Ukugxothwa kwabantu Karachai - imbali. Intlekele yabantu Karachai

Qho ngonyaka, abemi Karachay-Cherkessia Republic wabhiyozela umhla okhethekileyo ─ Meyi 3, uSuku abantu Imvuselelo Karachay. Le ekhaya holide bunikwa kwimemori yokufumana inkululeko kunye nokubuya amawaka abantu zisuswa kwi North Caucasus bangamaxhoba nkqubo lolwaphulo-Stalin, kamva ithathwa kohlanga. Izingqiniso abo ababephila ngalo iziganeko ezibuhlungu kwaloo minyaka azikho ubungqina kuphela bendalo ngokungenabuntu, kodwa njengesilumkiso izizukulwana ezizayo.

Lokufakwa eCaucasus kunye ukusebenza imikhosi anti-Soviet

Phakathi-Julayi 1942 iiyunithi German ngenjini akwazi ukuphumeza idabi enamandla, yaye kwimiba ebanzi, wazigquma phantse-500 km, wagidima waya eCaucasus. Kwangaphambili waba ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba esele 21 Agasti iflegi ngamaNazi eJamani wendiza encotsheni Elbrus waza wahlala apho de kwasekupheleni Februwari 1943, de abahlaseli azizange eziqhutywa ngaphandle amabutho yiSoviet. Ngelo xesha linye amaJamani ahlala ummandla iphela Karachai Ukuzilawula Region.

Ukufika amaJamani kunye nokusekwa umyalelo omtsha wabanika amandla okuqhubela phambili ukukhuthaza inyathelo ukuba yinxalenye yabantu leyo nobutshaba urhulumente waseSoviet yaye elindele ithuba lakhe, makabakhahlele phantsi kuye. Ukuthatha ithuba imeko zivuma, aba baye nakuhlangana ngabavukeli kwaye basebenzisane bayawafundisisa yiJamani. Omnye wabo uMenzi ekuthiwa-Karachai iikomiti zesizwe, umsebenzi ogama oko ukugcina ulawulo umsebenzi emhlabeni.

Inani lilonke abemi bommandla, aba bantu baba ipesenti encinane kakhulu, ingakumbi ekubeni inkoliso yabantu into eyindoda ngaphambili, kodwa ke uxanduva ukungcatshwa wanikwa uhlanga lonke. Isiphumo mcimbi ukugxothwa kwabantu Karachai, eyaba ngonaphakade iphepha lihlazo kwimbali kweli lizwe.

Abantu baye babandezeleka ngenxa neqaqobana ngabangcatshi

kwabathile ngenkani Karachai phakathi zolwaphulo-amaninzi olawulo yileyo esekwe uzwilakhe igazi eli lizwe. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba phakathi noogxa bakhe njengalowo ongqwabalala ngokucacileyo zashiy basabela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngokukodwa, AI Mikoyan, lowo ngelo xesha ilungu Politburo of the CPSU Committee Central, ukhumbula ukuba kwabonakala isityholo ezingenangqondo ukungcatshwa abantu baba phakathi amaKomanisi amaninzi, abameli nezazi waseSoviet kunye nabalimi ukusebenza. Ukongeza, phantse bonke abantu eyindoda bazilungiselela ukuya emkhosini, nabo kunye nabo bonke walwa fascists. Betrayal yi shi kuphela iqela elincinane babengabavukeli. Noko ke, Stalin yaba neenkani waza wathi kuyo.

Ukugxothwa kwabantu Karachai lwaqhutywa ngokwezigaba eziliqela. Yaba ekuqaleni myalelo nge-15 Apreli 1943, eyenziwe Ofisi USSR yoMtshutshisi, kunye NKVD. Yiyiphi wabonakala ngoko nangoko emva kokuba wenkululeko ngoJanuwari 1943 amabutho yiSoviet Karachai, ukuba nokubakho umyalelo kuthuthwa ngenkani i-Kirghiz SSR kunye Kazakhstan nabantu 573 ababengamalungu kwiintsapho abo ezisebenze ngayo kunye amaJamani. Ukuthumela yonke ngokuxhomekeke nezalamane zabo, kuquka iintsana kunye abadala ababuthathaka.

Kungekudala inani babegxothiwe lancipha ukuya 472, njengamalungu 67 ngabavukeli zanikezelwa kumagunya asekuhlaleni. Noko ke, njengoko iziganeko ezilandelayo abonisa, yaba linyathelo ze kuphela, linegama kakhulu ezimbi, ngenxa yokuba ngo-Oktobha ka nyaka wakhupha ummiselo Elawulayo ePhakamileyo yiSoviet waseUSSR, ngokusekelwe apho ukufuduka ngenkani (ukugxothwa) ziye phantsi bonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, Karachai,-mali ka-62 843 abantu.

Kuba ukuphelela, siphawula ukuba, ngokutsho data ekhoyo, 53,7% kubo abantwana; 28,3% ─ abasetyhini kunye% ─ amadoda, uninzi lwabo imfazwe abadala okanye ukhubazekile-18 kuphela, ngenxa yokuba enye ngeli xesha walwa ngaphambili, eyikhusela ukuba amandla efanayo eyenza bengenamakhaya yaye uzoba ukubandezeleka okukhulu iintsapho zabo.

Ngomthetho efanayo-Oktobha 12, 1943 yaye emiselweyo kubulawe i Karachai Ukuzilawula Region, nabo bonke abangabakhe kummandla wakhe yahlulwa phakathi kwamaqumrhu olukufutshane yase kanye ngokuxhomekeke ukususa "iindidi engqiniweyo abasebenzi» ─ kona oko, wathi kulo, kalusizi ekhumbulekayo, uxwebhu.

Qala indlela ebuhlungu

Kwenye indawo abantu Karachai, nokuthi ngenye indlela ─ igxothwa kangangeenkulungwane imiwe ilizwe, ukuvelisa ngesantya okukhawulezileyo lwaqhutywa kwisithuba ukususela nge-2 ukuya kwi-5 Novemba 1943. Ukuze ukuqhuba ezithwala ukuzikhusela namadoda amakhulu, abafazi kunye nabantwana, sele inikezelwe "amandla ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza" ezibandakanya i NKVD ka-53 amawaka. Iiyunithi zomkhosi Man (oku iinkcukacha ezisemthethweni). Ngabathwali bempa-, baqhutywa emakhayeni abo okanye abantu abamsulwa bathatha kwindawo lokunduluka. Kuvumelekile ukuba kuphela unikezelo encinane ukutya kunye nempahla. Yonke enye impahla, wabufumana iminyaka emininzi, babegxothiwe zanyanzeleka ukuba ziyishiye kwi nakwizibetho zabo.

Bonke abahlali Karachai Ukuzilawula Region kubhangiswa ziye zithunyelwe kwiindawo ezintsha zokuhlala amanqanaba-34, iyileyo indawo ukuya amawaka-2. Abantu yayibandakanya avareji cars 40. Njengoko kamva wakhumbula nxaxheba iziganeko emotweni nganye ibekwe abantu abamalunga nama-50, lowo kwiintsuku ezingama-20 elandelayo kwanyanzeleka, ukomiwa iimeko kuxinana yaye emdaka, iqhwa, ukulamba, bafe izifo. Malunga ubunzima ngembobo kungqinwa yinto yokuba ngexesha hambo, ngokutsho iingxelo, kwafa abantu 654.

Ekufikeni, zonke Karachai ezinzile amaqela amancinane kwiindawo zokuhlala 480, ndinabile kwi kwintsimi enkulu bazolule ekunene ukuya eentaba i Pamir. Oku kubonisa kwacaca ukuba ukugxothwa Karachai kwi-USSR yamsukela injongo nokwenziwa epheleleyo phakathi kweentlanga kunye zanyamalala njengeqela ezimeleyo uhlanga.

Imiqathango babegxothiwe

NgoMatshi 1944, i-NKVD wadalwa babizwa ngokuba zokuhlala ezikhethekileyo isebe ─ ngale ndlela nabizelwa amaxwebhu ezisemthethweni indawo yokuhlala abo, ethe waba lixhoba ulawulo ngokungenabuntu wagxothwa umhlaba wabo ngenkani wathumela amawaka eekhilomitha kude. Kolawulo esi sakhiwo baba 489 kwingqwayi ezizodwa Kazakhstan no 96 e Kyrgyzstan.

Ngokutsho komyalelo, elikhuphe yaBantu Commissar of Internal Affairs L. P. Beriya, yonke babegxothiwe ukuba bathobele imithetho ezizodwa. Bona ngokucacile esalelweyo ngaphandle kwemvume okhethekileyo esayinwe kwingqwayi-ngqwayi, ukuba balishiye zokuhlala kulawulwa kwingqwayi-ngqwayi NKVD. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza njalo ke lifike ukubaleka entolongweni zinokohlwaywa nzima ukuba ibe kweso sikhundla isithuba seminyaka engama-20.

Ukongeza, ezi zizwe bayalelwa zingadlulanga iintsuku ezintathu azise kwingqwayi nabasebenzi ukufa kwamalungu osapho, okanye ngokuzalwa kwabantwana. Kwakhona kwakufuneka ukuba ingxelo ngamasebe, kwaye sizibophelele kuphela, kodwa kuza. Kungenjalo, abenzi bobubi atshutshiswe njengoko ababehamba ngayo ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Nangona iingxelo iingqwayi-ngqwayi zokuhlala ezikhethekileyo yimpumelelo yokubekwa iintsapho bedinga kwiindawo ezintsha kunye nokubandakanyeka kwabo kuluntu kunye nokusebenza ebomini mmandla, enyanisweni, kuphela isahlulo esincinci sazo iimeko zokuphila ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi njee. Ubuninzi ixesha elide kuvinjwa yokuhlala zazikhona ematyotyombeni ungxamile, wankqonkqoza kunye inkunkuma, kwaye nkqu dugouts.

Zashiya kwakunjalo ngamandla kwabantu abatsha. AmaNgqina ezo ziganeko wakhumbula ukuba, akanalo naluphi na ubonelelo-lusekiwe, ukuba sihlala silambile. badla Kwathi ukuba ukubeka abantu abaziingcali ukudinwa ngokugqithiseleyo badla iingcambu, ikhekhe, ngamarhawu, iitapile morzly, ilusini kwaye nkqu ulusu nezihlangu ezigugileyo. Ngenxa yoko, ngokutsho data ezisemthethweni wakhululwa kwiminyaka perestroika, izinga lokusweleka phakathi abantu abafuduka ngaphakathi zafikelela 23.6% kwisithuba sokuqala.

ubungendawo ezinxulumene ukugxothwa kwabantu Karachai, ngokuyinxenye eziqhutywa inxaxheba elungileyo kunye uncedo kubamelwane ─ Russian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, kwakunye nabameli bezinye iintlanga, baye bahlala ubuntu babo ikhona, phezu kwazo zonke izilingo zomkhosi. Ingakumbi esebenzayo yaba inkqubo rapprochement kunye Kazakhs kwamanye amazwe, endihleli memory namanje fresh yayibonisa Holodomor ukuba abanamava 30 ekuqaleni.

Ingcinezelo kwamanye izizwe USSR

Karachai babe ngamaxhoba nje kuphela nguzwilakhe kaStalin. Akukho buhlungu kangako yaba bayahlelwa nezinye bomthonyama i North Caucasus, kunye nabo, kunye namaqela ezizwe abahlala kwezinye iindawo zeli lizwe. Ngokutsho iingxelo ze uninzi abaphandi kuye kwanyanzeleka ukugxothwa nabameli bezizwe-10, phakathi kwazo, ngaphandle Karachai, wangena iCrimea AmaTatar, Ingush, i Kalmyks, eFinland, Ingrian eFinland, Korea, Meskhetian Turks, Balkars, Chechens kunye iVolga baseJamani.

Ngaphandle kokukhetha, bonke uphum abantu baphinde kwiindawo ezibe kwindawo ezikude kakhulu kuzo kwiindawo zazo zokuhlala wembali, baza bangena engaqhelekanga, yaye maxa wambi ezinxulumene lomngcipheko imeko ukuphila. Eyona eqhelekileyo olwenziwa emakhaya ukuvumela athathe inxaxheba ngobuninzi ingcinezelo ixesha labo kaStalin, enelothe lwabo ezingezizo ezenkundla uhlobo ukushicilela kwi nginginya elihambayo enkulu yelo neqela elithile uhlanga. Siphawula ekudluliseleni ukuba kwimbali USSR nayo iquka ukugxothwa eziliqela kwamaqela asekuhlaleni kunye nobuhlanga kunye zonqulo ezifana Cossacks, kulaks, njalo-njalo. D.

Wabasiki babantu babo

Imiba enxulumene ukugxothwa kwabantu abathile, kwakusithiwa kwinqanaba yombutho kunye nobunkokeli karhulumente kweli lizwe. Nangona ukuba iqalwa imizimba OGPU, NKVD, yaye kamva, isigqibo sabo ngaphandle kwisakhono lentendelezo. Kukholelwa ukuba ebudeni bemfazwe, kwakunye kwixesha elandelayo indima ephambili ekuphumezeni relocations ngenkani yonke iintlanga wayedlala intloko Commissariat of Internal Affairs L. P. Beriya. Ukuba wanika Stalin iimemoranda, eziquka izinto enxulumene zocindezelo olulandelayo.

Ngokutsho iingxelo, ngexesha kokufa kukaStalin ngowe-1953, kwakukho phantse zizigidi ezi-3 babegxothiwe kuzo zonke iintlanga eziqulethwe zokuhlala ezizodwa. I-Ofisi yoMphathiswa of Internal Affairs yeli sebe USSR 51 wadalwa lokulawula abahla- ngoncedo kwingqwayi-2916, yokusebenza emasimini abo. Nqanda ngokulambisa kunokwenzeka kwaye ukukhangelwa abasabileyo 31 wenza eqeleni yokusebenza-yophando.

Indlela elide ekhaya

Buyela abantu Karachay elizweni lawo, njengokuba ukugxothwa bakhe kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba eziliqela. Uphawu lokuqala izinto ezizayo ingaba esiyikhuphe ngoNovemba kunyaka omnye emva kokufa kukaStalin ummiselo nguMphathiswa of Internal Affairs USSR ukuba lirhoxe kwingxelo ofisi zokuhlala ezikhethekileyo kwingqwayi ngayo abantwana abazalelwe imizalwane babegxothiwe kamva ngo-1937. Oko kukuthi, ukususela ngaloo mzuzu urhulumente ixesha akazange isicelo kwabo yobudala ingadluli kwiminyaka eli-16.

Ukongeza, ngokusekelwe yindlela efanayo amakhwenkwe kunye namantombazana abadala ngaphezu kweminyaka ethile lafumana unelungelo lokushiya nokuba leliphi idolophu ilizwe zokwamkelwa kwabafundi kumaziko emfundo. Kwimeko ubhaliso lwabo, ngenkwenkwezi kwakhona accounting MIA.

Inyathelo elilandelayo kwi indlela ukubuyela ekhaya yenziwa izizwe ezininzi wagxothelwa ngokungekho nguRhulumente yiSoviet Union ngowe-1956. Umfutho kuba intetho N. S. Hruschova kwi XX Congress of the CPSU, apho wagxeka lehlelo Stalin ngayo ubuntu kwaye ichitha ngexesha yobuqhokolo bakhe ulawulo zocindezelo abaninzi.

Ngokutsho kummiselo 16 Julayi, kwi izithintelo zokuhlala ezikhethekileyo zaye zasuswa kwi bagxothwe ngexesha lemfazwe, i Ingush, Chechens kunye Karachai, kwakunye onke amalungu eentsapho zabo. Abameli bezinye izizwe zinganakwa phantsi kwalo myalelo khange ezigqunyiweyo kwaye akwazi ukubuyela ukuthatha ixesha elithile kumakhaya abo angaphambili. Kamva, onke amanyathelo ingcinezelo ziye zapheliswa ngokuphathelele amaJamani nobuhlanga kummandla iVolga. Kuphela ngo-1964 umthetho karhulumente ezazibekwe wona izityholo zifamanqe ngokupheleleyo of wazi kunye lwamaNazi, yaye wabubhangisa bonke imingcele inkululeko.

Ukuveza "namaqhawe"

Kweli xesha kwakukho omnye ngaphezulu, yoqobo kakhulu loo xwebhu xesha. Yaba umthetho karhulumente ukupheliswa Ndiwise kaMatshi 8, 1944, esayinwe M. I. Kalininym, apho, "lonke-umanyene umdala" Wayemelwe ukuba kunikwa amabhaso karhulumente ophezulu 714 ngoonogada kunye namagosa omkhosi abaye bazibalula ekwenziweni "izabelo ezikhethekileyo".

Phantsi kwale wacaca kuboniswa ukubandakanyeka kwabo ukugxothwa kwabasetyhini abangakwaziyo ukuzikhusela kunye nabantu abadala. Izintlu "namaqhawe" ngokwakhe Beria. Ngenxa utshintsho elibukhali Ekuhambeni weqela, zibangelwa yezityhilelo eziyincamisa, kwakukho ukusuka rostrum of XX Party Congress, ke, ndayihluthwa mabhaso ezifunyenweyo ngaphambili. Umqalisi ngayo lo msebenzi wenziwe, ngamazwi akhe, ilungu Politburo A. I. Mikoyan.

Usuku abantu Imvuselelo Karachay

Ministry of Internal Affairs yamaxwebhu declassified kule minyaka perestroika, kucacile ukuba eli xesha lo myalelo babegxothiwe kwehlela ngenxa zokususa kwirejista kakhulu kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo, abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eli-16, abafundi, ngokunjalo amaqela athile abantu abakhubazekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, ngoJulayi 1956, inkululeko ifunyenwe abantu 30100.

Ngaphandle kokuba ummiselo phezu ukugxothwa of Karachai wakhululwa ngoJulayi 1956, imbuyekezo yokugqibela lwandulelwe ixesha elide iintlobo ezininzi yokulibaziseka. 3 kuphela ngoMeyi kunyaka ozayo, ukuba trainload wokuqala babo beza ekhaya. Lo mhla ithathwa ukuba Suku abantu Imvuselelo Karachay. Kwezi nyanga ezayo ngenxa zokuhlala ezikhethekileyo abanye zinganakwa babuya. Ngokutsho MIA, inani labo baba kubantu 81405.

Ebutsheni bowe-1957, urhulumente wakhupha ummiselo osemthethweni nokubuyiselwa okuzimela yesizwe Karachai, kodwa hayi njengesifundo ayingaphandle Federation, njengoko kwakunjalo phambi kokuba ukugxothwa, kwaye uqhagamshelwano intsimi yawo kwinkampani joint-stock Circassian nokudala ndlela Karachay-Cherkess Ukuzilawula Region. Xa isakhiwo esifanayo kwiindawo zolawulo zithi Ukongezelela kwakukho Kluhorsky, Ust Dzhkgutinsky Zelenchuk kunye nemimandla, kwakunye indawo Psebayskogo inxalenye ebalulekileyo kunye kwindawo ipoma Kislovodska.

Endleleni eya kwisimo ngokupheleleyo

Abaphandi uqaphele ukuba le kwaye yonke mthetho elandelayo akuba ewubhangisile, esenyameni ulawulo olulodwa yamabanjwa yabantu zinganakwa, umanyaniswe esifanayo ─ abenzi nokuba ziqulathe nealam zikude ukugxekwa nkqubo ngowe abaninzi. Kuzo zonke amaxwebhu yathi ukuba kwenye yabantu lonke babebizwa 'imfazwe-ixesha iimeko, "kwaye ngeli xesha kuyimfuneko ukuba bakhe bahlale zabantu zokuhlala ezikhethekileyo shwaka.

Umbuzo kokuvuselelwa abantu Karachai, njengoko zonke ezinye lamaxhoba emakhaya ubunzima, akazange nokuba eze. Bonke baqhubeka ingqalelo ezizingelayo iintlanga Ndibaxolele enkosi ubuntu ngurhulumente waseSoviet.

Ngoko ke, kukho nangoku wajamelana ngumzabalazo kwimo epheleleyo, kwizizwana zonke elixhoba nguzwilakhe kaStalin. Ngexesha ekuthiwa-Khrushchev obuhle, xa wenza izinto ngentsimbi yoluntu, abaninzi, Walizinzisa mbi eyenziwa yi Stalin kunye neqembu yakhe, wayephethe, kwaye ubunkokheli beqela laqalisa umlomo ababekade izono. ukufuna ubulungisa ebengenako kule meko. Le meko kuphela ekuqaleni perestroika kunokuba ayilibali ukuba basebenzise abameli kwezizwe zinganakwa ngaphambili.

ubulungisa

Xa isicelo sabo kwi 80s emva kwi-CPSU Commission iKomiti Central, idrafti declaration sele nendele kwimo ngokupheleleyo zonke izizwe eSoviet Union, phantsi kwiminyaka ukugxothwa kwiStalinism ngenkani. Ngowe-1989, olu xwebhu iye yaphononongwa yaye yavunywa yi-Ephakamileyo yiSoviet USSR. Kulo ukugxothwa kwabantu Karachai, kwakunye nabameli bezinye iintlanga zaye kakhulu phantsi kwaye kwachazwa ngokuthi isenzo mthethweni kunye mthetho.

Kwiminyaka emibini kamva wabona ukukhanya ngesigqibo USSR liBhunga labaPhathiswa, urhulumente sithembiso zonke izigqibo yangaphambili apho zinganakwa izizwe ezininzi abahlala kwilizwe lethu, sinishumayeza ngenkani kwenye kohlanga zabo. Olu xwebhu efanayo bayalelwa ukuba ingqalelo naziphi na iinzame ukuphazamiseka nxamnye nokuvuselelwa kwezizwe zinganakwa nezenzo ezingekho mthethweni kwaye uzise bokubi ubulungisa.

Ngowe-1997, umthetho ekhethekileyo intloko Karachay-Cherkessia Republic yamiselwa ngoMeyi 3, imini yomthendeleko imvuselelo ─ abantu Karachay. Yinto hlobo ngamakhoboka afakwa uviko kubo bonke abo kangangeminyaka eli-14 kwanyanzeleka ukuba banyamezele bonke ubunzima ekuthinjweni, nabo abazange baphile ukubona imini inkululeko kunye nembuyekezo kumakhaya abo. Ngenxa yesithethe, eliphawulwe yi ezahlukeneyo iziganeko zoluntu, ezifana imidlalo kumabala emidlalo, iikonsathi, ezemidlalo samahashe kunye neentlanga imoto.