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekufuneka uyazi - inkqubo inani baseBhabhiloni ngu ngokokuma. Oku kuthetha ukuba inani irekhodi yenziwe ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekhohlo kwehle. Kwindawo yokuqala exabisa ikhulu, ngoko elinesibini, ngoko iyunithi. Lo mba ubaluleke kakhulu ukuba imathematika amandulo, kwakunye eYiputa, umzekelo, le nkqubo nonpositional, kwaye amanani phakathi kubhalwe ngendlela umbhodamo, nto leyo ebangele ukubhideka. Olona phawu yesibini - inkqubo sexagesimal eBhabhiloni wayelapho nokungazinzi koqoqosho. Countdown iphela phezu ngamahlanu nganye, kwaye siqhube imingcelele amanani eziphawulwe udidi elitsha, nokurekhodwa iqala kwakhona ukusuka unit. Ngokubanzi, inkqubo inani baseBhabhiloni nzima, iyakwazi nokuba bafunde esikoleni.

Imbali ingenzeka

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba umbuso waseBhabhiloni sakhiwa emanxuweni amagunya ezimbini ezinkulu - of yiSumere kunye waseAkkad. Ukusuka kwezi wempucuko washiya ezininzi zelifa lenkcubeko, nto leyo ngobulumko kakhulu amaKaledi. I Sumerians bazithatha series inani sextuple, apho kwinqanaba langoku, ngoxa Akadi - amashumi. Ngokuhlanganisa impumelelo wookhokho babo, abantu hlanga lutsha baba bemeko- nenzululwazi entsha, leyo yaziwa ngokuba "nemathematika". sexagesimal waseBhabhiloni wakwenza kwacaca ukuba indawo - into ebaluleke kakhulu kwamanani ingxelo ngenxa kamva ongumRoma, isiGrike kunye namanani Arabhu zadalwa ngokwale mgaqo. Kude kube ngoku, thina umlinganiselo ixabiso kwamashumi, ukuba ukwabelana nabo inani ezintlwini. Njengokuba kude njengoko kumjikelo Senary, jonga kwi sika-belindile.

Amanani ka iBhabhiloni

Ukuze ngentloko series inani le baseBhabhiloni yamandulo, iinzame ezikhethekileyo akuyi kufuneka ukuba isicelo. Xa izibalo asebenzisa amanani kuphela ezimbini - esime nkqo, esemayo umanyano, yaye "lisemandleni" okanye nesinqumka ebonisa inqwaba tye. zibalo unento ofana ngayo baseRoma, apho kukho iintonga, amakhalane kunye iminqamlezo. Inani ezintweni ezahlukeneyo wabonisa amashumi eziliqela kunye nemivo emthonjeni ethile. Xa njengobuchule enjalo ngokubala lwenziwa ukuya kwiminyaka-59 ubudala, emva koko inani phambi kokubhala esime nkqo omtsha, nto leyo ingqalelo eli xesha njengoko 60, kwaba ligazi ukumpompoza kwabonwa njengento encinane indawo kwi phezulu. Ekubeni kwayo arsenal, abahlali zobukumkani eBhabhiloni azikhulule amanani emangalisayo elide kunye nezintsonkothileyo, abalinganiswa. Kwanele ukuba zibale inani iikhoma kunye ezintweni ezincinci ezibe phakathi kwabo, ngokukhawuleza kwacaca, inani phambi kwakho.

imisebenzi zezibalo

Ngokusekelwe yokuba inkqubo inani eBhabhiloni ngokokuma, ukudibanisa nokuthabatha zenzeka kwi eziqhelekileyo kuthi scheme. Kwafuneka ukuba zibale inani lemivo, amashumi kunye nabo inombolo nganye uze udibanise okanye ukuthabatha ukusuka elikhulu kangako. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, yaye lo mgaqo phindo ngelo xesha ngokufanayo namhlanje. Ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba phinda inani, kusetyenziswa Ukongeza encinane ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ukuba umzekelo kwakukho amanani amathathu okanye ngaphezulu idijithi babephila itafile okhethekileyo. BaseBhabhiloni owavela ezininzi iitafile phindo, ngasinye apho omnye wemiba kwachazwa ezilishumi (20, 30, 50, 70, njalo njalo).

Ukususela amadlozi ababephila

Emva kokufunda lo, mhlawumbi uyazibuza, 'Yintoni inkqubo inani baseBhabhiloni, imizekelo apho asetyenziswa njani samanyange, kunye neenjongo wafikelela ngendlela ukuchaneka efanayo ezandleni zakudala mihla? "Eyona nto kukuba, ngokungafaniyo nezinye izizwe abasebenzisa njengompapiri imvuthuluka belaphu, amaBhabhiloni babesebenzisa amacwecwe ubumba abebalwa yonke impumelelo yabo, kuquka ezifunyaniswe zezibalo. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuba "ngoonobumba", njengokuba udongwe entsha ngokukodwa kulolwa imiboniso blade abalinganiswa, amanani kunye namanani. Ekugqityweni amacwecwe atsha zize zipakishwe kwindawo ekugcinwa kuyo bakwazi sisinde kule namhlanje.

UPawulos

Kulo ukumelwa ngasentla yomfanekiso sinokubona ngokucacileyo oko umele nendlela ukubhala inkqubo inani yaseBhabhiloni. Amafoto amacwecwe odongwe, ayayilwa kumaxesha amandulo, kancinane eyahlukileyo kwindlela mihla ukuthi "iitranskripthi zodliwano", kodwa isimiso esifanayo. WaseBhabheli ukuba ukuvela yemathematika yaba yinto engaphephekiyo, njengoko le impucuko enye eziphambili ehlabathini. Bamise izakhiwo enkulu kwezo maxesha, wenza ezifunyaniswe lee ngeenkwenkwezi ukwakha uqoqosho, wabulela apho urhulumente waba elichumayo nohlumayo.