Ukubhola zokukhomba: izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ulwakhiwo ngaphandle zentlekele ixesha elide, inani usakha, kwizakhiwo zoshishino, iindlela kunye nezinye izibonelelo zeziseko kwandisa. Ngokulandelelanayo, beba iindlela zithandwa ngakumbi zobunjineli ophezulu-zobugcisa zokunciphisa ixesha kunye nabasebenzi.

Overview

Ezi ziquka kusombiwa zemiyalelo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba kakuhle kukho njengoko nkqo (standard) okanye yomumo. efunekayo Kananjalo le kutenxa kuthabathela kwencinane nkqo / tye: 2 kuphela izidanga kunye ukubhola standard, izidanga ngaphezu kwama-6 atshone wokugrumba (amaqula nokususa, oyile okanye irhasi).

Ngokwendalo, ubukho noku kutenxa kokumiselweyo ezinokubangelwa kuphela ngumntu, kodwa Kungokwemvelo ezibangela. Zahlula-hlulwe ngamaqela eziliqela (zejoloji, zobugcisa, zobugcisa). Ukuba uyazi kakuhle zonke ezi zinto, uyakwazi ngokuchanileyo ukulawula indawo equleni kwisithuba.

Ngokunjalo, phantsi ecaleni ngumntu luchazwa nayiphi "ugobile" umjelo kakuhle, eyathi yona kwasekuqaleni. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba kunokwembiwa of zokukhomba kuthetha kolawulo olungqongqo lwe indlela yokuhamba isixhobo lonke yokusebenza.

Iimpawu ze-oyile negesi imithombo yokomba

Ingakumbi kobunzima obuninzi msebenzi amngenise nkalo ushishino oyile negesi. ukubhola Kukho zemiyalelo kufuneka baphumeze, esebenzisa iiprofayili sikhokelo okhethekileyo. Kubalulekile ukuba sikhumbule ukuba umngxuma eliphezulu isoloko (!) Ngaba nkqo ngokungqongqo, yaye ecaleni iqala kumanqanaba asezantsi, kwi azimuth ocwangcisiweyo.

Amaxesha amaninzi ukubhola zokukhomba alisetyenziswa kuphuhliso amasimi, kodwa kuphela xa prospecting. Kuninzi zitshiphu ukukhangela ubukho "abamakishi", esenza kophahla emhadini kunokuba elide kunokuba nje uzama ukubaqhelisa iliwa ukuya kubunzulu eyaneleyo nkqo.

na wazithwala njani kusombiwa zemiyalelo? Ithekhnoloji silula: kuyasa umngxuma omkhulu kuqala, ngoko, kunye isixhobo uncedo enomva kwindawo olifunayo inikezelwa sokubhola ojolise obliquely okanye tye, nto leyo esele ngokwenza umngxuma ngakumbi. Ukuze ngokuchanileyo nokugcina ulwalathiso igqitywe phambili yendlela olwakho projekthi, kufuneka usebenzise "amakishayo", nobona beacons. Kwiimeko ezininzi, usebenzisa iikhamera ezizodwa ezikuvumela ukuba nomfanekiso inkqubo kusombiwa.

Izaziso ezibalulekileyo

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwezinye iimeko kwanyanzeleka ukuba enze amaqula ezinjalo iimpawu zejoloji zeengxondorha. Ngoko ke, ngamanye amaxesha kutshiphu ku tirhisa umngxuma phezu kwendawo ingenzeka ezithile iliwa igneous kunokuba Babesinqinda kuye.

Kananjalo qaphela ukuba le zokukhomba zokumba yaye ithetha kwaphula a amaqula ngokungqongqo tye. Zonke amaqula, ezifunyenwe yi le ndlela zahlulwe zibe abangatshatanga kunye multi-branched. Kwimeko yokugqibela, isiqu ngokushenxela kude a izithole ezimbalwa. Loo indlela kugrunjwa kushishino oyile negesi i lisetyenziswa kwezi meko zilandelayo:

• Xa uvula kwezakhi oyili okanye igesi-ngokuzala, leyo kulala phakathi iimpazamo ngaxeshanye.
• Ukuba kuvela ukuba ukuyilwa evelisa otshintsha ndlela bulula.
• Kwimeko apho oli-ngokuzala okanye igesi-obuvelisa zexa kulala phantsi uphahla ityuwa (ngenxa iingxaki yokomba ngokusebenzisa yokugqibela).
• Xa uzakufun aukugqithisa ngapha kwe ukudilika izowuni kwimigodi.
• Ithambeka (ethe tye, ingakumbi) yokomba buyafuneka ukuba dama Ibutha phantsi umzimba ezinye amanzi okanye komile phantsi kwiikota zokuhlala okanye izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo.
• Kumaqonga ukubhola kunye nokufakela iindawo, apho ibekwe ngqo phezu kolwandle, ngo-90% yamatyala usebenzisa le sisigingqi indlela kweentambo.
• Ukongeza, ukugrumba zokukhomba lubaluleke kakhulu xa kufuneka ukubamba amaqula amaninzi kwiindawo zincopho zininzi kakhulu (bevala, iinduli kunye ezifana. D.).

Inkqubo efanayo buyafuneka, ukuba ngenxa yesizathu esithile (kokuwa, ukutshintsha elulwalweni ziitectonic plates) Shaft utshintshile, kodwa ngenxa yokuba kukho imfuneko yokuba ukuhambahamba kwiindawo ingxaki. Njengoko kwenziwa xa ufuna ukuthatha iisampulu zomphakathi esiqwini, kuba kungenjalo oku akwenzeki.

Kwakhona, ukubhola zokukhomba iyasetyenziswa xa kufuneka ngokukhawuleza ukuwucima umlilo phezu ngenxa yesizathu esithile, kwakunye, kwakunye kwiimeko apho kufuneka isabelo esezantsi emhadini ukwandisa ngenxa yezizathu zokusebenza. Ngendlela efanayo ukwandisa indawo yokukhupha amanzi kwi amaqula ubudala, xa kufuneka ukuba kuphakanyiswe imithamo yemveliso.

Loo nto ke, xa ekuqaleni kwaziwa ukuba endle asisiso kudidi yesityebi, kodwa kufuneka ukuba ngokukhawuleza "isengwa". Emva koko sebenzisa ukubhola 'ityholo ", kunye multiple kunye multiple-tap kwicala engundoqo emhadini. Ukuba kulo mzekelo usebenzise iindlela eqhelekileyo ukusuka imveliso entsimini uya kuba phantsi, kwaye kakuhle ngokukhawuleza ediniwe.

Ukusebenzisa ukubhola zemiyalelo sisigingqi tyaba zaseprayimari ngamanqindi nge carbon paste, njengokuba kulo meko, kufuneka pre-ukukhululwa kucebisa igesi kunokwenzeka. Ukuba akwenjinjalo, amathuba nangokurhala, nkqu ukwanda phakathi nokusebenza kakuhle.

Ngokwaphula emhadini kuzo zonke iimeko kusetyenziswa iinjini downhole (Turbodrills, maxa wambi - izilumkiso zombane, ujije motor). indlela zokomba - rotary.

iindlela ezisisiseko

Indlela esisiseko (njengathi, naphesheya) kukusetyenziswa iimpawu ngengingqi. Oku kuyaqondakala, njengoko amathafa ngokugqibeleleyo kakuhle kwaye emaqeleni kungekhona kuyo yonke indawo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, a isampuli ethatyathiweyo ingoma isampula (profiles), nto leyo zakhiwa kwangaphambili, yaye ngenxa yale njongo, iindlela umzekelo zezibalo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba le ndlela "umgangatho" zingasetyenziswa kuphela (!) On emasimini sele iphuhlisiwe, zonke izinto ezithe zaziwa elide. Le peculiarity yale ndlela - ugobile ndawo musa ukuzama ukulawula nokulinganisa kuyo. Awu, kodwa kubonakala kunzima ebonakalayo kokunyuka ukuziphawula ixabiso wokugrumba.

Iprofayile projekthi inyanzelekile ukuphawula iindawo ukuba iqondo eliphezulu zokuphuma amagophe ezinyongeni, njengoko ngaphandle kwezi data zenze msebenzi usebenze. Kuba uyilo, kule meko ahlangana baqeqeshwe injineli zokukhomba kusombiwa.

Ukutshintsha ubeko isixhobo sokugrumba sokuwanyusa ukugoba wequla

Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo xa kuziwa ekulawuleni bend emngxunyeni ngqo ngethuba umthondo wakhe. indlela elungileyo kuba ayithethi ukuba asebenzise izixhobo ezikhethekileyo. Ububi yayo ngu mda elinqatyisiweyo iimeko olukhawulezisiweyo kusombiwa.

Ukusetyenziswa diverters ngumntu

Ngokuba imisebenzi yalo hlobo zisetyenziswa yobulungu kujikwa ezande uhlobo lukhuni, noxolelwano, ezinye deflectors. Zonke izixhobo ezikhethiweyo ngamnye, ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko ethile kunye nohlobo nesimo sendawo.

eziphilayo bush

Enye indlela ebalulekileyo zokomba zokukhomba i sisigingqi etyholweni umthondo. Kulo mzekelo, ekuqaleni zonke wemihadi zibekwe kwindawo enye, kwaye amacandelo ekupheleni - kwiindawo apho iimaleko iidipozithi eyaziwa hamba.

Le ndlela ulungile kuba likuvumela ukuba nciphisa ngokubaluleka ubungakanani umsebenzi wofakelo kwisiza, kakhulu ukunciphisa inani elifunekayo yemigca zonxibelelwano, kuquka iindlela ukuya kwiindawo apho umsebenzi yaye kunciphisa imfuno imigca zamanzi kunye nonikezelo namandla. Olu hlobo zokomba saqala ngo waseUSSR, ngakumbi ngqo, e Azerbaijan ngexesha lokwakha isebenza kwi artem Island.

Luncedo kukubaluleka bokuphepha yokuwela emlonyeni imigodi. Ukongeza, siye sanyanzeleka ukuba ukulondoloza sele ukusebenza ngexesha wemihadi zokomba zasesekondari, njengoko kumiselwe kwimigaqo yeNgxowa yokhuseleko emlilweni. Ekugqibeleni, ethile enkulu kwemingxuma wecandelo yi ukuntsonkotha yesondlo sabo emva kunye nokulungiswa, kwaye kwimekobume yaselwandle nzima kakhulu ukuphelisa breakouts.

Kuphantsi kwaziphi iimeko kusetyenziswa cluster yokomba?

Ngoko ke yintoni iimeko etyholweni obliquely wayalela kusombiwa tye? Izizathu isicelo yayo yahlulwe maqela alandelayo:

• Ezenziwe ngabantu - kugrunjwa phantsi izakhiwo, kuquka ezinye iindawo zokuhlala, zobugcisa.
• ITeknoloji - apho kusenokwenzeka ukuba uphuhliso amaqula umgangatho kungaphazamiseka ukusebenza kwemingxuma ekhoyo. indlela somhlathi kule nkalo hayi "kubuhlungu" ezinjalo.
• Yokwakheka - xa izimbiwa balele maleko obungalinganiyo, kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Kulo mzekelo, faka zokomba zokukhomba nguye kuphela ukhetho xa kuyimfuneko ngokukhawuleza ukuseka imveliso, ngaphandle kokuchitha eninzi efanele iye mali.
• Orographic - iqela lixhaphakileyo yezizathu, kuquka imfuneko lokuvula intsimi ibekwe phantsi elwandle, kwelo chibi, kwimeko embi, kwakunye kungekabekwa wemihadi isiseko kumaqonga nonxweme nokufakela iindawo.
• Imozulu. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kwiindawo ezininzi Far North kukho umkhwa ngokuthe ngcembe ukuba thawing permafrost, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba iingcali nje ukuba luhlaza kwaba ndlela kusombiwa zaziya. Ezinye iindlela izaliswe ngokuwa mithambo ye equleni.

Qaphela ukuba kangangoko kukusebenza amaqula zeqela ugcinwe, kwiindawo umgxobhozo kwana rhoqo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba xa kuzawuqheliswa zokukhomba phantsi komhlaba ichibi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba abasebenzi abanamava bakwazi ukusebenzisa kakuhle izixhobo inqanawa, ngaphandle ikhefu nge emhadini kwiimeko ezithile ezifana kube nzima.

Ngenxa yoko, umsebenzi zokomba zokukhomba kufuneka ibandakanye khangela tech-lobuchwepheshe, abasebenzi ofundileyo.

iimpawu ezibalulekileyo le ndlela

Volume ehlathini ezifana iiphiramidi okanye cone, xabiso lazo elo, njengoko ziyalandeleka, kuxhomekeka kubungakanani kunye 'usaba' le iidiphozithi kuphuhliswa. Ngako oko, inani kwemingxuma ngenqindi emiselwe amathuba zobugcisa. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba kwenkcazo ubungakanani ityholo kufuneka siphathwe ngenkathalo, njengoko le index kuxhomekeke kummandla kummandla zihluthwe.

Okubaluleke kakhulu uphuhliso kwemingxuma test phakathi kwemida lali. Enkulu indima e kwinkonzo amaqula igqibile ukudlala indawo wellheads. Akumangalisi ukuba kuzawuqheliswa zokukhomba Mcetywa liye laba indlela ephambili kule minyaka 15-20 edlulileyo, lisetyenziswa kwi practice.

Imiphumo emihle cluster zokomba

Ngokubanzi, le ndlela kunciphisa kakhulu iindleko lombutho kokombiwa okanye ukwakha izibonelelo mveliso, kunegalelo umthamo esizisebenzelayo zonke imisebenzi mveliso kunye neenkqubo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, le ndlela inceda ukukhusela okusingqongileyo ngokuthi kuncitshiswe ifuthe kokusingqongileyo.

Into yokuba ukuphunyezwa zeqela zokomba silubona kunokwenzeka ukuqokelela ngokupheleleyo inkunkuma zokomba, angavumeli ukuba bafikelele amanzi emhlabeni, kwakunye kunciphisa amathuba ukunciphisa inqanaba elidlulileyo. Oku kaninzi kubonwa kunye kusombiwa umgangatho, njengokuba kulo mzekelo kukho ukutshatyalaliswa ezingaphansi.

Enye semizi iqulethe imingxuma emibini ubuncinane. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-oyile kwilizwe lethu ukuzibandakanya ngokwamaqela emigodini amaqhosha 18-24, kodwa kwezinye iimeko inani abapasileyo ngenxa 30. Noko ke, oku akuthethi ingxelo, ekubeni kukho iimeko kusenziwa ngamazwe, xa omnye kwimigodi ababa kumka ngo- 60 " iinkqubo. " Ngokukodwa, i-BP notorious agrunjiwe phezu ngumntu kwisiqithi 60 × m encinane 60 ... 68 kwangoko impi. Kuyenzeka ukuba kakhulu ukwandisa umthamo oyile eziveliswa evela entsimini enye.

Ngoko ke zokukhomba ukubhola kunye namaqula tyaba kuqoqosho lwale mihla angama kwemfuneko ngenxa yokuba ukugcinwa kwezibonelelo eziphathekayo nezemali.

Multi-branched hlobo zokomba

Okwangoku, ngenxa kwamanani abaninzi yentsimi endala, indlela ethembekileyo kuphela ukufumana izimbiwa kukusetyenziswa ubuchule zemveliso ophezulu, eziquka kusombiwa multihole. Ngelo xesha kongaphantsi umhadi engundoqo kubunzulu elithile ukufumana 'iinkqubo "ezininzi ezintsha. Ngenxa yoku kwanda kakhulu indawo equleni kwi kolundi onemveliso, ukwanda komthamo imigodi. Ukongeza, ngexesha elifanayo uyakwazi ukunciphisa ubungakanani zokomba kwi imimango ephezulu, non-nemveliso.

E lethu lokuqala kakuhle yolu didi omkhulu kumbiwe 1953 Bashkiria. Kodwa umhadi, udlula ngqo kwi Ebubanzini dama, inokwenziwa kuphela ekupheleni 50. Kwathi kummandla Samara. Ngoko nangoko kufunyaniswe ukuba ukugqiba yonke imihla amaqula enjalo malunga ne-40% ngaphezulu kunolo umphakathi eyenziwe eqhelekileyo indlela, nkqo.

Kungelo xesha ukuba kwilizwe lethu baqala ukuphuhlisa kusombiwa zemiyalelo. Imfundo kule okukhethekile esetyenziswa onke amaziko zobugcisa lizwe.

Ukuba gqiphu kusetyenziswa indlela, ubude iyonke emhadini kwi ukunyuka kusekwe indawo yokukhupha amanzi kunye nama linyuke kakhulu. Oku kunegalelo ukwandisa kuphela impembelelo kwamaqula, kodwa kwandisa umgangatho ukusebenza ngexesha imveliso yawo. Olu hlobo kwemingxuma bohlulwa babe iintlobo zilandelayo:

• Kubafundisi uhlobo branched.
• Ngokuthe tye branched.
• Emigodini kwicala iphiramidi.

Kwimeko yokugqibela, kunokwembiwa zokukhomba (tye zokukhomba yokomba) isetyenziswa ntlango nzima lamanani isizukulwana nonuniform lwexa elizayo. Le ndlela ivumela (ngelixa yokunciphisa iindleko) bawandise nezokukhupha kwezimbiwa.

Iimpawu gqiphu emigodini

emigodini obliquely branched elithekelelwayo luqulathe umngxuma ephambili oqala esiqwini kunye neenkqubo zabo ancedisayo, apho zifumaneka iinqwelomoya ezahlukeneyo. uhlobo Okunene tye-ngqo yi cinca-cinci ku uhlobo echazwe nje. Umahluko kuphela - ukusuka 'amahlumelo "wellbore eziphambili ukwandisa ngokungqongqo-moya tyaba kwi-engile degrees 90.

Ngako oko, emigodini ebabusisakha esiqwini naye nkqo, yaye ngakumbi - circumferentially, ngamanye kwicala iphiramidi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amaqula branched zithathwa ulwalathiso ethembisa kakhulu zokomba, nokusetyenziswa kwazo ngendlela engazange mveliso ikuvumela ukuba ukusombulula imiba emininzi ezivelayo kule nkalo zophuhliso lwemithombo ehamba:

• uphuhliso kakhulu eyiyo amasimi yeoli ilungiselelo mgaqweni lwexa elizayo. Kulo mzekelo kunokwembiwa nkqo zemiyalelo akunakwenzeka kwezoqoqosho, kuba umthamo lokugqibela ifunyenwe iindleko ngokungeyomfuneko enkulu.
• Ukugrumba ulwalathiso elibhalwe ngokumileyo nga kakhulu ukunciphisa inani amaqula ezisetyenziswayo. Oku kukhokelela ekuncipheni iindleko imisebenzi, kwakunye ukuze kuncitshiswe ifuthe kokusingqongileyo.
• Le nezokukhupha oyile viscous kakhulu ekrwada, nto leyo Impontshelwa kubunzulu ezinkulu kakhulu.
• Indlela efanayo isetyenziswa xa oko kuyimfuneko ukwakha isikhululo Ingquzu yeSanti isebenzisa amandla amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba ashushu.

Ngenxa yoko, kunokwembiwa amaqula zemiyalelo - njengobuchule ngokubanzi esetyenziswa kwishishini oyile negesi mihla kunye noshishino lokwakha.